GEOGRAPHY NOTES FOR FORM ONE. AVAILABLE FREELY FOR YOU TO READ, SHARE AND PRINT.
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.
a)What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite (2mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b)State three effects of earth’s revolution (3mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
a)List two elements of weather(2mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b)Name three processes through which the atmosphere is heated (3mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
a)What is weathering (2mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b)Give three processes of chemical weathering (3mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
a)Name three types of coral reefs (3mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b)What are the benefits of coral reefs in the areas they have developed (2mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
a) Define the term waterfall (2mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b)The diagram below shows a waterfall.
Name the features marked X,Y, and Z (3mks)
X …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Y …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Z …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B (75MARKS)
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.
Use the map of Nyeri to answer question 6
a) i) What is the sheet title? (1mk)
ii) Identify two districts found in Nyeri (2mks)
iii) Identify index to adjoining sheet found in the Northern and Southern (2mks)
b) i) Name any three types of land transport in Nyeri (3mks)
ii) Name two physical features found in grid square 6258 (2mks)
c) Describe relief of the area covered by the map (7mks)
d) Citing evidence, explain four physical factors which favour cattle keeping (8mks)
a) i) Apart from surface run off, give two other processes in the hydrological cycle. (2mks)
ii) State three factors that determine the amount of surface run off. (3mks)
b) Explain three factors that influence the transportation of materials by a river. (6mks)
c) i) What is river rejuvenation? (2mks)
ii) Explain three conditions that lead to rejuvenation of a river. (6mks)
d) Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment. (6mks)
a) Differentiate between folding and faulting (2mks)
b) The table below shows types of folds and faults. For each, identify the type it belongs to.
Asymmetrical (1mk)
Reverse (1mk)
Isoclinals (1mk)
Shear (1mk)
Over thrust (1mk)
c) Using well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains are formed. (11mks)
d) Describe how a high fold mountain located at a coastal region influences the formation of rainfall
(7mks)
a) i)Differentiate between a soilprofile and soilcatena (2mks)
ii)Draw a well labeled diagram of a mature soil profile (4mks)
b) i)Other than topography name three factors that influence formation of soil (4mks)
ii)Explain how topography influences formation of soil (3mks)
iii)List three characteristics of desert soils (3mks)
c) i)Give three types of soil erosion (3mks)
ii)Explain three effects of soil erosion on human activities (6mks)
a)Differentiate between weather and climate.(2mks)
b)Give four factors that should be considered when citing a weather station.(4mks)
c)Name four instruments placed in Stevenson screen.(4mks)
d) (i)What is weather forecasting(2mks)
(ii)Explain three factors that influence weather.(6mks)
e)(i)Using a well label diagram,describe how relief rainfall is formed(6kms)
(ii)Give three characteristics of relief rainfall (3mks)
In section B answer question six and any other two questions
All answers must be written in the answer booklet provided.
Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed
and that no questions are missing.
Questions
Maximum score
Candidate score
1-5
25
6
25
25
25
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.
a) What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite (2mks)
Meteor – is a streak of light seen in the sky in a clear night and occurs as a result of meteoroid burning as it enters earth’s atmosphere while
Meteorite – is a meteoroid which has not completely burnt up and manages to reach the earth’s surface. 2×1
b) State three effects of earth’s revolution (3mks)
-Revolution causes the four seasons-summers, autumn, winter and spring
-Revolution causes changes in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year.
-Revolution causes varying length of day and night at different times of the year
-Revolution causes the lunar eclipse 3×1=3mks
a) List two elements of weather (2mks)
Temperature
Air pressure
Precipitation
Humidity
Wind
Sunshine
Cloud cover 2×1=2mks
b) Name three processes through which the atmosphere is heated (3mks)
-Radiation
-Conduction
-Convection 3×1=3mks
a) What is weathering (2mks)
This is the breaking down/decomposition of rocks/at or near the earth surface in situ by chemical or physical processes 1×2=2mks
b) Give three processes of chemical weathering (3mks)
-Hydrolysis
-Solution
-Oxidation
-Carbonation
-Hydration 3×1=3mks
a) Name three types of coral reefs (3mks)
-Barrier reefs
-fringing reefs
-Atoll 3×1=mks
b) What are the benefits of coral reefs in the areas they have developed (2mks)
-Shallow corals are a tourist attraction earning the county foreign exchange
-Sheltered water encourages growth of planktons/fish food 2x1mks
a) Define the term waterfall (2mks)
A sudden and steep vertical fall of river water downstream due to a sharp break of the river valley gradient(2mks)
b) The diagram below shows a waterfall.
Name the features marked X, Y, and Z (3mks)
X – Resistant rock or cap rock
Y – Water fall
Z – Rock boulder 3×1=3mks
SECTION B (75MARKS)
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.
Use the map of Nyeri to answer question 6
a) i) What is the maptitle? (1mk)
East Africa 1:50,000
ii) Identify two districts found in Nyeri (2mks)
Laikipia
Nyeri
iii) Identify index to adjoining sheet found in the Northern and Southern (2mks)
120/2 – Ongobit
134/2 – Kangema
b) i) Name any three types of land transport in Nyeri (3mks)
All weather road bound surface
All weather road loose surface
Other track (motorable)
Dry weather roads
ii) Name two physical features found in grid square 6258 (2mks)
River
River valley
Scrub
c) Describe relief of the area covered by the map (7mks)
There are over valleys
The highest point is 2800m/lowest point is 1600m a.s.l
The forest point in 1600m
They are gentle slope
There are rugged slopes central parts
There are ridges in the southern part
There are slopes towards the east
d) Citing evidence, explain four physical factors which favour cattle keeping (8mks)
Water evidence by may be perennial rivers which the livestock drink
Pasture evidenced by forest/thicket which the livestock feed on
Vast lands evidenced by few settlements which provide a large grazing field
Gentle slopes which are evidenced by widely spaced contours easeningmund of livestock
a) i) Apart from surface run off, give two other processes in the hydrological cycle. (2mks)
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Interception
Infiltration
Percolation
ii) State three factors that determine the amount of surface run off. (3mks)
Amount of rainfall
Rate of evaporation
Gradient/slope of the land
Nature of the rocks/pervious/impervious
Amount of vegetation cover
b) Explain three factors that influence the transportation of materials by a river. (6mks)
Volume of water-large water volume carry large amount of load
Gradient of the channel-steep slopes generate greater kinetic energy enabling faster flow
Nature of the load-light load is transported faster/over long distance
Amount of load-small quantity transported for a long distance/large
Load reduces the efficiency of a river to transport
c) i) What is river rejuvenation? (2mks)
This is the renewal of the erosive activity of a river
ii) Explain three conditions that lead to rejuvenation of a river. (6mks)
Increase in river discharge due to increased rainfall/river capture resulting in increased erosive power
Change in rock resistance which make the river to start eroding vigorously
Change in base level due to local uplift or drop in sea level causing a steep gradient
d) Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment. (6mks)
Flooding of rivers may destroy property/crops/displace people
Flooding of rivers can lead to loss of human lives
Some rivers are habitat to dangerous animals which may attack human beings or destroy crops
Wide or deep rivers are a barrier to transport especially where bridges have not been constructed
River water may be a medium of spreading water borne diseases especially when flooding occurs
a) Differentiate between folding and faulting (2mks)
Folding is the bending of crustal rocks while faulting is the fracturing/cracking of crustal rocks by tectonic forces
b) The table below shows types of folds and faults. For each, identify the type it belongs to.
Asymmetrical– Fault (1mk)
Reverse – Fault (1mk)
Isoclinals – Fold (1mk)
Shear – Fault (1mk)
Over thrust – Fold (1mk)
c) Using well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains are formed. (11mks)
Extensive shallow depression called geosynclines develops on the earth’s surface
Prolonged and extensive erosion occurs on the surrounding higher grounds
Sediments are deposited in the geosynclines forming thick layers
The weight of the sediments cause subsidence of the geosynclines leading to accumulation of more sediments
Further subsidence of the geosynclines triggers off compressinal forces
The sediments up fold down fold along the edges of geosynclines
The up folds form Fold Mountains
Text 7mks
Diagram – sediments 1mk
Geosynclines 1mk
Compressinal forces 1mk
Fold Mountains 1mk
d) Describe how a high fold mountain located at a coastal region influences the formation of rainfall
(7mks)
During the day, the sea is heated by the sun’s rays
Evaporation takes place from the sea
Warm moist air moves towards the land and rises along the mountains to the higher atmosphere
The rising air cools and condenses
Clouds are formed
Eventually the clouds releases rainfall on the windward side of the mountain
Cold dry wind moves to the leeward side causing little or no rainfall (7mks)
a) i) Differentiate between a soilprofile and soilcatena (2mks)
Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of soil in layers from the top to the bedrock while
Soil catena is the arrangement of soil in-layers along a slope 1×2=2mks
ii) Draw a well labeled diagram of a mature soil profile (4mks)
b) i) Other than topography name three factors that influence formation of soil (4mks)
-Climate
-parent rock
-living organisms
-time
-vegetation cover 4×1=4mks
ii) Explain how topography influences formation of soil (3mks)
-Valley bottoms/gentle slopes encourages the formation of deep and fertile soil due to deposition/accumulation of materials
-Steep slopes encourages erosion of top layer of soil thus slowing down formation of soils/thin soils
-Flat/flood plains are saturated with water therefore forming poor soils
-Slope influences arrangements of soil catena 3×1=3mks
iii) List three characteristics of desert soils (3mks)
-Have very little humus/organic matter content
-They are thin/shallow
-They are sandy and saline
-They are loose ground
-They are yellow brown
-They are rich in calcium carbonate/high lime content 3×1=3mks
c) i) Give three types of soil erosion (3mks)
Splash erosion
Sheet
Gulley
Rillerosion 3×1=3mks
ii) Explain three effects of soil erosion on human activities (6mks)
-The productive top soil is lost and only unproductive stony soil is left lowering the agricultural productivity of land.
-Soil erosion leaves behind thin soils which cannot hold plants firms in the ground hence the plants are easily uprooted and blown away by the wind.
-When gullies are deepened up to or below the water table, underground water is exposed leading to some of it flowing away or evaporating causing the water table to be lowered.
-Loss of soil through wind and water erosion leads to destruction of vegetation cover which eventually turn the affected area into a semi –arid land area.
-Soil erosion cause sedimentation in water reservoirs constructed along rivers hence lowering water levels hence shortage of electricity and expensive to dredge.
-Soil erosion causes water pollution which may lead to death of aquatic animals/destroy mangrove vegetation
-Where soils is deposited after erosion it forms rich agricultural lands
-Sand eroded and when deposited on river valley is harvested for construction 3×2=6mks
a) weather is the state of the atmosphere of a given place over a short period of time while climate is the average weather conditions of a place observed and recorded over a long period of time
b)-Site should be open space away from tall buildings and trees
-gently sloping ground
-away from paved or concrete surfaces
-should be secure
c) max thermometer
min thermometer
hygrometer
six thermometer
wet-bulb
dry-bulb
i) foretelling or predicting the weather conditions of a place for a period of time
ii)latitude
aspect
distance from the sea
cloud cover
humidity
e i) occurs in areas where onshore winds rise over a mountainous region lying parallel to the coast.
Moist are is forced to ascend the relief features or mountains far from water bodies.
The rising moist air expands, cool and condense to form clouds which eventually fall on the windward slope
ii)falls in light showers
rains for a long period of time
form on highland areas.
Name__________________________________________ Adm No __________
In section B answer question six and any other two questions
All answers must be written in the answer booklet provided.
Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed
and that no questions are missing.
Questions
Maximum score
Candidate score
1-5
25
6
25
25
25
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.
a) What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite (2mks)
Meteor – is a streak of light seen in the sky in a clear night and occurs as a result of meteoroid burning as it enters earth’s atmosphere while
Meteorite – is a meteoroid which has not completely burnt up and manages to reach the earth’s surface. 2×1
b) State three effects of earth’s revolution (3mks)
-Revolution causes the four seasons-summers, autumn, winter and spring
-Revolution causes changes in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year.
-Revolution causes varying length of day and night at different times of the year
-Revolution causes the lunar eclipse 3×1=3mks
a) List two elements of weather (2mks)
Temperature
Air pressure
Precipitation
Humidity
Wind
Sunshine
Cloud cover 2×1=2mks
b) Name three processes through which the atmosphere is heated (3mks)
-Radiation
-Conduction
-Convection 3×1=3mks
a) What is weathering (2mks)
This is the breaking down/decomposition of rocks/at or near the earth surface in situ by chemical or physical processes 1×2=2mks
b) Give three processes of chemical weathering (3mks)
-Hydrolysis
-Solution
-Oxidation
-Carbonation
-Hydration 3×1=3mks
a) Name three types of coral reefs (3mks)
-Barrier reefs
-fringing reefs
-Atoll 3×1=mks
b) What are the benefits of coral reefs in the areas they have developed (2mks)
-Shallow corals are a tourist attraction earning the county foreign exchange
-Sheltered water encourages growth of planktons/fish food 2x1mks
a) Define the term waterfall (2mks)
A sudden and steep vertical fall of river water downstream due to a sharp break of the river valley gradient(2mks)
b) The diagram below shows a waterfall.
Name the features marked X, Y, and Z (3mks)
X – Resistant rock or cap rock
Y – Water fall
Z – Rock boulder 3×1=3mks
SECTION B (75MARKS)
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.
Use the map of Nyeri to answer question 6
a) i) What is the maptitle? (1mk)
East Africa 1:50,000
ii) Identify two districts found in Nyeri (2mks)
Laikipia
Nyeri
iii) Identify index to adjoining sheet found in the Northern and Southern (2mks)
120/2 – Ongobit
134/2 – Kangema
b) i) Name any three types of land transport in Nyeri (3mks)
All weather road bound surface
All weather road loose surface
Other track (motorable)
Dry weather roads
ii) Name two physical features found in grid square 6258 (2mks)
River
River valley
Scrub
c) Describe relief of the area covered by the map (7mks)
There are over valleys
The highest point is 2800m/lowest point is 1600m a.s.l
The forest point in 1600m
They are gentle slope
There are rugged slopes central parts
There are ridges in the southern part
There are slopes towards the east
d) Citing evidence, explain four physical factors which favour cattle keeping (8mks)
Water evidence by may be perennial rivers which the livestock drink
Pasture evidenced by forest/thicket which the livestock feed on
Vast lands evidenced by few settlements which provide a large grazing field
Gentle slopes which are evidenced by widely spaced contours easeningmund of livestock
a) i) Apart from surface run off, give two other processes in the hydrological cycle. (2mks)
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Interception
Infiltration
Percolation
ii) State three factors that determine the amount of surface run off. (3mks)
Amount of rainfall
Rate of evaporation
Gradient/slope of the land
Nature of the rocks/pervious/impervious
Amount of vegetation cover
b) Explain three factors that influence the transportation of materials by a river. (6mks)
Volume of water-large water volume carry large amount of load
Gradient of the channel-steep slopes generate greater kinetic energy enabling faster flow
Nature of the load-light load is transported faster/over long distance
Amount of load-small quantity transported for a long distance/large
Load reduces the efficiency of a river to transport
c) i) What is river rejuvenation? (2mks)
This is the renewal of the erosive activity of a river
ii) Explain three conditions that lead to rejuvenation of a river. (6mks)
Increase in river discharge due to increased rainfall/river capture resulting in increased erosive power
Change in rock resistance which make the river to start eroding vigorously
Change in base level due to local uplift or drop in sea level causing a steep gradient
d) Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment. (6mks)
Flooding of rivers may destroy property/crops/displace people
Flooding of rivers can lead to loss of human lives
Some rivers are habitat to dangerous animals which may attack human beings or destroy crops
Wide or deep rivers are a barrier to transport especially where bridges have not been constructed
River water may be a medium of spreading water borne diseases especially when flooding occurs
a) Differentiate between folding and faulting (2mks)
Folding is the bending of crustal rocks while faulting is the fracturing/cracking of crustal rocks by tectonic forces
b) The table below shows types of folds and faults. For each, identify the type it belongs to.
Asymmetrical– Fault (1mk)
Reverse – Fault (1mk)
Isoclinals – Fold (1mk)
Shear – Fault (1mk)
Over thrust – Fold (1mk)
c) Using well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains are formed. (11mks)
Extensive shallow depression called geosynclines develops on the earth’s surface
Prolonged and extensive erosion occurs on the surrounding higher grounds
Sediments are deposited in the geosynclines forming thick layers
The weight of the sediments cause subsidence of the geosynclines leading to accumulation of more sediments
Further subsidence of the geosynclines triggers off compressinal forces
The sediments up fold down fold along the edges of geosynclines
The up folds form Fold Mountains
Text 7mks
Diagram – sediments 1mk
Geosynclines 1mk
Compressinal forces 1mk
Fold Mountains 1mk
d) Describe how a high fold mountain located at a coastal region influences the formation of rainfall
(7mks)
During the day, the sea is heated by the sun’s rays
Evaporation takes place from the sea
Warm moist air moves towards the land and rises along the mountains to the higher atmosphere
The rising air cools and condenses
Clouds are formed
Eventually the clouds releases rainfall on the windward side of the mountain
Cold dry wind moves to the leeward side causing little or no rainfall (7mks)
a) i) Differentiate between a soilprofile and soilcatena (2mks)
Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of soil in layers from the top to the bedrock while
Soil catena is the arrangement of soil in-layers along a slope 1×2=2mks
ii) Draw a well labeled diagram of a mature soil profile (4mks)
b) i) Other than topography name three factors that influence formation of soil (4mks)
-Climate
-parent rock
-living organisms
-time
-vegetation cover 4×1=4mks
ii) Explain how topography influences formation of soil (3mks)
-Valley bottoms/gentle slopes encourages the formation of deep and fertile soil due to deposition/accumulation of materials
-Steep slopes encourages erosion of top layer of soil thus slowing down formation of soils/thin soils
-Flat/flood plains are saturated with water therefore forming poor soils
-Slope influences arrangements of soil catena 3×1=3mks
iii) List three characteristics of desert soils (3mks)
-Have very little humus/organic matter content
-They are thin/shallow
-They are sandy and saline
-They are loose ground
-They are yellow brown
-They are rich in calcium carbonate/high lime content 3×1=3mks
c) i) Give three types of soil erosion (3mks)
Splash erosion
Sheet
Gulley
Rillerosion 3×1=3mks
ii) Explain three effects of soil erosion on human activities (6mks)
-The productive top soil is lost and only unproductive stony soil is left lowering the agricultural productivity of land.
-Soil erosion leaves behind thin soils which cannot hold plants firms in the ground hence the plants are easily uprooted and blown away by the wind.
-When gullies are deepened up to or below the water table, underground water is exposed leading to some of it flowing away or evaporating causing the water table to be lowered.
-Loss of soil through wind and water erosion leads to destruction of vegetation cover which eventually turn the affected area into a semi –arid land area.
-Soil erosion cause sedimentation in water reservoirs constructed along rivers hence lowering water levels hence shortage of electricity and expensive to dredge.
-Soil erosion causes water pollution which may lead to death of aquatic animals/destroy mangrove vegetation
-Where soils is deposited after erosion it forms rich agricultural lands
-Sand eroded and when deposited on river valley is harvested for construction 3×2=6mks
a) weather is the state of the atmosphere of a given place over a short period of time while climate is the average weather conditions of a place observed and recorded over a long period of time
b)-Site should be open space away from tall buildings and trees
-gently sloping ground
-away from paved or concrete surfaces
-should be secure
c) max thermometer
min thermometer
hygrometer
six thermometer
wet-bulb
dry-bulb
i) foretelling or predicting the weather conditions of a place for a period of time
ii)latitude
aspect
distance from the sea
cloud cover
humidity
e i) occurs in areas where onshore winds rise over a mountainous region lying parallel to the coast.
Moist are is forced to ascend the relief features or mountains far from water bodies.
The rising moist air expands, cool and condense to form clouds which eventually fall on the windward slope
Used in the manufacture of glass, caustic soda and detergents
It is used in other industries like paper making, oil refining, and textile
2 (a) two irrigation schemes in Kenya (2mks)
Ahero
Mweatebere
Bura
Perkerra
Bunyara
Kibirigwi
(b) Three importance of irrigation farming in Kenya (3mks)
-Increased food production
-settlement of landless people
-control of floods
-source of income to farmers hence raising their living standards
-economic development in terms of infrastructure.3. (a) State three differences between natural forests and man-made forests (3mks)
Natural forests have thick undergrowth while planted forests have little or no undergrowth
In natural forests trees are of mixed species while planted forests trees are of the same species
In natural forests trees grow close to each other while in planted forests trees are spaced
In natural forests trees do not mature uniformly while in planted forests trees mature uniformly
In natural forests trees grow without a pattern while in planted forests trees grow in a linear pattern
(b) Two industries associated with forestry (2mks)
Paper and pulp
Sawmilling
Furniture industries
Construction
Wood carving
4 (a) Define the term deadground (2mks)
It is the area hidden from the eye of the camera by an object
(b) State three aspects that should be considered when describing vegetation in a
photograph (3mks)
-type of vegetation
-the height and shape of vegetation
-density of vegetation
-vegetation species
5 (a) Two types of commercial dairy farming in Kenya (2mks)
-highland dairy farming
-lowland dairy farming
(b) Three types of beef cattle kept in Argentina (3mks)
-Short horn
-Hereford
-Galloway
-Aberdeen angus
-Brangus
6(a) (i) COMPOUND BAR GRAPH SHOWING MINERAL PRODUCTION IN COUNTRY Q
BETWEEN 1999 – 2002P
(ii) .
Cumulative total for all variables in each year is shown clearly.
One bar can accommodate wide range of variables.
When properly drawn, they give a clear visual impression. (2mks)
(i) Kariandusi – Diatomite
Kwale – Titanium
West Pokot – Gold (3mks)
c) Describe how deep shaft mining is carried out. (7mks)
Vertical shafts are sunk underground.
From the vertical shafts horizontal tunnels / galleries are dug to reach the mineral ore.
The galleries are supported by timber pit – props / steel / concrete beams.
Tunnels are adequately ventilated by supply of cool air and are well lit.
Water is sprinkled on walls to control dust.
Light railways are established on horizontal tunnels.
Ore is conveyed to be base of the vertical shaft by tracks or trolleys or light railways.
The ore is lifted to the surface using special lifting devices / cages / winding gear.
d)State five environmental problems associated with open cast mining. (5mks)
Derelict / land is left ugly.
Dust causes air pollution / industrial effluents cause water pollution / noise pollution / land pollution.
Leads to soil erosion.
Water collects in pits which becomes breeding sites for mosquitoes / pests.
Loss of biodiversity.
7 a) – Forestry is the science / practice of planting cultivating developing
and management of forests/ tree farming while afforestation is the planting
of trees generally in an area which has not had trees in the past. (2mks)
b) i) Give three soft woods trees which grow in the forest reserves of Canada.(3mks)
– Cedar
Douglas fir
Pine
Spruce
Fir
Cypress
ii) State four characteristics of planted forests in Kenya. (4mks)
– Trees appear in rows
Trees are of the same species/
Are mostly softwoods
Little / no undergrowth
Trees take short time to mature
Trees appear in blocks of different stage / age
c)i) Growth (2mks)
Severe winter in Canada slow down growth of trees hence take long to mature while in Kenya trees mature faster due to cool climates in the highlands.
ii)Harvesting (2mks)
In Canada harvesting is done through clearing cutting while in Kenya selective cutting is used.
In Canada harvesting is done in summer while in Kenya it takes place throughout
In both cases machines are used for logging.
iii) Marketing
Most of Canadas wood products are exported to USA/ Britain/ Europe while wood products in Kenya are sold locally with few being exported to USA and Europe.
2mks
d)-State four measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve forest.(4mks)
Agro forestry programmes
Public awareness and education through mass media
Establishment of forest research stations
Afforestation and reafforestation program creation better zone
Enactment of legislation governing forest conservation
4mks
e) Explain three problems facing forests in Kenya (6mks)
-High demand for timber products-high demand for timber and its product in the construction, paper and pulp industries is very high which has led to over-exploitation of forests.
-Illegal logging-this involves cutting down of trees by unlicensed people for charcoal and other products.
-Forest fires- there has been fire outbreaks caused by hunters which consume large hectares of forests if not checked properly.
-Pests and diseases- pests and diseases are affecting trees especially the exotic trees eg the aphids are mainly affecting the cypress trees.
-Prolonged droughts-failure of rains in many areas has led to shrinking of forests and retarded growth rate
(a) i) Name two varieties of coffee grown in Western parts of Kenya.(2 marks)
Arabic coffee
Robusta coffee
ii) Apart from being used as a beverage, state two other uses of coffee (2 marks)
Coffee husks are used as fuel
Coffee husks are used as manure on the farm
(b) State three physical conditions that favour coffee growing in the Central Highlands of Kenya. (3mks)
High rainfall of 1000 – 2000mm per year
Cool to hot temperature/150c – 300c
High altitude areas of 1000m to 2300m a.s.l.
Deep well drained fertile soils
(c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing. (8 marks)
Ripe red berries are picked by hand
The berries are transported to the factory
In the factory, the outer covering of the berries is removed to extract beans
Beans are fermented to remove green skin
Curing is done by drying beans for 1 week
Beans are roasted and ground into powder
Coffee powder is then packed ready for marketing
(d) Explain three significance of coffee farming in Brazil (6 marks)
Coffee is exported to earn Brazil foreign exchange used to develop other sectors of economy like transport
Coffee is raw material to industries which process coffee
It provides employment hence people earn income which raise their living standards
May lead to improvement of infrastructure in the country
(e) Your class intends to conduct a field study on coffee farming
i) State two preparations your class will make before the field study.(2mks) –Make a reconnaissance study
Prepare a working schedule
Prepare the necessary material
Group into various groups
Seek permission from relevant authorities
ii) Give two problems facing coffee farming the class will find out (2 marks)
Pests like leaf rust and diseases like coffee berry disease which lower production
Fluctuation of market prices due to overproduction
Shortage of labour during harvesting
Delayed and or poor payments which lower farmers’ morale
Occasional droughts which destroys the coffee trees
Competition from other producers which limits market/competition from other beverages
Corruption and mismanagement of coffee cooperative societies
9. Friesian
Jersey
Guernsey
Ayrshire (2mks)
b) availability of capital ton run the farms
there is specialisation and advanced technology
a well-developedcooperative movement
availability of market for dairy produce at home and abroad
plenty of pasture ie high nutritious fodder
a well-developed transport system
c) inadequate and poor pastures
stiff competition from other farming practises
poor transport network in some places
inadequate extension services
constant droughts leading to inadequate water
poor marketing systems
d) ideal climate of moderate rainfall about 1000 mm well distributed throughout the
year
presence of natural open grasslands i.e.pampass
well organised and managed ranches
ready market locally and abroad
availability of capital
good transport network
e)provision of veterinary services
construction of cattle dips
encouraging paddocking and zero grazing
construction of bore holes in dry areas to solve water problems
encouraging pastoralists to form cooperatives which can avail loans and required farming inputs to farmers
10 a)- it is an image of an object recorded by a camera on a film (2mks)
b) are easily taken since one does not need specific skills to take a photograph
taking a photograph is not time consuming
are more realisting in showing physical features
they record different stages of particular activities or changes that occur in a place over time (3mks)
c)ground close ups photographs- this are photographts taken when a camera focuses on one major object. This object may block out all the things behind it
ground general view- they capture the general appearance of an area. The objects become progressively smaller as distance from the camera increases.
Ground oblique- are taken when the photographer is standing on a higher ground and the camera is tilted downwards towards the object being photographed (6mks)
d) (9mks)
Left background
Centre background
Right background
Left middle ground
Centre middle ground
Right middle ground
Left foreground
Centre foreground
Right middle ground
e) to break the rocks into smaller particles (2mks)
to carry rock samples (2mks)
to show them direction (1mks)
while fisheries refer to water bodies where fishing is done.
b) Explain three human factors which have favored large scale fishing in the North
East Atlantic fishing ground. (6mks)
– The advanced ship building industry
Establishment of settlements near the coast whose occupants practice commercial fishing
The large capital investment by the Norwegian and other government in commercial fishing
The advanced fish harvesting technology from the local people
The advanced scientific research from the local people which has heightened the scale of fish
The long – detailed historic traditions/ background in harvesting
c) Describe long –lining as a method of commercial fishing. (4mks)
– A sea / ocean part which is rich in large stocks of fish is located usually in
rugged beds
A long line ranging between 19km and 24km with 300 to 400 hook is baited
The hooks (baited) are cast into the fish rich water body from a deck by fish harvesters a steam vessel
Once the fish bite the bait on the hooks they set attached to them
Fish harvesters haul the hooked fish for unhooking manually
d) i) Differentiate marine fisheries from fresh water fisheries. (2mks)
– Fresh water bodies predominantly lakes, (fresh water ones only) and rivers
from which fish are harvested while marine water fisheries refer to the sea/
ocean as a water body from which fish are harvested.
ii) Explain four problems facing marine fishing in East Africa. (8mks
-The strong sea tides which cause fish harvesters and their vessels to capsize
The limited refrigeration facilities which makes the harvested fish to be spoiled easily
Competition from foreign companies / countries which discourage local fish harvesters
The low local demand for fish which discourage marine fishing
The limited / low fish harvesting technology with regard to marine fishing
e) Give three reasons why the Kenya Government is keen on promoting the
conservation of fish as a resource. (3mks)
– To sustain the opportunities of those who are employed by the fishing industries
To sustain industrial development
For academic /educational research activities
To protect / safeguard certain fish resources from extinction
To sustain the generation of income to those who carry out fishing activities
By Editorial Team
The Education News Hub Editorial Team is made up of vibrant and experienced editors. Brian Yano is an accomplished longtime Digital Media Journalist at Educationnewshub.co.ke with a great passion for research and fact-checking. He delivers engaging content across diverse topics, with a special interest in Education matters. On her part, Yvonne Kemunto is a journalist, dedicated to unraveling stories that matter. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, she brings a fresh perspective to the world of media. Her commitment to detail and excellence shines through in every piece she crafts. Our newest member of the Editorial Team is Jennifer Mumbo. She is a Seasoned Multimedia Journalist with several years' experience; dating back to 2018. Jennifer has a passion for education, sports, tech, politics and entertainment. You can reach the editors at educationnewshub3@gmail.com.
