FORM FOUR – CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIAN LIVING
Form four work deals with social issues in society. We shall compare the issues in the followingcommunities – The Traditional African Society Christian community and the contemporary one. By the end of it the student should be able to understand the meaning of life and live to it’sfullest.
TOPIC ONE. INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN ETHICS
Instructions.
Form four work covers contemporary issues in a Christians life. You are advised to readnewspapers, listen to radio news, watch television news and current affairs and any other relevant newssource. Work in twos. Give yourself topics to study and then give a presentation to your partner or colearner.
Learning outcomes.
After reading and discussing Christian ethics, you should be able to:
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Internal guiding thoughts have many parts. One is our Conscience. This is our inner self that tells us andlets us know what is right and wrong. There are four types of consciences; doubtful conscience, sensitiveconscience, certain conscience and perplexed conscience.
For a Christian, rights and wrongs are in the Bible. God gave the Law of Moses to Israelites. Jesus cameand explained the Old Testament and taught new scriptures in the New Testament. These teachings,which we have covered from Form one to three, explain very clearly what is right and wrong. Whendoubtful of the morality of an action, Christian consults the Bible to know if a decision is right or wrong.
When confronted by situations, Christians use their minds i.e. human reason and their life
experiences in making decisions.
They rely on internal guides, (Human reason) and experience (external guides)
Internal guides
(i) Conscience: – Mind, aspect of knowing right or wrong. When right, there’s’ approval when wrong itregisters guilt.
When doubtful of the morality of an action we should not do it if conscience is perplexed then make us decision. A decision should be based on a certain conscience.
Types of conscience
– Doubtful conscience
– Sensitive conscience
– Certain conscience
– Perplexed conscience
To make a decision one should have
– Facts about the act, its aims, circumstances.
– One should be free to perform
A decision ought to be thoughtful
It’s an internal moral sense to do good or avoid evil. Intuition is important in situations that requirequick and immediate that requires quick and immediate action.
Feelings are subjective e.g. it feels good to do so this, hence will do…” it can be dangerous to makedecisions purely based on feelings especially in marriage friendship etc.Eternal guides
Experience
Guides here include authoritative persons such as parents, teachers, police, civil leaders philosophers,and religious leaders.
Rules from secular, religions, and African traditional culture are part of external guides.
The bible
The bible, quoted in the text but now out of text guides Christian behaviour. God communicates to hispeople through the Bible. The Bible offers answers to questions in relation to the life of a Christian.
Today, there are ethical issues not found in the bible e.g. HIV / AIDS, sexual and reproductive healthrights, contraceptives, abortion, globalization, cloning, environmental degradation, genetically modifiedfoods, terrorism, international trade etc. this gives reason and other sources factors are basis ofChristian ethics in addition to the bible.
Moral principles in the bible
– They are mostly found in the teachings of Jesus and the Ten Commandments, sermon on the mountain
– Christians are also encouraged to haveFaith
– The virtues encouraged include generosity, love, kindness, faithfulness, patience, humility, peace,mercy, loyalty etc.
Christian community – church
Church leadership can make decisions, which touch on their followers. They guide people on ethicalissues e.g. politics, land, justice, abortion, contraception etc.
Church organizations give rules on that conduct of their members.
Natural law
– The awareness that one has to choose good and avoid evil
– If one studies human nature and reflects upon it he/she will discover natural laws of human behaviour
– Natural law, natural rights such as right to education, life own property many etc. are incorporated intothe constitution of any nation.
– The constitution then guides the behaviour of list citizens; Christians being citizens of a country areguided in their behaviour by the constitution.
Situation ethics
One should reason out the rightness or wrongness of an act. The rightness or wrongness of an actdepends on its uniqueness, the circumstances
– Christians are warned against making decisions based on circumstances or the situation e.g. a pregnantstudent seeking abortion as the option so as to continue with education.
Gods revelation
God reveals himself to people through prophets, natural events, the law, dreams and visions. Throughsuch ways God guides Christian on how they should approach certain issues. God’s revelation does notcontradict with the bible.
Revision questions
TOPIC TWO: CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO HUMAN SEXUALITY,
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
INTRODUCTION
Christian approaches refer to how Christians view and handle issues of human sexuality, marriage andthe family in accordance with Christians ethics. Through marriage, the family is formed.
LESSON ONE: HUMAN SEXUALITY
Learning Outcomes.
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
a Define human sexuality, marriage, and family
b Explain the Christian teaching of human sexuality
c Assess the traditional African understanding of human sexuality
d Determine gender roles in traditional African home
e Explain Christians teachings about male and female relationships
f Explain and appreciate Christian teaching on responsible sexual behaviour
g Explain Christian teaching on irresponsible sexual behaviour and their consequences
Sex in marriage is a sign of love and it is sacred. In marriage man / and woman become one flesh. Bothof them have the ability to control their sexual desires. Christian teaching forbids: sex before marriage,adultery or unfaithfulness, and other unnatural sexual behaviours like lesbianism, homosexuality orbeing gay, and incest. God created human body and it is to be kept holy. Chastity is encouraged whileunfaithfulness in marriage is discouraged. Husbands / wives are to respect one another and give to eachother in mutual love.
Irresponsible sexual relationships were forbidden. Virginity before marriage was highly valued. If a girllost her virginity before marriage, she was treated with scorn and punishment. If a boy impregnating agirl, he was fined.
In traditional African society it was a taboo to discuss openly sex matters. Grandparents taught sexeducation to their grandchildren. Sex education was taught during initiation stages. Free mixing of girlsand boys was not allowed except under supervision. Girls were married off immediately after initiationto avoid temptation of engaging in pre-marital sex. To reinforce self – discipline in relationships betweenthe opposite sexes the African traditional society instilled the fear of supernatural curses through myths,taboos and rules.Marital status. Husbands and wives were expected to relate to each other, their parents, and in lawsaccording to the community customs. Conflicts between a husband and a wife were resolved throughintervention of relatives.
Education Children belonged to the community and not just to their biological parents. At theadolescent stage; 13 – 18 years education was given to the adolescents and intensified at initiationstage. Boys and girls were taught traditional rules and secrets of the society during initiation. Learningwas informal. Knowledge was communicated through songs, stories and riddles among other forms ofpresentations. All adults acted as parents to the young ones.
Socialization Men were socialized to be superior, while women were socialized to accept theirsubordinate position and role. Everyone knew and accepted what he/she was culturally supposed to do.
Division of labour was based on sex. In the African communities, despite their differences, there weremany common customary roles, rules, regulations, taboos and beliefs that governed the practicesrelated to male – female relationships from early childhood to old age. These traditional Africanpractices relating to male – female relationships existed at various levels. In all of them, man heldsuperior positions when compared to those of women.
Age. Old women and men were accorded respect. They were consulted for advice and counsel. Kinshipsystem was emphasized.
Males and females are to relate freely. But the youth are to avoid the passions of youth. These aresexual sins. There are no specific chores or duties for either male or female. Relationship between sexesshould be governed by love, chastity, respect, self-control, and self-discipline. Parents are to love theirchildren, while children are to obey and honor their parents. Parents are asked to bring up their childrenin a Godly way.
LESSON TWO. CHRISTIAN TEACHING ABOUT HUMAN SEXUALITY
Lesson Outcomes. By the end of this lesson, you should
Sexual behaviour is part of human behaviour. The Bible gives principles of sexual behaviour in the TenCommandments.
one of respect faithfulness, love, care, mercy, submission, tolerance, and forgiveness
They include among others all acts and forms of: perversion, misuse, and abuse of sex, incest, rape,fornication, adultery, homosexuality, lesbianism or gay, prostitution, concubine, masturbation, bestialityand child marriages among others. These irresponsible sexual behaviours are against God’s will forhumanity. Christians are to shun irresponsible sexual behaviour. This is because their bodies are thetemples of the Holy Spirit. Thus whatever Christians do with their bodies, it should be for the glory ofGod.Let us now discuss in brief some of the irresponsible sexual behavior; beginning with
(i) Incest, which is a sexual relationship between people who are closely related by blood. For example, sex between a brother/sister, father / daughter. Incest is condemned in the Bible. It was punishable by death in the Old Testament. Read Leviticus 18:6 – 8.
Rape is an expression of hatred toward the opposite sex. In traditional African society rape was abhorred and culprits were punished by death. In Kenya rape is punishable by 20 years imprisonment. Indecent assaults or sexual abuses such as touching a person of the opposite sex without their permission or use of vulgar language are both punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment.
iii. Fornication. This is consensual sexual intercourse between unmarried people. It is condemned by both African and Christian teachings and punishment in African traditional society was by either payment of fines, stoning, and ritual cleansing. In the Old Testament, men were forced to marry the girl. Jesus said that fornication was due to people’s evil thoughts. Abstinence for the youth is encouraged and preached.
Why do the youth engage in pre – marital sex? There are several reasons. Some of them are: sexual curiosity, proving manhood, human weakness, lack of self control, testing fertility, fear of being jilted / rejected; commercial sex for money; copying acts in the print and electronic media. Others reasons are frustrations, drug abuse, bribe to get a job and permissiveness in the society.
Why is there prostitution? There are factors leading to prostitution. These are economic reasons such as unemployment, poverty, rejection of a girl at home, drug abuse, stress, anger, anxiety, frustrations in the family and pornography. The church condemns prostitution because it defiles the body, which is a temple of the Holy Spirit. It’s sexual immorality. Read Gal 5: 19 – 21.
What makes people prefer sex with the same sex? The Christian view is that homosexuality is a sign of a lack of Christian moral values. It may also be due to confinement in a prison and permissiveness in society. If it is allowed to continue, it shall disintegrate traditional African values. Because of its threat to God’s people, the Church condemns homosexuality. Other reasons for condemning it is because (1) God created a male and a female. Read, Genesis 1:28. Two, sex is sacred. Homosexuality is an unnatural relationship, which lowers human dignity. It does not provide sexual fulfillment (as traditionally). Homosexuality is illegal in Kenya.
vii. Sexually transmitted Diseases (STDs). There are many diseases passed from one person to the other through sex. These are gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes genitalis is, hepatitis B, clamydia, trichonomiasis, HIV/AIDS. Lets discuss them one by one.
HIV / AIDS. This is human immune deficiency virus (HIV) that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) condition. Syndrome refers to many symptoms. HIV is transmitted largely through sex with an infected partner; through blood transfusion; sharing sharp objects with infected persons; and from an infected mother to the unborn child. The HIV virus destroys the white blood cells, and weakens the body ‘s immune system. When the body is weak, it is not able to fight, and defend itself against infections. Persons with the virus are vulnerable and susceptible to opportunistic infections.
The signs / symptoms of AIDS are manifestations of symptoms of the opportunistic infections. Some symptoms include persistent coughs, loss of weight, oral thrush, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. Churches encourage Christians to be compassionate to HIV/AIDS affected people, and to support the infected and the affected individuals like the orphans, widows, and widowers. It also teaches against sexual immorality and against all forms of discrimination.
Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium called “Neisseria gonorrhea”. Its symptoms appear a4 days after infection. Its symptoms are burning sensation when passing urine; pain or discomfort in the genitals; sticky discharge or pus in the vagina or through the urethra. The good news is that Gonorrhea is curable if treated early.
Syphilis. Primary syphilis may show up in the form of a sore or a wound in the genitals a few days after infection. The wound heals by itself without treatment after some time. Syphilis infection may take several years about 7 years before its symptoms re appear. The symptoms of syphilis are a painless sore or pimple on the man’s penis or woman’s vulva; and swelling of the glands in the groin. Other symptoms, which may appear later, are skin rashes, and sores either in the face armpits, under breasts, mouth or throat.
Herpes genital is a sexual disease caused by a virus. It creates wounds in the genitals. A pregnant woman can transmit the infection to her newborn baby during delivery. This disease can be controlled although there is not an effective treatment.
Hepatitis B virus causes Hepatitis B.
It is transmitted through sex, injections by unsterilized needles and contact with contaminated blood. The infection does not show on the genitals. The signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B include yellowness of the eyes (jaundice) due to liver damage and pain around the upper
abdomen.
There are many effects of irresponsible sexual behaviour. They include among others HIV / AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STI), abortion; family separations and divorces, deaths, unplanned pregnancies; children living in the streets; school drop outs and psychological problems.
iii. Effects of Fornication. Some of these are having children out of wedlock; feelings of distrust, guilt, and hurt; contracting STI’s and HIV/AIDS; loss of self-respect; early and forced marriage and abortion.
vii. Effects of Sexually transmitted diseases
HIV / AIDS effects are numerous. They include recurrent illness due to opportunistic infections. There is also stigmatization. Some individuals have feelings of guilt, anger, denial and depression. The sick persons have to look for extra finances to care for their health. They have the burden for medications, and special diet. HIV/AIDs has no cure and leads to death like many other diseases. Parents die and leave their children as orphans.
Gonorrhea effects are many. The disease damages a woman’s fallopian tubes leading to infertility; and a man’s epidydymis leading to sterility. An infected expectant mother can infect her newborn baby with gonorrhea. The disease may affect the eyes of the unborn child causing blindness. Gonorrhea can also cause inflammation of joints, the heart and liver.
Effects of Syphilis are damage to the heart, brain and the nervous system. This disease can lead to madness and death of the victim. If a child is infected while in the womb, or during birth, the brain maybe damaged. The child may have either physical deformities or the infected mother may give stillbirths. Effects Herpes genitals. Infection can cause severe brain damage; cancer of the neck of the womb. If a woman is pregnant, the disease can cause death of the baby. The wounds and sores exposes the sick person to HIV /AIDS infections.
Effects of Hepatitis B. This disease damages the liver and may lead to death of the infected person. It has a vaccine, but not treatment.
viii. Other consequences of irresponsible sexual behavioursThese are death, unplanned pregnancies, children living in the streets, school dropouts and psychological problems related to irresponsible sexual behaviour. These include among others: stress, depression, self – pity, withdrawal, aggressiveness, and violence.
Stress is the response of the body and mind to any situation that exerts pressure or makes demands on a person. The intensity or pressure experienced determines the level of stress. Some of the signs of stress are: anxiety, worry, drop in performance, chest pains, mood swings, rebellion, ulcers, heart palpitations, fatigue and guilt feelings. BSolutions. To avoid stress, it is suggested that individuals should accept that one is stressed; identify sources of stress, rest, exercise, listening to therapeutic music and talk to a counselor. Depression. This is an acute mental disorder. It is also a state of hopelessness and low spirits. Depression can be mild or severe. It has physical, emotional and behavioural signs and symptoms. Let me caution you that it is only a medical doctor who can know if one has a depression or not. We are told by doctors that signs of a depression are: persistent headaches and chest pains; loss of appetite; too much appetite; loss of memory; insomnia i.e. lack of sleep; weight loss or gain; nervousness and mood swings; low self-confidence; suicidal tendencies and self-pity. Other signs and symptoms are loss of libido (sexual desire); poor performance in school and in work places; hopelessness; loss of interest in ones activities; hypertension and high blood pressure
Abortion is termination of pregnancy before the foetus is capable of independent life. There are two types of abortions. One is spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. The other is induced abortion, which is deliberate and illegal in Kenya. Induced abortion has been debated in Kenya. The main question is should abortion be legalized or not. This is because abortion is legal in some European countries. Why do mothers seeking abortion? There are many reasons, which are known only to mothers. These are one, pregnancy due to rape and incest. Two, if the mother believes that the unborn child will be a burden. This may be because the baby is conceived outside wedlock and the mother lacks economic resources to take care of the baby. Another reason maybe that the mother is in school, and she cannot look after the baby and continue with her education. Three, medical personnel may abort a deformed foetus or in order to save the life of the mother if it is in danger. Christian’s view of abortion as murder (Exodus20: 13). This is because abortion interferes with the mother’s body, and destroys the baby. Christian view is that the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit. God is the giver of life and He alone has the right to take it away. Abortion carries with it stigma and the effects mentioned above make Christians condemn abortion.
Effects of abortion are infertility, ectopic pregnancy, destruction of a woman’s body parts; fetal malformation; risk of the mother bleeding to death and destruction of uterus. Other effects are that the mother may experience in future still births, miscarriages, risk of barrenness; failed abortions leading to deformed babies and psychological problems that we have discussed. These are stress and depression.
Revision questions.
LESSON THREE: MARRIAGE
Learning Outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to;
Marriage involves other members of the community hence it is a social and community affair. Marriageis a permanent union. Marriage is a community requirement in which everyone in the communityparticipates. Each person is expected to undergo marriage because it is a rite of passage. Marriage givesa person, a high social status and prestige in the community.
Marriage is also a covenant between a man and a woman that should not be broken. Two people arejoined in marriage in order to procreate and perpetuate the community. Once married, a couple isallowed to have sexual relationship, and companionship. Marriage is an expression of and fulfillment ofmutual love and comfort. It enhance unity; social prestige, and respect in society. Purpose of marriage issexual fulfillment; cultural and social requirement; obligation to build a family; and procreation althoughchildren are a gift from God.
Forms of marriages
There are many forms of marriages. There is a marriage ceremony organised as a symbol or mark of theunion between a man and a woman. These marriages ceremonies are either civil, or religious. The mainreligious ceremonies are Christian, Islamic, Hindu, and Sikh among others. We also have Africancustomary ceremonies many of which are polygamous. Christianity does not allow polygamousmarriage.
Secular approaches to marriage.
In the modern world, some people choose not to marry for personal reasons. Some people havechildren without getting married while others opt to have a marriage without children. Husband andwife are equal. Monogamy is practiced for economic reasons. In some families’ women are the heads ofthe family. Choosing a partner is an individual act and not communal. In marriage traditional qualities ofa good wife such as industrious, honesty, and hospitality are not considered. The modern society valuesexternal beauty, financial status and social status. As a result, there is a high rate of marriage,separation, and divorce. At times young people fail to be married in church. There is no formalization ofmarriages. These marriages are called “Come-we-stay” arrangements.
Gender issues in marriage. The wife is subordinate to the husband but had rights. Marriage did not endwith death of the husband. The wife was inherited by one of her husband’s brother. This is widowinheritance / Levirate marriage. She could also refuse to be inherited but remained married to that maneven in death. The wife could not marry outside the family because of dowry. There was dowry paymentto parents. If a wife died, the man would marry the sister of his dead wife. This is surrogate marriage.Those who did not marry were considered “lesser humans”. Young people were prepared for marriageduring initiation, which was witnessed in a public ceremony. During marriage, couple makes vows toeach other. The ancestors are invoked to bless the marriage.
Factors that lead to a stable, healthy and successful marriage
People are different and they understand their roles differently. Here am giving you a few suggestions.
Discuss with your study companions and come up with other suggestions. One important factor ismutual responsibility by the couple.
This occurs if there is mutual consultation with each other indecision-making.
Two is forgiveness of each other.
Three is good treatment of each other especially withequal respect. Four is sharing scriptures together.
Five is giving love and respecting each other.
Six ishaving a faithful sexual relationship and lastly being open and honest.
Seven is African traditional qualities of a good wife who is described as: hardworking, fertile, morallyupright, generous, kind, obedient, humble, clean, beautiful, polite, warm hearted and hospitable.
Eightare the qualities of a good husband, which are described as: being able to provide good leadership in thefamily.
Other qualities are being aggressive, wise, brave, courageous, responsible and good propertymanager.
Marriage is complete even without children as it is between a male and a female. Marriage is notobligatory and it ends when one partner dies.
Christian’s preparation and approach to marriage
Christians organise youth seminars, and rallies to teach the youth how to choose marriage partners andhow to treat wife / husbands; care for the children; behave towards in laws; acquire wealth (men); andhead a family. Youth are taught to avoid sexual intimacy before marriage. Those intending to marry areencouraged to go for pre-maritalcounseling. During counseling, they are informed that love is the mostimportant bond of unity in marriage. Church encourages partners to go for HIV /AIDs test beforemarriage. Marriage ceremony is conducted in church
Choice of a marriage partner
There are many ways of identifying a marriage partner. One is arrangement by parents. If not one canmake an individual decision and choose a wife or husband. Two is through an intermediary or thirdparty. In African traditional polygamous marriages, the first wife identified a wife for her husband.Girls would be given out to a chief as a gift
Courtship varied from community to community.Courtship is the period between engagement and wedding ceremony. During courtship premarital sex isforbidden. Girls and boys dressed with bracelets and rings. Courtship was important in A.T.S. This wasbecause the man and woman who were girls and boys got to know each other better before marriage. Itwas a period when girls/boys were instructed in family life education. It was also a period for linking thetwo marrying families. The couple had time to learn about one another’s character, and know theirfamilies. It is a symbol (sign) of the girl’s presence in her home (maternal home). She continues to livewith her own people.
The families and clan had an opportunity to check if the marrying couple was related and if their clanswere acceptable to the parents. Courtship gives time to the two families to negotiate and pay the bridewealth or dowry.
Bridal Wealth, dowry, bride price are all expressions of partnership. The family of the man pays dowry tothe family of the woman. Some churches disregard bride wealth, while others encourage it. Dowry ispaid in different forms. The girl’s family decides what it wants. Will it be livestock (poultry, pigs, camels,cows, goats, sheep), beer, grain, jewellery and clothes among others.
Importance of dowry.
After dowry payment, the woman belongs to her husband.
A ceremony is carried out depending on the community. Bride price payment is accompanied bymarriage ceremonies. Lastly dowry helps in maintaining peace
Traditional African approaches to marriage preparation. Polygamy is one husband, married to manywives. Polygamy is allowed by the African traditional religion because it occurs if the first wife is barren;ensures that all women have husbands; prevents infertility; provides extra labour in farms. Apolygamous man has a higher status because many wives symbolize wealth.
Children are important in a marriage because:
Divorce is legal dissolution of marriage. Christians allow divorce because of specific grounds. Divorcewas rare in African traditional societies. Divorce is granted under circumstances of: adultery, witchcraft,laziness, cruelty and disrespect of wife.
In the contemporary society, divorce is sought after or allowed because of: unfaithfulness in marriage oradultery; domestic violence; misuse of family resources; childlessness; in-law interference and alcoholabuse.
Legal reasons for divorce
According to the laws of Kenya, divorce is allowed under the following reasons; adultery; if a mandeserts his wife for more than 3 years; if a partner becomes insane; and domestic violence for example,physical, and psychological torture.
Christian teaching about divorce.
Christians discourage divorce because marriage is a permanent status.There is no room for divorce. Church discourages divorce because of its adverse effects. Some Denominations allow divorce if there is adultery. God hates divorce. Married couples should remainfaithful to each other.
Effects of divorce are strained relationships,
Celibacy is a Latin word “Coelebes” meaning bachelor. Why dosome people fail to marry? There are many reasons. Some of these are to pursue education leading to delayed marriage; and career demands (workaholic). Other people are discouraged by examples of failed marriages. Other reasons maybe economic independence, poor health, HIV /AIDS, mental illness; parental interference and disappointment from past failed relationships. This happens if parents do not approve a partner.
Revision questions
2, what is the importance of children in traditional African society?
3.what is the Christian teaching about marriage?
LESSON FOUR: THE FAMILY
Introduction.
As society grows and changes, the family grows and changes. As a result, there are several types and practices of the family. In this lesson, we shall discuss the traditional family as it is practiced in the Bible, the traditional African societies and some Christian families.
Learning Outcomes.
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to
a Explain types of families in society
bAnalyse traditional African family values and practices
c Explain Christians family values and practices
d Discuss problems related to family life today
e Compare approaches to family by Christians and traditional African society
The family.
What is a family? Family is the basic social unit of human society. This basic unit is extended to include relatives bound together by blood, marriage, friendship, and adoption. They are all members of the family. In Kenya, there are many types of families.
Advantages of nuclear families are many.
One, the man is able to give undivided attention to one wife and children.
Two, there is sharing of mutual love, and peace in the home.
Three it is economical to manage one family.
Four there is little competition for attention, less strife, quarrels and stress.
Five, it is easier to monitor the behaviour of a few children.
iii. Single parent family – one parent, and children. Single – parent families are created by several circumstances. One is by parents separating. Separation of parents is due to several reasons. These are for example, one partner going to another country and failing to return to his or her country and family.
Two, a single family is created by divorce. Divorced parents may decide not to marry again. Three is when one parent refuses to marry. This happens when a girl gets pregnant and the boy does not marry her. Four is because of death of a spouse. The remaining parent may decide not to remarry. Five is when some mothers decide to have children without marriage. This may not be correct as there is no research to suggest it. Six is imprisonment of one partner for a long time. One parent is left looking after children because one is in jail.
In African societies creation of a family is through marriage, and subsequent procreation. Family is viewed as a sacred institution in African society. The African traditional family includes the dead (ancestors), the unborn children and the living.
An African traditional family has obligations and duties.
These were (1) offering sacrifices to ancestors, (2) pouring libations; and (3) giving the dead decent burials (4) providing basic needs to their children (5) bringing up children to be morally upright individuals. Further to this, the African traditional family is responsible for the upbringing, caring, and protection of its children. This is demonstrated by the nuclear family, which provides necessities required to meet and satisfy the economic needs of its members.
The African traditional family is expected to participate in communal activities. Work in the family was divided according to age, gender and social status. Each family member worked for its basic needs as well as the welfare of the community.
The African family had well-stated and practiced values There were (1) respect for family members (2) providing responsible parenthood, which is the process of bringing up children to become all round or self-reliant persons (3) educating children in all aspects of life. Parents and the extended family members helped their children to develop intellectually and cognitively.
The family taught children physical skills. It also gave children confidence to appreciate their physical strength. Children were taken through a rigorous physical curriculum of games such as wrestling, swimming and running to develop their physical strength. Children’s bodies were nourished thoroughly. They were served good and nutritious food, which improved their muscle strength.
Children were taught social skills. They learnt how to behave towards adults, peers and grandparents.
They developed social skills since parents allowed them to socialize and interact with other children, grandparents and the community. This made them grow socially, emotionally and psychologically.
They had a curriculum for teaching and training in traditional African religious values, family matters, moral and social values. This teaching of children started from an early age. The teaching method used was observation and practice. Parents taught by being good role models. They were expected to model desired values and family practices. Children were taught how to relate with one another as brothers and sisters. Parents were to show tolerance to children. These values show that African parents understood their parental roles and responsibilities.
These values were sometimes; exploited by the irresponsible family members or specific individuals.
This exploitation encouraged dependency, leading to conflicts, competition, hatred, and jealousy.
Christian parents are expected to train their children to know God; be self -disciplined, and follow the Christian way of living. Another duty is to provide basic needs to their children.
Christian understanding of the family
Among Christians, family is sacred and instituted by God. Read again about the Christian teachings about marriage.
Role of children in the Christian family
A Christian child is expected to obey parents, honor them, and respect parents. This is one of the Ten Commandments given to Moses by God.
Parenting styles
Problems related to family life today
Families are faced with numerous problems such as
1) Individuals were prepared for challenges of family life right from childhood
2) Adolescents, initiates were given family life education
3) People entered marriage knowing that it’s a lifelong union
4) Rules were clear to govern marriage relations
5) Polygamy helped reduce unfaithfulness
6) There were no single parent families. Members lived together reducing loneliness
7) Widows / widowers were encouraged to marry again
8) Traditional brew was taken in moderation
Christian’s approaches to problems related to family life today
1) Christian families are obliged to live according to Christian principles and values such as mutual respect, self-discipline, understanding, honesty, faithfulness, love and forgiveness
2) Premarital counseling is carried out
3) Church holds regular seminars and conferences on family life matters. Love and respect for each other. Christian wife to submit to husband who is head of the family. They are taught to take each other as complementary and equal partners.
4) Women are encouraged to form participate in church organizations e.g. mothers union, women’s guild where they learn roles of being a wife, mother, and a woman.
5) Some churches offer advice to families on management of their families. They are encouraged to have investments.
6) Breadwinner is encouraged to write a written will
7) To improve the parent – child relationship churches offer guidance and counseling to the youth Christian parents are advised to set positive role models to their children
9) Parents are encouraged to be open and promote effective communication with their children
10) Churches in case of serious family conflicts such as child abuse, domestic violence, advise legal action.
11) Churches organize youth seminars where they talk about drug abuse, premarital sex, negative peer pressure and media influence etc.
12) Relevant information is passed through books, pamphlets, magazines, media FM, TV etc.
13) Some churches welcome unwed mothers
14) Churches provide health services, guidance on HIV / AIDS
15) Some churches care for widows, orphans widowers and the needy
Revision questions
TOPIC THREE: CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO WORK
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the topic you should be able to
a Define the term “work” and “vocation”
b Explain and appreciated the traditional African attitude towards work
c Explain the role of professional ethos, ethics and code in society
d Explain virtues related to work
e Discuss the moral duties and responsibilities of employers and employees
f Discuss Christian approaches to issues related to employment
LESSON ONE: DEFINITION OF TERMS
Learning outcomes. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Work
Use of energy, physical or mental, for the purpose of improving human life. It is any activity that requires expenditure of energy or application of skills e.g. studying, teaching, cooking, farming etc.
Vocation
Work can be described as a vocation, profession, trade, craft, career or a job.
Vocation is from a Latin word “Vocare” which means call ‘
Christians believe that every individual has been called of God to various duties.
Vocation is work that requires special skills, special training or a unique call or a special mission in society.
Profession
Work that is characterized by a code of ethics, lengthy specialized training, advance knowledge and self– disciple. Professionals have their own set standards. The professionals determine entry requirements for new members and usually have machinery for dealing with errant members. E.g. Law, medicine, architecture etc.
A trade
Refers to an occupation, a way of making a living. Some trades require specialized training exampleshairdressing
A craft
An occupation which requires manipulative skills or use of the hands e.g. woodcarving, pottery,
weaving. A craft may be a trade depending on the nature of occupation.
A career
An occupation that one chooses to pursue in his/her life. It’s the general way of earning a living.
Job
Refers to tasks performed, services rendered in return for payment of wages. Most jobs are temporary others casual and others permanent and pension able.
What determines one’s career, vocation?
General reasons why people work
LESSON TWO: TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ATTITUDE TO WORK
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
LESSON THREE: CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON WORK
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
The Christian teaching on work is based mainly on the interpretation of the bible, the teachings of Jesus and the teachings of the apostles. Some of the teachings are: –
They are to protect it – animals, birds, plants, marine life are all under the care of man.
Human beings glorify God through their work.
They should always work since God is always at a work (John 15:17)
LESSON FOUR: ROLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHOS, ETHICS AND CODES IN THE SOCIETY
Learning outcomesBy the end of the lesson, you should be able to: –
Definitions
Professional ethics –: principles of behaviour / conduct that guide members of a particular profession.What workers are allowed to do and not to do.
Professional ethos
The group identity of members of a profession, their unique custom or character e.g. what identifies doctors, lawyers etc.
Profession codes or code of ethics
Collection of laws arranged systematically according to major concerns and core functions of the profession.
Roles
– To regulate the behaviour of professional (workers)
– Enables professionals to understand their role
– Ensures professionals provide quality of services to their clients
– To encourage respect among professionals
– Give guidance on how professionals should relate to one another
– They safe guard professionals against being compromised / misused
– They determine expected level of performance
– They serve as a measure of competence
– Act as a measure of quality service
– They protect the professionals
– They provide a reference point for disciplining (used to discipline the errant professional)
– They inspire respect and high esteem for professionals
– Through professional codes, ethics, ethos, professional earn public trust
LESSON FIVE: VIRTUES RELATED TO WORK
Learning outcome. By the end of the lesson the learner should be able to: -es
Definition
A virtue is a good human habit. It’s a moral principle, moral quality or goodness of character and behaviour.
Examples of virtues elated to work
(i) Diligence – hardworking
(ii) Honesty, integrity – ability to be relied upon (Integrity) Honest is being truthful.
(iii) Faithfulness – being trustworthy and loyal
(iv) Responsibility – ability to make decisions and take action independently. Being mindful of other people’s welfare
(v) Tolerance – ability to bear with others or with difficult situations
LESSON SIX: MORAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES
Learning outcomes: by the end of the lesson, you should be able to: –
Employers: government, non – governmental organization, private sector – individuals, company, self-employment.
Employers have several duties and responsibilities towards their employees. They are:
– To organize and conduct business efficiently for the benefit of the institution, employer, community
– To respect the employee, treat them with dignity
– Pay a fair wage to the employee
– Ensure good healthy and safe working conditions
– Provide social welfare for the employees e.g. time off, leave days, time for recreation
– Grant leave as required by law or the terms of contract
– Take care of the welfare of the employees give medical cover, pension scheme etc
– To motivate their employees
– To reward employees
– Compensate employees made redundant
Rights of the employer
Employers have a right to / are entitled to
(a) Get profits from their businesses
(b) Carry out their businesses without unfair taxation
(c) Form association with other employers
(d) Obtain and conduct business
(e) Hire, dismiss employees in accordance with the requirements of their firms and contract
(f) Demand a fair days work
(g) Conduct business without subjection to unfair conditions and competitions
Moral duties of the employees
Rights of the employees
To receive fair wages
To have a reasonable work load
Have reasonable hours of work
Have safety and protection at work
Right to join a labour union
Right to further individual training and development education
Rights to retirement, terminal benefits
Rights to a fair opportunity for provision
A right to time for rest
Right to Favourable working conditions
LESSON SEVEN: CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO ISSUES RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to; –
Wages and industrial action (Strikes)
A wage is payments for work done. Payment is in modern times done according to hours, weeks or days that one works.
Christian teachings on wages
– Human beings have the right to work for a decent living (Matt.20:1 – 16) They should be paid for their work.
– Workers should be paid wages to the amount and value of their work (1 Timothy 5:18)
– Wages should be paid as agreed upon (Mathew 20:13)
– Employers should not take advantage of the poverty of the employee (Deuteronomy 24: 14-15)
– Human beings should not be enslaved to work (Ex.5:22 – 23)
– Employers who degrade their workers in wages are condemned (Deut.24:14 – 15, Jer.22:13)
– Oppression is condemned (Amos 5:18, 8;4)
– Workers’ wages should never be withheld (James 5:4)
Industrial action
Also commonly called ‘Strike’ this is an effort by workers to stop work in protest by boycott go-slow sit-ins or refuse to work. There has been increase of industrial action in the recent past in most countries of the world.
Reasons for industrial actions
1 Due to increased awareness of workers’ rights
2 Exposure to global trends through the media
3 Formation of trade unions that fight for the rights of workers
4 Due to poor working conditions
5 Underpaying workers
6 Threatening workers with unjustified dismissals
7 Suspending the workers / interdiction – unjustly
8 A hostile working environment
Results of workers strikes (industrial / action
Christian approaches towards strikes
LESSON EIGHT: CHILD LABOUR
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
A child is a person below 18 years. A child does not have an identity card, does not vote (in Kenya). According to International Labour Organization the minimum employment age is 14 years.
Child labour
It is engaging a person below the age of 14 years in wage / paid employment.
Reasons why children are employed
– To provide cheap labour
– They cannot fight for proper terms
– They are easily hired and fired
Disadvantages of child labour
Children are not yet mentally and physically prepared to do adult jobs. This leads to
Places where children are employed
– Plantations – coffee, tea
– Domestic services – homes
– Tourism sector
– Industries
– Children are trafficked and employed as commercial sex workers
Causes of child labour – reasons why children work
1 Lack of money / poverty
2 Death of parents
3 Dropping out of school due to pregnancy, indiscipline, (truancy), poor academic performance or lack of school fees.
4 Those who never went or taken to school
5 Lack of good role models e.g. coast province Mombasa, Malindi has several of the financially stable people being school dropouts, engaged in drug trafficking, commercial sex etc.
6 Influence of cultural values e.g. circumcision of boys in some communities is done later in life and one is declared an adult e.g. the kikuyu circumcising at 13 years, or 12 years
7 Children being lured by employers
8 Greed for material benefits
9 Being homeless ending up as a street child
Position of church in dealing with child labour
– The church condemns it
– It has put up homes for poor children (orphanages)
– It provides guidance, counseling to both parents and children
– Children are blessing from God hence should be loved and cared for
– Parents have the responsibilities to protect their children from harm.
LESSON NINE: UNEMPLOYMENT AND SELF –EMPLOYMENT
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Unemployment
When people are capable and willing to work but are unable to find a viable income or occupation it is referred to as unemployment.
Causes of unemployment
1 Preference for prestigious white collar jobs (Office jobs, non – manual jobs)
2 Corruption – tribalism, nepotism, bribery denying jobs to the qualified in preference for the unqualified.
3 Unequal distribution of wealth – some regions are more resourceful than others. Industries, good infrastructure concentrated in some areas.
4 Inadequate resources for self – employment (lack of capital, skills)
5 Limited job opportunities – probably due to high population growth
6 Few international investors in Kenya, probably due to high crime rate, insecurity
Identify ways of creating job opportunities
Response of Christians to issues of unemployment
Self-employment
Self-employment is an economic activity initiated, controlled by an individual. It is an occupation in which a person initiates a personal enterprise and manages it with the help of others.
Examples
Small businesses enterprises, Jua kali sector, music industry, entertainment (e.g. comedians), community work, agriculture etc
Problems / challenges
– Some lack sufficient capital to start a business and keep it running
– Lack of necessary skills to run the business
– High taxation leading to some business closing down
– Small scale traders face undue competition from larger firms
Revision questions
TOPIC FOUR: CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO LEISURE
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the topic, you should be able to
a Explain the meaning of leisure
b Discuss the traditional African understanding of leisure
c Discuss Christian teaching on leisure
d Discuss the importance of leisure
e Outline various forms and uses of leisure
f Explain how leisure is misused in the society today
g Discuss the abuse of alcohol and other drugs and their effects
h Explain Christian criteria for evaluating the use of leisure
Christian criteria for evaluating the use of leisure
LESSON ONE: MEANING OF LEISURE
Work is an obligation – however people cannot work 24 hours. They need to rest. God rested on the 7thday after work. Work and rest are complementary elements of human life.
Definition of leisure
This is the time when one is free from work or other duties. Time at one’s own disposal, which can be utilized in a productive manner depending on one’s interests and abilities.
Leisure provides mental, physical relaxation, spiritual, emotional relaxation and enrichment
Forms of leisure
Passive involves use of mental energy
Active leisure – there is use of physical energy
Examples of activities of passive leisure are
– Watching television
– Reading story books
– Playing video games
– Chatting with friends
Examples of activities of active leisure are
– Jogging
– Mountain climbing
– Gardening
– Dancing
– Tree planting
– Playing football
Leisure is used for
– Enjoyment
– Entertainment – song, dance, watching movies etc
– Relaxation – exercises
– Socialization – sharing, education
– Religious engagement
– wedding ceremonies,
– visiting the sick,
-worship
In passive leisure others entertain while in active leisure the person is active, whole body is involved.
Active leisure enables a person to
Some leisure activities are dangerous e.g. boxing, motor racing; while others are expensive e.g. golf.
Other leisure activities are addictive while others are unproductive.
– Leisure activities should be planned for
– Leisure activities can also be economic, income generating activities.
LESSON TWO: TRADITIONAL AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF LEISURE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: –
1.Define leisure according to the traditional African understanding
In traditional African society leisure permeates all aspects of life. Leisure activities accompany work. Leisure and work were entertainment. Work was accompanied by singing, reciting stories sharing past events.
Examples of leisure activities in traditional African society include
– Wrestling
– Running
– Playing ajua
– Mock fighting
– Swimming
– Spear throwing
– Poetry
– Music and dance etc
Leisure activities that were communal include
oWork in African society included fishing, tilling the land, herding, hunting, harvesting
o Most leisure activities in traditional African society were active form of leisure, communal, not individualistic and not for monetary gains
o All forms of leisure had an educational value. Folk stories had a moral value. People were taught not tobe selfish, greedy jealousy etc Myths and legends tell of the origin of the community and its history of important people as well as history of the community.
o In African traditional society, leisure led to acquisition of values or virtues such as co – operation, sharing, solidarity, love, bravery, empathy, endurance, tolerance etc.
o Most activities were linked to the worship of God and, veneration of the ancestors
o Leisure activates were organized along gender and age group season (E.g. harvest – dancing, singing); wet rainy seasons – boat swimming
o Rites of passage e.g. initiation, marriage, birth and naming provided leisure activities
o Leisure activities were planned for/
LESSON THREE: CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON LEISURE
Learning outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Christian teach that
Ways Christian use their leisure time – activities
Worshipping God
Visiting the sick
Caring for the needy
Resting
Watching television
Chatting with family members
Retreat – time spend away with a group of people to be alone with God
Visiting friends, relatives
Reading the bible
Praying etc
LESSON FOUR: IMPORTANT USE AND MISUSE OF LEISURE
Learning outcomesBy the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Importance of leisure
Leisure is necessary. It’s important in various ways
1) It is a good time to assess the work we have done (Reflection time)
2) It brings people together leading to self – growth and fulfillment (Social function of leisure)
3) Leisure helps individuals to discover their hidden talents
4) Leisure relaxes the mind – a change of activity, relieves the mind
5) Leisure refreshes the body – restores lost energy
6) Leisure enables Christians to offer charity to those in need
7) Leisure provides time for worship and spiritual renewal
Leisure gives one time to rest
9) It’s time for recreation
10) Give one time to attend social occasions
11) Allows people to travel and visit friends and relatives
12) Leisure can be used to enhance and acquire new skills and knowledge
13) It’s a time to develop and discover ones talents
Uses of leisure – proper of leisure
Leisure can be used for
Proper use of leisure is when leisure time is spent doing activities that add value to us.
Misuse of leisure today
Leisure time can be misused through various activities e.g.
1) Spending too much time in passive activities e.g. pornography watching, watching films that are violent
2) Spending leisure time in idle talk – gossip-leading to conflicts
3) Spending time in gambling, casinos making bets on horses playing Ajua games etc
4) Alcohol and drug taking – when a person over drinks alcohol, spends time drinking at the expense of family, abusing drugs is misuse of leisure time.
5) Leisure can also be misused by engaging in dangerous activities.
Night dancing, disco dancing has become a common form of leisure worldwide. What are the advantages and disadvantages?
LESSON FIVE: DRUG ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS- ALCOHOL, SOFT AND HARD DRUGS
Learning outcomesBy the end of the lesson, you should be able to: –
A drug is any substance which when taken may alter or cause changes in the normal functioning of the body.
Drug abuse
Improper use of drugs. Using a drug for another purpose than what it is intended for Drug use
Proper use of drugs
Drugs are taken in various forms namely
1 Liquids
2 Lotions
3 Ointment
4 Powder
5 Cake form,
Drugs are classified as legal and illegal
Ways of administering drugs
Drugs are taken /administered in various ways
– Infecting
– Inhaling / smoking
– Chewing
– Swallowing
– Drinking
– Sniffing / snuffing
Categories of drugs
Types of drugs
1) Preventive drugs e.g. drugs to prevent polio, cholera, yellow fever
2) Curative drugs – drugs that cure diseases
3) Sedatives, palliatives – drugs that alleviate pain, put patients to sleep e.g. drugs for diabetes, heart diseases, asthma, painkillers
4) Tranquillizers – drugs that relieve tension induce sleep e.g. piriton, valium
5) Stimulants – drugs used to increase physiological activity of a particular organ. They arouse the activity of the central nervous system / senses.
6) Volatile drugs – these drugs intoxicate the user, they are derived from petroleum products paint thinners dry cleaning fluids glue etc. stimulants and volatile drugs classified as soft drugs.
7) Hard drugs or narcotic drugs
These are highly addictive drugs. The body forms dependence on these drugs. These drugs affect the mind causing drowsiness; sleep, stupor and they are the most commonly abused drugs.
Examples are
Cocaine
– From coca leaves
– Its highly addictive
– Causes mental problems
– Can lead to death on overdose
– A very expensive drug
Other side effects are confusion, Convulsions, circulatory collapse and rapid heart beat
Bhang / Marijuana
– A plant of Indian hemp
– Also called marijuana, Hashish, Cannabis, Sativa depending on which part of the plant is taken i.e. leaves, stem, or roots.
– Users become aggressive excited or high
– Bhang changes perception of space, time and reality
– It causes drowsiness and irresponsible behaviour
– Its side effects causes people to be engaged in criminal activities e.g. robbery with violence as it gives changes in perception
Morphine
Its used to suppress pain clinically
– Its addictive
– Its derived from cocaine
– Used as local aesthetic
Heroine
– Its pain relieving
– Highly addictive
– Powder heated in foil paper, vapour forms hence smoked referred to as” chasing the dragon”
– Also called brown sugar
– Its injected and inhaled
– An overdose can lead to death
– its expensive
– It causes respiratory problems
– Its depressive
– Withdrawal symptoms when heroine is not available are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and severe anxiety
Soft drugs
– Cigarette
– Alcohol
– Miraa / khat
Cigarette
– Made from tobacco
– Cigarettes contain
Cigarettes are legal drugs in Kenya.
Pregnant women may miscarry or terminate the pregnancy if they smoke.
Leads to chest respiratory diseases poor blood circulation
Leads to destructive fires due to carelessness
Miraa / khat
1 Plants / legally in Kenyan, and other parts of the world
2 They are chewed
3 Causes temporary excitement
4 Makes one loose appetite for food and sex
5 The juice in miraa causes temporary excitement in the user when ingested
6 Miraa makes the user to be irritable
Alcohol
– Alcohol is a drug made through fermentation
– It’s a drink used in social ceremonial occasions
– It’s in form of beer wines, traditional brew (e.g. busaa, muratina, mnazi )and spirits e.g. whisks, brandy, gin, chang’aa
– Alcohol is prepared by fermentation or distillation – heating to a certain degree.
– In African traditional society, alcohol was fermented and used for
– Excessive drinking was discouraged
– Drunk people were scorned or scolded
– Young people were not allowed to drink alcohol
– When alcohol is taken excessively it is abused
Alcohol abuse
– Alcohol can lead to body dependence or addiction
– Consequences of abusing alcohol are such as
(i) Squandering family resources
(ii) Health deterioration
(iii) Lack of concentration leading to poor quality of work
(iv) Family break-ups due to frustrations
A man experiences a desire for sex but lacks the ability to perform leading to break ups
(v) Deformed foetus if a mother abuses alcohol when pregnant
(vi) Alcohol destroys brain cells
(vii) It leads to unruly behaviour such as fights, violence
(viii) One is vulnerable to risky behaviour – a drunk person is unable to make proper decisions hence vulnerable to sexual infections such as HIV / AIDS
(ix) Can make a person cause accidents if driving under the influence of alcohol or staggering on the road.
LESSON SIX: CAUSES OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE (REASONS WHY PEOPLE ABUSE ALCOHOL AND
DRUGS)
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
(i) Frustration due to unemployment, inability to perform well and meet set standards or other personalfrustrations.
(ii) Idleness – when idle some turn to alcohol and drug use
(iii) Addiction
(iv) Boredom
(v) Bad examples from adults
(vi) Availability of drugs in the Kenyan market
(vii) Negative peer pressure
(viii) Experimentation then addiction
(ix) Media influence
(x) Societal permissiveness
(xi) Urbanization
(xii) Pressure of work
(xiii) Financial stress
(xiv) Globalization – foreign world influences
Effects of drug abuse
Drug abuse poses danger to the health of a person, affects family, society in general. Effects of drug abuse are
Drugs are expensive. Abuse leads to depletion of family resources leading to poverty
Abuse of drugs leads to family conflicts, leading to separation, divorce, family quarrels fights and even murder (domestic violence)
People die out of drug abuse. An over dose of heroine, cocaine kills. Alcohol can lead to a blackout, this affects the brain
LESSON SEVEN: REMEDIES TO DRUG ABUSE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to:-
Drug abuse has become a global problem. Remedies or solutions include
Drug Control ProgrammeAnti Narcotics Police Units, NACADA National Agency for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse so as to control abuse of Narcotics and other drugs.
People to be educated on the effects of drugs.The curriculum from primary to secondary to include topics on drug abuse.
Guidance and counseling
Religious teachings – all religious condemn the abuse of drugs
Family values to be promoted. Parents should set good examples to their children
Every individual to cultivate individual values. Respect their body and take care of their bodies
Rehabilitation of drug users / abusers
LESSON EIGHT: CHRISTIAN CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE USE OF LEISURE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Criteria – criterion – a principle or standard for judging something.
How does a Christian determine whether a certain leisure activity is lawful, acceptable before God – criteria for evaluating the use of leisure?
1) Christians, should engage in leisure activities which promote their respect and dignity they should socialize with people who are morally upright (bad company corrupts good morals)
2) God ordains leisure hence it should serve God’s purpose.
3) Leisure should come after work
4) Leisure should be used for the good of others. The activities that are harmful to others should be avoided
5) Activities chosen should enrich their knowledge of God
6) Activities should provide service to others
7) Leisure doesn’t mean laziness
A Christian should not engage in a harmful activity to self but those that promote respect and dignity
9) Christians to avoid activities that lead to sin or to addiction
10) They should perform an activity which develop their physical emotional social and spiritual well being
11) Leisure should be enjoyed with moderation
12) Activities for leisure should be moral, within the laws of God and pleasing to good.
Revision questions
5(a). Why is leisure important in the life of a Christian?
5(b). What factors have contributed to the misuse of leisure in Kenya?
6.state the factors that have led to the misuse of drugs in Kenya
TOPIC FIVE: CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO WEALTH,
MONEY AND POVERTY
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, you should be able to: –
LESSON ONE: DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPTS WEALTH, MONEY AND POVERTY
Accumulation of materials owned by an individual, family or a group of people. Wealth is property that has economic value e.g. land, animals, money, valuable possessions such as jeweler, commercial and residential buildings etc.
Ways of acquiring wealth
Inheritance
Business
Commercial farming
Salaried Jobs
Investment of money in financial institution
Provision of commercial services
It’s the medium of exchange that functions as a legal tender. It is something that is generally accepted as a medium of exchange, a means of payment. It is usually in form of coins or notes. Good monetary media (money) has certain qualities.
Qualities of money
Money is a measure of wealth. What it can purchase is the value. Money is used to buy services, goods, pay debts etc.
Examples of currencies in the world are
Ksh. (Kenya), Rand (South Africa) US & Dollar, Pound (Britain) Euro (Europe), Yen (Japan) Etc
State of being without adequate basic necessities of life e.g. food, shelter, clothing
It’s a state of helplessness. It is characterized by poor health, hunger, and lack of education facilities, uncared for environment.
Causes of poverty
LESSON TWO: THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF WEALTH AND POVERTY
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Wealth
In African traditional societies wealth was measured in terms of the amount of land, livestock, grains, and wives, children possessed by an individual or the community.
Wealth was acquired in various ways.
(i) As a gift from God
Most Africans believe that wealth is a blessing from God.
(ii) Inheritance
In cases where the head of the family is dead, the eldest son becomes the custodian of the estate. The clan and community elders give direction on how the wealth is to be shared out.
(iii) Bride wealth
(iv) Farming
(v) Exploitation of natural resources – honey, wood for carving, building materials etc
(vi) Trade – African communities were involved in barter trade where they exchanged good and services
(vii) Raids – wealth was also acquired by raiding other communities – goats, sheep, Cattle.
– People were encouraged to work hard to acquire wealthy honesty
– Wealthy people were highly regarded and were considered for leadership position
– Wealth was incomplete without a family
Poverty
Poverty was viewed as punishment or curse for wrongdoing.
Other causes of poverty according to African Traditional Society were: –
– In acquiring wealth, principles such as value for human life, mutual responsibility, and sharing, communal ownership were emphasized.
– Places that were communal include grazing land, rivers, and watering places
– Laziness was ridiculed through songs, riddles and proverbs.
LESSON THREE: IMPACTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF MONEY ECONOMY IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN
SOCIETY
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Introduction
– Money was introduced to Africa by the Europeans
– Before colonial period, Africans practiced barter trade – actual goods exchanged with other goods e.g. animals would be exchanged with food grains, millet, sorghum, cowpeas, children exchanged for food during famine.
– Trade merchants from Asia had introduced into Africa forms of currency such as the cowrie shells, gold and the Indian rupees. Europeans introduced currency still used today
Economy: – careful management of resources, finances, income and expenditure of a family, a business enterprise, community or a country. The economy of a country is to be well managed if it has the ability to meet the social economic needs of her members.
Development
It’s measured by the healthy of its economy in the provision of health, education, housing, sanitation, employment, and longevity of life, decrease of material and child mortality.
Money economy: – Use of money as a means of exchange in economic activities e.g. banking, investment, insurance, payment of goods and services.
Reasons for money introduction
1) Colonization brought a lot of changes such as unoccupied land declared ‘Crown land’ for colonialists.
2) Tax introduction
-Africans were supposed to pay taxes to the government. Taxes were paid in form of money.
3) Introduction of formal education
-School fees were introduced. Fees were paid in form of money.
4) Introduction of modern medical services
People paid medical services using money.
5) Emergence of new lifestyles
Converts to Christianity were emphasized on to have materials, hence had to work to improve their living standards. They built houses, took their children to schools practiced modern family techniques hence had to use money.
Impact of the introduction of money economy in traditional African society
1) Introduction of wage – labour
2) Break up of family ties as people migrated from rural to urban areas in search of employment
3) African land taken by the colonialists, reducing people to squatters hence need to work
4) There was creation of a gap between people – the rich and the poor
5) Emergence of vices e.g. corruption, bribery, prostitution, robbery
6) Deterioration of cherished African values e.g. bride wealth has become commercialized, customs lostetc.
7) Loss of African human dignity. Africans had to pay taxes to the colonial government. They were forced to work in European farms so as to get money. They worked under dehumanizing conditions
Production of traditional food crops declined replaced by cash crops.
9) Individual ownership of land was emphasized. Land could be sold at will
10) There was increase of rural – urban migration leaving the rural people less educated.
11) Exploitation of the poor by the rich – poor wages, overcharging prices on foods.
12) Destruction of the natural environment to create room for building projects, urban centres
13) The cost of living increased. Almost everything is acquired by money.
LESSON FOUR: THE CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON WEALTH, MONEY, POVERTY
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Teaching on wealth
1) Wealth is a blessing from God
2) Those who obey God’s laws, teachings of the prophets are promised blessings by God Deut28: 1 – 4
3) Wealth has duties associated with it e.g. 10% tithe, alms to the poor, and an aspect of stewardship.
4) Wealth should be used wisely. People are not owners of their property but are stewards. Should share with the poor, needy.
5) Wealth is not permanent e.g. parable of the rich fool. When people die, they take nothing with them. Naked into the world, naked out of the world.Job. 1:21
6) Wealth can create a false sense of independence feeling of self reliance no need for God
7) Wealth should be obtained justly – no happiness for a person who gets riches in the wrong way. Wrong attitude to wealth can lead to idolatry and other dangers. Matt.19: 23 – 24 danger of materialism – making riches their God, the love of money is the root of all evil (1 timothy 6:10)
9) It is wrong to discriminate against others on the basis of material possessions. Jesus associated with the rich, the poor, the sick etc.
10) Seek spiritual wealth, which is permanent and more fulfilling than material wealth, which is transitory – temporal. Matt 6:19 – 20)
11) acknowledge God as the source of ones riches
12) Use wealth to help the needy
13) Wealth is an instrument to enable us live decently.
14) Obsession with money and wealth leads to sin
15) Church leaders should avoid greed for wealth (1 Timothy 3:3)
16) God will judge rich exploiters.
Christian teaching on poverty
1) Christian teachings discourage irresponsible behaviour and habits e.g. laziness, idleness and negligence. Some people became poor because of such.
2) Some people become poor because of misfortunes
3) Others are poor because of judgment due to disobedience to God
4) God cares for the poor
5) Those with more should share with the poor
6) People should work to alleviate poverty in the society
7) Jesus helped the poor so should we?
The poor in spirit will be blessed
LESSON FIVE: CHRISTIAN APPROACHES / RESPONSE TO ISSUES RELATED TO WEALTH AND MONEY.
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Christian can respond by
Introduction
– Affluence – having a lot of material possessions and a luxurious standard of living. Poverty is a state of lack of the basic necessities.
– Illegal means of acquiring wealth include fraud, grabbing public land, selling narcotic drugs etc
Factors that have contributed to poverty
Fair distribution of wealth / resources refers to jobs, infrastructure, hospitals, water, agricultural products etc.
LESSON SIX: BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Fighting against bribery and corruption
Bribery and corruption are related terms.
Corruption: – practice of giving a bribe in the form of money, goods or privileges in return for a service.
Bribery: – act of giving money, material goods or services to someone to influence the recipient to give underserved favour.
It is aimed at influencing a decision to favour.
Bribery is a form of corruption.
– Corruption is some kind of moral degeneration. A practice whereby someone uses his/her influence in an activity that is not morally acceptable.
– Example of corruption include promotion by a senior for a favour, colluding to miss work, use of government vehicles to attend to personal matters.
In Kenya, Kenya Anticorruption commission KACC is a national body formed to fight corruption.
Factors leading to bribery and corruption
Consequences of corruption and bribery
LESSON SEVEN: CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TOWARDS BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
In the parable of John the Baptist condemned soldiers from taking bribes
Corrupt judge and the widow, corruption is condemned
C Using life skills
Life skills are abilities, which enable a person to face the challenges of life in an effective way they are
Decision making
Critical thinking
Creative thinking
Self esteem
Assertiveness
Process of identifying the best alternative to overcome a challenge encountered. Often decisions we make do not only affect us but those around us.
Steps to decision – making
This is the act or practice of using ideas imaginatively to solve a problem
– This is the regard one has about himself or herself. Self-esteem can be low or high, positive or negative.
A positive or high self-esteem person has confidence, is outgoing, social, appreciates self, realistic and independent.
– A person with low, negative self-esteem is naïve, withdrawn, shy, feels inadequate, and no self-confidence.
Ability to express ones feelings and wishes without hurting others. Assertive people are confident; direct in dealing with others assertive people have a high self-esteem.
LESSON EIGHT: CHRISTIAN VALUES RELATED TO WEALTH, MONEY, AND POVERTY.
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Values – Beliefs, which guide people on what is right and wrong. There are
– Social values
– Cultural values
– Moral values
Values related to wealth are: –
– Love
– Honesty
– Reliability
– Fairness
– Justice
– Respect
– Faithfulness
– Humility
– Persistence
– Chastity
Love – intense emotion of attachment, affection, warmth, fondness, regard for a person or something
How should love guide a Christian in relation to wealth creation?
Honesty – quality of being truthful, fair trustworthy, sincere, genuine. The opposite of honesty is dishonesty.
Reliability – being dependable, faithful, predictable, unfailing. The ability of being relied upon and keeping promises.
Fairness – condition of being unbiased, free from discrimination.
Justice – fair dealings with the people, as they deserve according to the law. Being fair, giving people what’s due to them. Opposite of justice is injustice.
Respect Quality of having high regard for somebody or something.
Politeness.It’s important to respect other people’s property.
Humility – quality of not thinking that you are better than others. Being humble. Opposite of humility is pride, being proud. Those who humble themselves shall be exalted.
Faithfulness – quality of remaining loyal or true to someone. Christians should be faithful at their places of work and in allocating their wealth to God’s work.
Those who are entrusted with public resources to manage on behalf of the people should show a high degree of faithfulness.
Persistence – quality to persevere. Quality to continue steadfastly, unrelentingly despite opposition e.g. the unjust judge and widow, job =, Jeremiah are people who persisted.
Chastity – a state of being pure, holy, innocent modest. It is abstinence from actions that may make one impure before God.
-Christians should strive hard not to defile their bodies in search of wealth
-Christians should strive to live holy lives, avoid prostitution, drug abuse; corruption
-people use sexual favour to get jobs or promotion. Christians should thus avoid such.
Revision questions
TOPIC SIX: APPROACHES TO LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the topic you should be able to:
a Define the terms ‘law’ ‘order’ and ‘justice’
b Describe the traditional African practices that promote law, order and justice.
c Explain the Biblical teaching on law, order and justice.
d Identify and evaluate the need for law, order and justice in the society.
e Explain the rights and duties of citizens
f Explain the causes and remedies of social disorder.
g Evaluate the role of Christians in the transformation of the society
h Discuss church-state relationship
LESSON ONE: DEFINITION OF TERMS
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Introduction
– Law, order, justice are essential for the survival of any society
– Following laws leads to order and justice lack of following leads to disorder and injustice laws of Kenyaare laid down in the constitution.
Established rules by an authority to regulate human behaviour in the community Schools laws, religious laws, factory laws, hospital laws etc. laws differ from society to society. Laws are dynamic. Laws cover all aspects of life.
Condition brought about by obedience to set rules or laws. Order leads to peaceful co – existence in the society. Where there is order, things are done systematically. The opposite of order is disorder.
Types of laws
Types of statutory laws
LESSON TWO: IMPORTANCE OF LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
LESSON THREE: RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able: –
Citizen – person who is a member of a state, kingdom, empire. A person who has full rights as a member of a country by birth, decent, registration, naturalization.
Rights – legal claims that one is entitled to from the government
Duty – ones responsibility to the government.
Rights
1) Right to life – to live securely
2) Right to education
3) Right to liberty / freedom e.g. one should not be imprisoned, detained, without trial. One is innocent until proven guilty
4) Right to protection of property
5) Right to own a family – right to marry and raise a family
6) Right to health
7) Freedom of movement
8)Right to freedom of association
9) Right to freedom of assembly
10) Freedom of religion
11) Right to own property
12) Right to equality – non discrimination
13) Protection of freedom of expression and speech (own opinions, ideas)
Children have rights e.g. Right to life, education, parental care, health, protection from exploitation, right to identity etc.
Duties of citizens (responsibilities)
1) Pay taxes to the government
2) Respect the flag and national anthem
3) Respect those in authority
4) Respect the laws of the land
5) Register as a voter and voter in national elections
6) Be responsible at work
7) Participate in national development
Promote peace and harmony in the society
9) Report errant members of the society to law enforcement agents
10) Protect the environmental – clean, plant trees, avoid poaching etc
LESSON FOUR: TRADITIONAL AFRICAN PRACTICES THAT PROMOTE LAW, ORDER, JUSTICE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Some of the practices that promote law, order and justice are
People who committed offences such as stealing, murder, witchcraft were punished through death, curses, paying heavy fines etc. this promoted law, order, justice
They were installed to maintain law, order and to execute justice in their areas of jurisdiction
– Administered by specialists and are used as a method of establishing and maintaining law and order
– Covenants were made if there was a conflict between two communities. They would promise to live in peace and harmony.
Taboos were prohibitions. Those who went against taboos were severely punished
LESSON FIVE: BIBLICAL TEACHING ON LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
God initiated Law, order, and justice.
God does punish disobedience i.e. justice
LESSON SIX: CAUSES OF SOCIAL DISORDER AND THEIR REMEDIES
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Social disorder is a state of confusion or lack of order in the society
Causes
1) Discrimination
2) Inequitable distribution of wealth, resources
3) Crime
4) Racism
5) Tribalism
6) Sexism
Discrimination
Discrimination is unfair treatment. Discrimination is on basis of
– Race
– Tribe
– Sex / gender
People or a particular person is singled out and treated with disfavor or distaste. It is showing bias or prejudice.
Causes of discrimination
Inequitable distribution of wealth and resources
– This is when riches of family, community, and nation are not fairly shared out due to Selfishness or poor planning. Some areas are marginalized.
Racism – unfair treatment of people because of their race
Tribalism – discrimination on basis of ethnic group
Crime – an offence against state, normally settled in court. Its antisocial behaviour causing disorder.
Causes of crime (Why people commit crime)
Sexism
– Discrimination against people because of gender
– Women are discriminated in areas such as jobs, no promotion for women, oppression of women at home, cultural values demeaning the status of women, wife beating / men beating, female genital mutilation (FGM) early children marriages etc.
Remedies to social disorder
1) Rehabilitation for drugs users / abusers
2) Punishment for offenders of crime
Forms of punishment
– Imprisonment
– Payment of fines
– Corporal punishment
– Probation
– Being assigned community work
– Being placed under house arrest
– Learning in approved schools, Juvenile homes
3) Equitable distribution of national resources
– Develop marginalized areas
– Create jobs
4) Campaign against drug abuse
5) The public to use hot lines to report crime to police
6) Preach against racism, tribalism, and preach equality, freedom and interaction with all people
7) People to be sensitized to appreciate and respect different ethnics groups
Promote national unity through education /cultural programmes
9) Creation of more national schools so as to have students from all backgrounds
10) Encourage domestic tourism
11) Enlighten women on their rights
12) Employment on merit
13) Rich countries to share wealth with the poor
LESSON SEVEN: ROLE OF CHRISTIANS IN TRANSFORMING THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL LIFE OF
THE SOCIETY
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Transformation is to completely change the attitude, character, and wellbeing of the society
– Christians are involved in the preaching of the gospel in many places in the country. They use print and electronic media to spread the gospel.
– Christians have shown concern for the destitute and victims of violence in the society by building homes for them and providing them with food and clothing.
– Christians run schools, vocational institutions, universities providing educational services
– Christians offer medical services to the society
– They speak openly against sexual immorality, murder, bribery, corruption, abortion etc.
– They show compassion to those in need the poor, HIV / AIDS orphans, widows, widowers, aged etc.
– They offer guidance and counselling to dysfunctional families (the pastors, those trained to do counselling – almost all pastors get a training in guidance and counselling)
– Christians participate in the political life by advocating for fair distribution of wealth
– They offer prayers for government, political leaders
– They exercise their right by voting
– They also participating in the political life by standing up for elections (Vying for elections)
– Christians participate in economic life by paying taxes to the government
– By contributing in collection of funds for construction of churches, schools, hospitals
– They invest in business that promotes their own development as well as the development of the country.
– They provide financial resources in order to assist others to start economic activities or self-employment
– They discourage business practices such as using faulty scales, hiking of prices cheating in business etcand encourage proper acquisition of wealth
The government and the church interact at various levels and in different areas
However the church differs with government on various issues such as
Revision questions
1.state ways in which Christians can promote peace/unity in the society
TOPIC SEVEN: CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO SELECTED ISSUES RELATED TO MODERN SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the topic, you should b able to:
LESSON ONE: DEFINITIONS
Science – subject field that deals with a systematic study of our surroundings and behaviour of materials in the universe
It is based on observation, experimentation and measurement.
Technology – application of science to achieve desired objectives.
Environment – our surroundings – both natural and human made i.e. mountains, lakes, land, forests, animals, buildings, flowers etc
LESSON TWO: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Ways science and technology has improved human lives
1) Improvement of crop production – a quality seeds, fertilizers leading to improved yields
2) Better nutrition, health care, medical services
3) Improvement of livestock production through artificial insemination, quality medicine leading to more milk production.
4) It has led to development of efficient means of transport – land, air, seas
5) Work has been made easier and enjoyable. There is use of machines, automation, use of computers.
6) People’s lives have been spared, saved e.g. through life saving machines (ICU), incubators
7) Business transactions are being done through the internet
Communication has been made easy – fax, email, short text messages on mobile phones etc
9) Research is ongoing for incurable diseases i.e. HIV / AIDS, cancer
10) There is better management of environment
11) Technology has made the world a global village
12) Through family planning methods, its easier to control population growth
13) There’s a better security system through use of scanners, alarms, electrified fences etc.
14) Improvement of learning through e–learning
15) There’s easier movement from one country to another
Negative effects of science and technology
LESSON THREE: CHRISTIAN VIEW ON ISSUES RELATED TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Euthanasia
It’s a Greek word, which means an easy and painless death. It is ‘mercy killing’ ending a person’s life so as to alleviate them from experiencing pain.
Its practiced with the sick person’s knowledge
It is involuntary when its practiced against or without the sick person’s consent
Its done by
Christians view on Euthanasia
Christians are opposed to euthanasia for several reasons such as
Blood transfusion
– It’s the process of injecting a person’s blood into another person through his/her veins. The giver is adonor the receiver is a recipient.
Reasons for blood transfusion
5 Blood has to be screened for any diseases, and then kept in blood bank after determining the blood group. The transfusion should be in a hygienic way. The equipment used should be sterilized
Alternatives to blood transfusion
Christian view on blood transfusion
Organ transplant
– This is the removal of a defective organ and replacing it with a healthy one. Body organs transplanted are kidneys, heart and eyes small intestines, pan crease.
– The purpose is to replace the damaged organ of a recipient
– Common transplants are the heart, kidney, eyes from living and the dead (heart) within a span of hours. Eyes can be transplanted from animals.
Christian view on organ transplant
Genetic engineering
– It’s a scientific technique used by scientists to change the biological characteristics of living organisms by deliberately altering the structure of individual genes.
– There are genetically modified foods, genetically engineered seeds, test tube babies, human clones, and genes of human insulin.
Human cloning
This is a form of genetic engineering. It’s a creation of genetically identical copy of a human being, human cell.
Twins are a form of natural cloning
There’s therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning (human cloning)
Therapeutic cloning is when cells from an adult are used in creating medicine or for research
Reproduction cloning is the making of human beings
More than 90% of cloning has failed.
Animals cloned have died young, had cancers or arthritis.
Human cloning is illegal worldwide
Genetic cells are used to treat Alzheimer, heart attack, cancer
Test tube babies are different from human cloning. Test tube babies are where the egg and sperm is fused together outside the body.
In cloning, a needle like device is used to draw out the cells from an embryo, then preserved using chemicals, then put in a womb/uterus to grow. Some do not need a sperm cell, they use other body cells for fertilization.
Reasons for advocating human cloning
Can clone people whose genetic composition is of a genius, people with special abilities or talents
Can be able to bring, revive back great extinct characteristics.
Those who support it believes it can reduce immorality
Reasons against human cloning
Advantages of genetic engineering
Christian view of genetic engineering
diseases, production of drugs, plant and animals
Plastic surgery
– It’s to change or mould the shape of something, to enhance or restore an area of the body
– It’s repairing or improving of damaged, diseased or unsatisfactory shaped parts of the body with pieces of skin or bone taken from other parts of the body.
– Skin grafting is the most common type of plastic surgery
– Plastic surgery is done on cleft lips i.e. cosmetic surgery, breast surgery – reduction or enlargement, surgery done to look younger.
Reasons for plastic surgery
– It can help restore ones confidence or self – esteem
– It enhances beauty, attractiveness or youthfulness
– It enhances a person’s life and can be a life changing procedure
– It may help a person to get a new job
Disadvantages
– Its expensive
– Can lead to transmission of diseases
Christian views on plastic surgery
– Some support it, as it has some benefits
– Some Christian oppose plastic surgery in order to look younger
– Some argue that some people do it because of a lack of self – acceptance, low self esteem hence
should work on such issues first.
LESSON FOUR: THE CHRISTIAN VIEW ON THE EFFECTS OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE
ENVIRONMENT (POLLUTION, DESERTIFICATION)
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
In Genesis 1, man was given the responsibility of taking care of the environment
Ways of taking care of the environment
Reuse e.g. bottles
Recycle – plastic bottles to be recycled to plastic bins, old newspapers to be recycled to tissue papers.
Recover – burning waste products to produce electricity
Waste can be managed to reduce use of ‘Throw away’ goods e.g. batteries to use of electricity.
LESSON FIVE: POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS.
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
It’s introduction into the environment of substances or energy that is liable to cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems
In simple terms pollution is the contamination of the environment.
Substances that cause pollution are called pollutants. Some of the pollutants include;
Industrial affluent
Pesticides
Insecticides
Fertilizers
Ultra – violent rays from nuclear plants
Dust
Smoke
Noise
Waste heat
Exhaust gases from automobiles
Types of pollution
Water pollution
This is the increase of substances in water in excess of its rightful chemical components thus making it unsuitable for human, animal or plant use.
– Disposing domestic and industrial waste into rivers, lakes, seas etc pollutes water.
– Disposing agricultural chemicals pesticides into water bodies.
– Oil spilling into waters
– Poor sanitation bathing or washing clothes in rivers or dams
Effects of water pollution
Air pollution
– Presence of contaminants in the atmosphere caused by
– When there is an increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that’s pollution
– Other major atmospheric pollutants include gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and sulphurdioxide (SO2)
– Nitrogen Oxide (NO) i.e. fumes from vehicles, aircrafts, industries
Effects
(i) Leads to diseases such as bronchitis, asthma
(ii) Leads to depletion of the Ozone layer leading to ultra – violent rays of the sun penetrating to the earth causing skin cancer, cataracts (eye problems), low plant yields.
(iii) Causes rusting of roofs
(iv) Causes acid rains
(v) Carbon dioxide (02) in the atmosphere has led to global warming.
(vi) Formation of smog (thick fog), which can lead to accidents.
(vii) Colored rain due to large amounts of dust in the atmosphere
(viii) Eyesight loss due to gas leakages from industrial plants.
Land pollution
Land pollution is any physical or chemical alteration to land, which causes change in its use and renders it incapable of beneficial use without treatment.
– Improper or excessive use of insecticides, pesticides makes land acidic
– Land is also polluted by improper disposal of waste / garbage, broken glasses.
Effects
(i) Waste is an eye sore spoiling the beauty of the environment
(ii) Broken glass can lead to injuries
(iii) Open mining leaves pits, which are a danger to people and animals.
Noise pollution
– Experienced especially in urban centres, near roads, running water, mining areas, airports, music from bars, nightclubs etc.
– An instrument called sound meter measures noise. The lowest unit is O Decitel, which is okay. More than 80 decibels is harmful to the ear.
Noise over 80 decibels can cause (effects)
– Deafness, hearing problems
– Psychological disorders – frustrations, irritation
– Insomnia
– Shock due to sudden noise
– Cracking of walls
Noise can be minimized by
Construction of sound proof buildings
Location of residential areas away from industries, airports, bars, main roads
Banning of unnecessary hooting, playing of loud music in public vehicles
Installing silencers in generators
Education people on the effects of noise pollution
Pollution caused by radiation
Mainly in developed countries
Atomic explosions e.g. Hiroshima / Nagasaki in Japan in 1945.The side effects of mutations of born children.Some children born with deformities. The radiation caused chromosome mutations. Some mutations on the cells of the parent / grandparents.
Nuclear power stations also a danger
Medical equipment e.g. X ray machines when one is over exposed to these radiations (x – rays) it can lead to development of cancer.
LESSON SIX: DESERTIFICATION
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
This is slow encroachment of desert – like a condition to land that was previously productive making it desolate, uncultivatable and uninhabitable. Human activity accelerates creation of deserts.
Causes of deserts
Human activities that lead to desertification are
(i) Cutting down of trees (deforestation) for land use such as building, industries, and not replacing them.
(ii) Use of water from wells to irrigate land. Its harmful especially salty water – salt on soil salination is toxic to soils.
(iii) Incorrect use of pesticides and fertilizers destroy soil nutrients.
(iv) Industrialization – industries emit carbon dioxide (CO2) leading to formation of acid rain, which leads to unproductive land hence desertification
(v) Overgrazing especially among the pastoralist communities
(vi) Poor farming methods like cultivation on riverbanks and slopes, which causes soil erosion, leading todesertification.
LESSON SEVEN: SOLUTIONS TO DESERTIFICATION
Learning outcomes. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: –
Land can be restored through the following ways;
(i) Removal of people, livestock from certain areas e.g. forests
(ii) Installation of good drainage systems
(iii) Reduction of water logging / salination
(iv) Use of alternative sources of fuel such as wind, solar, biogas instead of cutting down trees to use as fuel (charcoal)
(v) Advocate for penalties to those who pollute the environment – factories
(vi) Replace trees that are cut down
(vii) Build water storage facilities to store rain water then use it for irrigation
(viii) Educate people on the importance of the environment
(ix) Use of manure instead of harmful fertilizers
Emulate Prof. WangariMaathai implanting trees – 8th October 2004 she was awarded the Nobel peace prize, an international award, for her efforts in preserving the environment.
Revision questions.
C.R.E. – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
TOPIC ONE
CHRISTIAN ETHICS
Q1. What is the meaning of Christian Ethics?
This is the study of human conduct or behavior.
It is about how Christians make choices in their daily lives guided by Christian principles and value.
Q2. What is the basis or sources or foundation of Christian Ethics?
The Bible/Biblical scripture (holy)
The natural law
Human experience and reason
The Christian community – preachers
Situation Ethics
Secular/Civil Law
Q3. List the basic life skills that one needs to be able to lead a better life
(a) Critical thinking
(b) Creative thinking
(c) Decision – making
(d) Self-esteem
(e) Assertiveness
TOPIC TWO
MALE/FEMALE RELATIONSHIPS
Q1. Explain seven Christian teachings on male/female relationships
Male/female were created as equal human beings: created in the image and likeness of God.
Male/female created for companionship, help/ partners/ complement each other.
Both are co-creator with God – done through procreation.
Union between both is consummated in marriage.
Relationship is based on love and respect/chastity.
Man/husband is the head of the family.
Each man to have his own wife and wife own husband.
Husband and wife should not deny each other conjugal rights.
Youth should abstain from sex until marriage.
Male/female body is temple of the Lord.
Short periods of abstinence are allowed among married people but with consent from each other.
Christians appreciate different roles of men and women in the church e.g. leadership in choir for women and men.
TOPIC THREE. HUMAN SEXUALITY
Q1. Explain the Traditional African understanding of human sexuality
Human sexuality is regarded as sacred and secret in many African communities.
The sacredness of sex is related to the power to transmit life – procreation.
It is taboo to discuss sex matters freely especially in the presence of children.
Grandparents who are free from any tying job teach sex education.
Young people are prepared for adult life in the context of age group e.g. games of sexual nature take place within an age group. The age group has control of each other and there is no sex whatsoever.
During initiation ceremonies, vigorous sex education is provided to the initiates.
They are taught about sex, its secrets and the mystery of manhood and womanhood.
Girls are expected to remain virgins
Rape offenders are severely punished.
Boys and girls are not allowed to mix.
Division of labour is on the basis of sex.
Roles of boys and girls are taught from childhood e.g. by copying their parents.
Q2. Explain Christian attitude towards human sexuality
Sex is sacred.
Man and woman are equal before God.
It is for procreation.
Man and woman are complimentary.
Both were created in the image of God.
They became one in marriage.
Sex is only allowed in marriage.
Virginity is valued.
Human beings have the ability to control sexual desires.
Chastity is a virtue.
All forms of irresponsible sexual behavior are condemned.
Q3. In what ways is sex abused in Kenya?
By practicing fornication/sex before marriage.
Adultery – sex outside marriage
Through prostitution
By practicing bestiality
Through homosexuality/lesbianism/gayism
Incest
Rape/defilement of minors
Masturbation
Pornographic literature – using of technological devices in sex
Q4. Why do you think minors are defiled or sexually abused in Kenya daily?
Lack of self-control among some men.
Drugs and drug abuse.
Permissiveness in society.
Influence from the mass media.
Mental illness – mad people.
Erosion of the African culture/moral values
Devil worship/strange cults/false religion.
Breakdown of religion values.
Irresponsible parenthood.
Indecent dressing.
Leniency of the Law/no punishment for criminal.
Idleness
Poverty
Responsible Sexual Behaviour
Q 5. What is the Christian teaching on responsible sexual behavior?
Responsible sex is between male and female.
__________Sexual intercourse is allowed between married people.
Faithfulness is a virtue in this: Both partners must avoid adultery.
Responsible sexual behavior means exercising self-control.
It entails obedience to God’s commands hence a Christian has to shun forbidden sexual behavior e.g.
fornication.
Body temple of the Lord. Our sexual relationships should uphold human dignity and respect for our
bodies.
The Bible teaches that whatever we do with our bodies should be for the glory of God (1 Cor. 7:19-20).
Q6. List the difference types of irresponsible sexual behavior
Q7. Explain the Christian teaching on responsible sexual behavior
It defiles the body, which is the temple of God.
It is wickedness.
It is unholy and dirty before God.
It is spiritually unclean.
Those involved break the commandment of God.
It involves coveting – a sin.
Polygamy is condemned and considered irresponsible.
Q8. State the effects of irresponsible sexual behavior
It can lead to sexually transmitted diseases (AIDS).
Can lead to pregnancy and then abortion.
If married people are involved (adultery) divorce may occur.
Separation
Children suffer lack of parental care due to divorce as a result of adultery.
It may lead to street children.
It discourages young people from marrying.
It can lead to fights, quarrels, misunderstanding and friction.
Young people can chop out of school due to pregnancy/AIDS.
Can lead to single parenthood.
Withdrawing from family and society.
Self-pity and loneliness.
Psychological problems e.g. depression
Stress
Suicide and death.
Unwanted/unexpected pregnancies.
Aggressiveness and violence.
LESSON THREE: THE FAMILY
Q5. State the different types of families
Nuclear family
Single parent family
Polygamous
Extended
LESSON TWO: MARRIAGE
Q1. Explain the Traditional African understanding of marriage
Marriage is viewed as the focus of existence, i.e. the point where the three members of the
community meet (i.e. living, departed and the unborn).
A rhythm of life through which everybody must participate.
Marriage is a duty/a must/compulsory
Failure to marry means the person has rejected society and the society rejects him in turn.
Those who do not marry are considered as sub-human or lawbreakers.
Marriage is God ordained.
Young boys and girls are prepared for this sacred institution during initiation.
They are taught everything pertaining to marriage e.g. sex.
Children cement the marriage.
Q2. What is the importance of children in Traditional African Society
They help their parents at old age.
Cement a marriage: One without children is considered incomplete.
Children (boys) provide security at home and the community.
They help in the perpetuation of the family and community name.
The departed are reborn through naming of children.
Provide labour.
It is through children that (new) members meet and get to know each other. Young children are introduced to their relatives e.g. during initiation, marriage etc.
Children uphold the statue of parents.
Q3. What is the Christian teaching about marriage?
The church defines marriage as a covenant.
The Bible teaches that marriage is a divine institution.
Marriage is for procreation.
Marriage is for companionship.
It is for fulfillment of mutual love.
Marriage is a remedy against sin – fornication.
It should be monogamous.
Marriage should be permanent – no divorce.
Without or with children marriage is complete.
Sex outside marriage is forbidden.
Q4. What is the importance of courtship period in Traditional African Societies?
It helped in identifying a suitable marriage partner.
The two families involved established a firm relationship.
The boy and the girl had a chance to learn each other’s character.
It gives an opportunity to know whether the boy and girl are related.
Allows time for exchange of gifts between the two families, thus a firm relationship is established.
Time to negotiate the bride-wealth.
Boy and girl are instructed about their duties and responsibilities.
Q5. Why are many people opting for celibacy instead of marriage today?
Celibacy is used to refer to the unmarried.
Many remain single today because of Christianity – to serve God.
Some are born Eunuchs – cannot father children.
Education – one may want to pursue education
Career demands – too demanding to allow one get time for a family.
Lack of guidance and counseling on marriage and family.
Discouragement from failing marriages.
Economic reasons – one may not have money for a big house, wedding and bringing up a family.
Poor health e.g. epilepsy
Economic independence – whereby young people feel satisfied when they have enough money.
Parental interference – or whom their son should marry.
Disappointing relationships.
CHAPTER SIX
CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO WORK
Q1. What is work?
Answer
Work means any human activity, be it manual, intellectual or both.
Q2. List any six reasons why people work
People work for self-satisfaction and fulfillment.
For personal development.
In order to acquire basic needs of life.
To give life meaning, direction and dignity.
To provide service for the community.
To acquire wealth and status in the community.
In order to socialize and grow as a member of a community.
To attain independence and stop depending on others.
In order to help others e.g. beggars.
Q3. Explain the Traditional African attitude towards work
Work was understood as a fundamental dimension of human existence here on earth.
It is through work that human beings were able to change, reorganize and restructure their society.
It was regarded as a recreational activity as through it, people built their houses, places of worship,
produced art like sculpture and carving.
Work was highly valued and the dignity of work was taught early in life.
Each member had his own role to play e.g. men went out to hunt, herd etc accompanied with boys while mother did house work with the help of daughters.
Grandparents taught the youth how to behave and baby seated.
They believed work was God’s will and so they invoked God’s name through prayer, sacrifice to bless their work.
They had freedom over their work. No supervision. They decided when to work, when to rest but rest came after work.
Work was related to leisure, for people sang, danced and told stories as they worked.
Through work, many people exploited talents or learned e.g. building houses, song etc.
All were workers – work was compulsory.
Work brought people together – solidarity. This is because they shared work (communal work).
Q3. List some of the factors that have changed the attitude towards work in the modern society
Level of education – determine the type of work.
Availability of job opportunities.
Stiff competition
Work is personal unlike in Traditional African Communities where it was social.
Negative attitude to work. This is where some people hate manual work.
People work for personal gain and gratification.
Work is a commodity to be sold to the highest bidder.
Q4. What are the rights of employers?
They have a right to a fair taxation in their business.
Get profits from their business.
Have association with other employers.
Expect loyalty form their employees.
Receive from their employees work input as agreed upon on the employment contract.
Operate without being black mailed by trade unions.
Open business ventures without Government restrictions.
Q5. State the duties of employees
To carry out their duties to the best of their ability without supervision e.g. be punctual, present etc.
To respect and protect the property of the employer.
To resort to peaceful means of solving problems, and not destructive ways e.g. strike.
To work diligently for self – fulfillment and development.
To respect the employer and fellow employees.
Q6. Why has child labour become common in Kenya?
Definition: – This is the employment of children on a full time basis.
Reasons:
Their labour is cheap.
They are not unionisable and can therefore not fight for proper terms and conditions of service.
They can easily be lured and fired.
They do no have qualifications in any skill so as to negotiate for their terms.
They are looked at as a source of income by their parents or guardians.
Q7. What are the causes of unemployment in Kenya?
High population – There are too few job opportunities as compared to the many young people.
Hatred for manual work – many youth are looking for white-collar jobs despising the available “blue jobs.”
Bribery and corruption – In the job market whereby the rich are able to give while the poor though with good qualifications cannot secure a job.
Lack of skills and capital to start self-employment.
Bad governance and poor economic policies from the government.
SAPS – Structural Adjustment of Programmes i.e. Policy – not giving funds has led to poverty.
International policies of globalization that have affected the agric sector that has been the greatest employer in Kenya.
Retrenchment of workers in the Civil Service and Private Sectors.
Increase in crime that has aggravated insecurity in the country. This has discouraged local and international investors.
Q8. What can the Government do to reduce unemployment in Kenya?
By creating more job opportunities.
By starting more industries.
Increase of workers by 10% after every 10 years.
Encouraging self-employment whereby loans and space are given.
Starting of a school curriculum (8.4.4.) – starting that gears students into blue-collar jobs.
Starting the District Funds for Rural Development = C.D.F.
Stopping rural –urban migration.
By Africanisation of jobs – sending away foreign workers.
CHAPTER SEVEN
CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO LEISURE: AND THE USE AND ABUSE OF DRUGS
Q1. Identify five (5) reasons why the taking of alcohol as a way of spending leisure is condemned
It leads to conflicts/quarrels within the family.
Misuse of family resources.
May lead to addiction.
Leads to irresponsible sexual behaviours e.g. prostitution, adultery, and fornication.
Could lead to loss of income.
May lead to irresponsibility, which leads to accidents such as motor accidents.
Q2. Write down 5 ways in which modern Christian use their leisure time
Organize/attend religious seminars.
Participate in church choir/concerts.
Offers services to the aged.
Read religious literature e.g. Bible.
Keep the church and its environment clean.
Have fellowship with other Christians.
Initiate self-help projects to assist the needy.
Provide guidance and counseling to the community.
Preach the word of God.
Visit relatives and friends.
Be with family members.
Listen to Christian preaching/songs on radio.
Q3. Give 5 ways in which drug abuse could affect a Christian family
Drains family resources.
Fights in families may occur.
Leads to diseases.
Leads to family break-ups/separation/divorce.
It reduces one’s capacity to be productive in the family.
Results in making wrong decisions/judgement.
Leads to denial of conjugal rights.
Leads to loss of religious values.
Leads to poor role models for children.
Leads to crime/imprisonment.
Q4. Identify ways in which Christians can overcome temptations to drug abuse
Practicing self-control.
Praying against being tempted.
Seeking guidance and counseling.
Avoiding the company of those who misuse drugs.
Reading literature on the correct use of drugs.
Participating in activities that promote proper use of drugs/healthy activities.
Q5. Why is leisure important in the life of Christians?
Gives one time to visit the sick/needy.
For dedicating oneself to God/worshiping God.
Provide an opportunity to fellowship with others.
It allows one to develop the different talents given by God.
It gives one an opportunity to meet new friends/family.
One is able to read the word of God.
Provides an opportunity for one to preach/evangelize.
Provides an opportunity to take care of the environment.
Provides an opportunity to guide and counsel others and be guided.
Provides time to rest to gain lost energy.
Q6. What factors have contributed to the misuse or leisure in Kenya today?
Too much money/wealth/availability of drugs/contraceptives.
Inadequate facilities.
Lack of proper guidance/education on how to use leisure.
Poverty
Inability to make right decisions.
Bad company/peer pressure
Watching/reading phonographic materials/negative media.
Misunderstanding in families/frustrations.
Inability to balance between different activities.
Permissiveness
Lack of role models
Idleness/boredom/unemployment
Q7. State the factors that have led to the misuse of drugs in Kenya today
Poor role models.
Stress/depression/rebellion.
Peer pressure/curiosity.
Irresponsible parenthood.
Influence of mass media.
Availability of drugs/wealth.
Lack of guidance and counseling.
Corruption/greed.
Poverty
Moral decay/permissiveness in the society.
Lack of knowledge/ignorance on use of drugs.
Idleness
Urbanization/west culture.
CHAPTER EIGHT
CHRISTIAN RESPONSE TO ISSUES RELATED TO WEALTH, MONEY AND POVERTY
Q1. Explain the biblical teaching on wealth
It is a blessing from God.
When wealth come with responsibility.
Wealth can create a sense of false independence.
It should be acquired in just and honest way.
Wrong attitude to wealth leads to idolatry.
One should seek spiritual wealth, which is permanent and more fulfilling.
It is wrong to discriminate others on basis of material possessions.
Christians should share whatever wealth they have.
Wealth is not supreme good.
Wealth gives people independence so that they do not beg.
Wealth may bring suffering and insecurity.
God is the owner of wealth and people should realize that they are only stewards.
Q2. Discuss the biblical teaching on acquisition and use of wealth
Riches acquired through just and fair means are not condemned.
Even if wealth is acquired through just means it should not be idolized.
Failing to use wealth to glorify God.
God is the source of all riches.
Wealth is acquired through obedience to God’s laws.
People ought to take care of their wealth not misuse.
Wealth should be equally distributed and not concentrated in the hands of a few.
Wealth should be used to develop the nation’s infrastructure.
Q3. Explain ways in which people misuse wealth in Kenya today
Indulge in alcohol and drugs.
Engaging in immoral practices e.g. prostitution.
Gambling which might lead to loss of wealth.
Being luxurious/extravagant
Unfair class competition among the wealthy.
Using wealth to undermine others e.g. assassination
Using wealth to promote crime.
Engaging in risky/dangerous sports or projects e.g. motor racing, wrestling.
Using wealth selfishly/lack of social concern.
Using wealth to engage young people into immoral practices e.g. sex tourism.
Q4. Show how misuse of wealth leads to family instability
One may indulge in alcohol/drug abuse at the expense of family needs.
Engage in immorality/extra-marital sexual relations/prostitution.
Leads to misunderstanding on how to use wealth/invest.
One uses wealth to engage in gambling.
Spoils children/encourages laziness.
Arrogance/pride/showing off
One becomes obsessed with wealth and fails to care for the family love – has no time for the family.
Inheritance squabbles in case of death.
One fails to meet the basic needs for the family.
Q5. Give ways in which Kenyan Government is alleviating levels of poverty
Offering free education.
Provision of C.D.F.
Allocation of bursary to the needy.
Creating and enabling environmental employment in formal and informal sectors (easy access to loans).
Providing market for agricultural products e.g. K.C.C, Cereal Board.
Provision of low cost health services.
Improving infrastructure e.g. roads, electricity.
Providing youth fund through the Ministry of Youth Affairs.
Q6. State the factors that have contributed to high levels of poverty in Kenya today
Geographical factors e.g. adverse climate conditions.
Historical/colonialism and social factors e.g. poor family background.
Political instability, which may lead to civil wars.
Poor governance.
Regional imbalance of natural resources.
Low level of technology.
Unemployment
Laziness
Over dependence on foreign aid
Abuse of alcohol and other drugs
Lack of formal education hence no employment.
CHAPTER NINE
CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE
Q1. State ways in which Christians can promote unity/peach in the society
By reporting criminals to the police.
By being good example to others as peacekeepers.
Praying for criminals.
Building and counseling criminals.
Teaching the society the importance of keeping peace.
Condemning evil and evildoers.
Q2. Why should Christians take part in voting?
They belong to the society and leadership affects them.
It is a God-given duty.
In order to choose righteous leaders who will encourage values/virtues.
In order to help reduce bribery and corruption and other vices in the society.
CHAPTER 10
CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO SELECTED ISSUES RELATED TO MODERN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
Q1. How can modern Christians evaluate scientific and technological discoveries?
They should keep in mind that God gave them high-level power of thinking.
Discoveries must be used intelligently to solve man’s problems.
They should not be used as an insult to God who created all things e.g. in things like plastic surgery, test tube babies etc.
Discoveries must be used intelligently to solve man’s problems.
Discoveries should not erode Christian values by increasing man’s trust in scientific and technological production.
Acknowledge God as the source of all truth including science.
Should help man make moral decision and judgments e.g. effect of alcohol, smoking, etc.
Man should not be a slave to scientific discoveries instead he should control it.
Q2. Why is the church in Kenya opposed to plastic surgery?
It is against God’s plan of old age and death.
It is a sign of lack of appreciation to God’s work of creation.
It can lead to death if the operation fails.
It interferes with God’s image given at birth.
May be very expensive.
Emphasis on beauty and pleasing which are seen as idolatry.
Certain diseases can be transmitted especially where tissues may be detached from a donor with an infectious disease.
Can bring about other operations like diseases.
Scientists use it to compete with God’s creation.
Leads to vices such as pride.
It may lead to criminal activities by the victim due to different appearances.
It is a sign of lack of faith in God’s power of creation/healing.
It is against human dignity.
Q3. How have science and technology improved human life?
Modern methods of transport and communication have improved social interaction and faster movements.
It has improved efficiency at work where machines are used.
Has improved agricultural development hence increasing food production.
Irrigation and wealth forecasting have too increased in food production.
It has brought better health care through modern medical technology.
Human beings are now better placed in terms of security matters by use of radar, alarms and electrical fencing.
It has led to the creation of job opportunities through industrial development.
Formal education and training has equipped human beings with new skills for survival.
Trade has been promoted through the use of computers and the Internet.
Q4. What are the consequences of science and technology in our society today?
Unemployment is acute in our society today because computers have taken over.
There is exploitation of workers by the employers because they want maximum profits.
It has caused pollution and air poisoning.
It has caused health hazards and accidents in factories, roads etc.
Machines have replaced human labour.
Families are separated due to employment whereby a mother lives in the rural with children while
the father goes to town to work.
It has destroyed family relationships and replaced it with individualism.
May lead to breakdown of families due to demands of the job
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