GEOGRAPHY NOTES FOR FORM ONE. AVAILABLE FREELY FOR YOU TO READ, SHARE AND PRINT.
(a) What is environment? (2marks)
(b) Identify two effects of the following environmental hazards.
(i) Earthquakes (2marks)
(ii) Nuclear wastes (2marks)
(a) Name two species of hardwood forests grown in Kenya. (2marks)
(b) State three factors that favour the development of softwood forest in Kenya. (3marks)
(a) Define mining. (2marks)
(b) Describe two factors that have influenced exploitation of minerals. (4marks)
(a) Give two types of ground photographs. (2marks)
(b) State two limitations of using photographs. (2marks)
(a) Name two exotic dairy cattle breeds reared in Kenya. (2marks)
(b) State two physical factors which favour dairy farming in Denmark. (2marks)
SECTION B
Answer QUESTION 6 and any other TWO questions in this section.
The table below shows the vehicles moving past the D.C’s gate on Monday between 8:30a.m to 8:30p.m.
Period
Isuzu
Leyland
Toyota
Nissan
Others
TOTAL
8:30 – 10: 30a.m
100
150
300
240
80
2:30 – 4: 30p.m
40
60
70
20
80
6:30 – 8: 30p.m
120
130
90
140
120
TOTAL
260
340
460
400
280
Find the grand total of vehicles moving past the gate on Monday. (2marks)
Draw a simple pie chart to show the type of vehicles moving past the gate on Monday (radius = 3cm) (8marks)
Outline the merits of using a simple pie chart to represent the above data. (5marks)
Apart from pie charts, give other five ways used to present statistical date. (5marks)
Identify five methods of collecting statistical data. (5marks)
(a) Name the main types of natural forests in the world. (3marks)
(b) Explain the significance of forests and forest products in Kenya. (10marks)
(c) What has Kenya government done to conserve and manage forest? (5marks)
(i) State 5 factors influencing the distribution of natural forests. (5marks)
(ii) Define forest management. (2marks)
(a) Define a mineral. (2marks)
(b) Explain the forms in which minerals occur. (8marks)
(c) State five significance of minerals in Kenya. (5marks)
(d) Students from Mtwapa High School went out for a field study in L. Magadi.
Name 3 preparations they made before the study. (3marks)
Identify 2 problems they might have encountered during the study. (2mark)
State 5 importance of studying geography through field work. (5marks)
(a) (i) State three social factors which influence agriculture . (3marks)
(ii) Name two types of maize grown in Kenya. (2marks)
(b) (i) Name two areas in Kenya where maize is commercially grown. (2marks)
(ii) Describe the stages involved in the industrial processing of maize. (4marks)
(c) Identify 4 problems facing maize farmers in Kenya. (4marks)
(i) Explain ways through which the Kenya government assists small scale maize farmers. (6marks)
(ii) State 4 uses of maize. (4marks)
(a) (i) What is Natural vegetation. (1mark)
(ii) State two topographical factors influencing distribution of vegetation. (2marks)
(b) You are required to carry out a field study of vegetation around your school.
State two objectives for your study. (2marks)
How would you record the findings in your study? (4marks)
(c) Draw a well labeled diagram to show vegetation zonation on a mountain slope. (8marks)
(d) (i) Highlight five adaptational features of tropical desert vegetation. (5marks)
(ii) Identify two economic importance of desert vegetation. (4marks)
KENYA HIGH EXAMINATIONS
312/2
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
Question 1.
(a) An environment is the physical conditions surrounding an organism and which influence the behavior of that organism. (1×2 = 2 marks)
(b) Effects of the following environmental hazards.
(i) Earthquakes
Leads to loss of lives
Destroys property. (1 x 2 = 2mks)
(ii) Nuclear wastes
Releases harmful radiations
Causes loss of human and animal lives (1 x 2 = 2mks)
Question 2.
(a) Two species of hardwood forests grown in Kenya.
Meru oak , Elgon teak, Red Ceda, Mvule, Muringa , Mahogany, Ebony, Cape chestnut
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) Three factors that favor the development of softwood forest in Kenya.
Cool climate enable trees to grow / flourish
Highlands receive high amount of rainfall
Rugged highlands discourage settlement and agriculture leaving forestry as the alternative
High demand for softwood products encourage tree planting
Deep soils favour forest growth
Soft woods grow quite fast due to warm temperatures (Any 3, 3 x 1 = 3mks)
Question 3.
(a) Mining refers to all attempts to attract valuable minerals either solid, liquid or gas from the earth’s crust.
(b) Two factors that have influenced exploitation of minerals.
Minerals that are of high demand and economic value may be mined at a very high cost because they can be sold at high prices e.g. gold, petroleum e.t.c.
Value of the mineral: Valuable minerals like gold are oftenly mined at high costs without loss of profits while less valuable minerals are not readily mined.
The size of any mineral reserve must be big enough to justify the purchase and the use of expensive equipments needed for exploitation. Small deposits are hardly mined.
Quality of mineral ore: High quality ores are economical to mine while low quality ores are rarely mined.
Transport costs:Its more economical to exploit minerals near industrial centres
Labour
Method of extraction (Any 4 points 4 x 1 = 4mks)
Question 4
(a) Two limitations of using photographs.
Vertical aerial photographs are difficult to interpret without special instruments e.g. stereoscopes
Photographs are expensive to produce
Cameras need well focusing to avoid blurred images
Objects that are far away from the camera may not be clear thus leading to wrong interpretation.
(Any 2 points 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) Two types of ground photographs.
Ground close-up photographs
Ground general view photographs
Ground oblique photographs (Any two points 2 x 1 = 2mks)
Question 5.
(a) Two exotic dairy cattle breeds reared in Kenya.
Guernsey , Friesian/Holstein, Jersey, Alderney , Aryshire, Brown Swiss (Any 2 points 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) Two physical factors which favour dairy farming in Denmark.
Grand total of vehicles moving past the gate on Monday.
1,740 vehicles (2marks)
Simple pie chart showing the type of vehicles moving past the gate on Monday (radius = 3cm)
Isuzu – 260 x 360 = 53.80
1740
Leyland – 340 x 360 =70.30
1740
Toyota – 460 x 360 =95.20
1740
Nissan – 400 x 360 =82.80
1740
Others – 280 x 360 =57.90
1740
Merits of using a simple pie chart to represent the above data.
It gives clear visual impression of individual components
It can be used to represent a wide range of statistical data
Easy to read and interpret
Clearly shows individual amounts and clear comparison of individual quantities
Its simple / easy to construct after angles have been obtained
It gives a good visual impression. 1 x 5 = 5mks
Other five ways used to present statistical date.
Graphs
Proportional circles
Pie charts
Statistical tables / charts
Age-sex pyramids
Dot maps (1 x 5 = 5mks)
Five methods of collecting statistical data.
Questionnaire
Interviews
Observation
Sampling
Taking measurements
Experimentation
Content analysis (secondary sources)
Counting (Any 5 = 5 x 1 = 5mks)
Question 7
(a) Types of natural forests in the world.
Tropical hardwood forests
Temperate hardwood forests
Coniferous forests (3 x 1 = 3mks)
(b) Significance of forests and forest products in Kenya.
Preservation and conservation of environment
Acts as water catchment areas
Regulation of climate / create a micro climate
Provide habitat for wildlife
It’s a source of income
Acts as a raw material for industries e.g. paper industry
It’s a source of employment e.g. forest guards, officers
It promotes tourism
It provides charcoal
Provides fodder for animals
Forest provide nuts, fruits and dyes, ropes nets, honey.
It’s a hiding ground for military.
Its an educational and research centre
Provides wood and poles for building and construction
It’s a source of tree leaves which are fed to silkworm (Any 5 explained 5 x 2 = 10mks)
(c) How Kenya government has done to conserve and manage forest.
Carrying out public campaigns on the value of forests through mass media
Carrying out research on suitability of soils and effects of pests and diseases
It has established training institutions dealing with forestry e.g. KEFRI, Londiani forest training college.
It has encouraged rotational felling of trees
Infrastructural facilities like roads & mills have been provided by government.
The government has introduced alternative sources of energy (fuel) e.g. solar energy, biogas to reduce overdependence on wood fuel
It has enacted laws to govern the management of forests.
It has employed forest guards and officials to curb destruction of forests
G.O’s like Green Belt Movement and UNEP provide seedlings for forests.
It has created forest reserves
It has encouraged agro-forestry
Extensive afforestation programme is underway(Any 5 points 5 x 1 = 5mks)
(i) 5 factors influencing the distribution of natural forests.
Climate
Altitude
Soils
Human activities
Aspects & Slope.(5 x 1 = 5mks)
(ii) The management of forests refers to the effective planning and control of forests and forests resources.
(1 x 2 = 2mks)
Question 8
(a) A mineral is a naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and physical properties.(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) Forms in which minerals occur.
Veins and lodes; Minerals deposited in crystalline form in crack / crevice
Beds and seams; Coal and other minerals may occur in bed / layers as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal layers of earth crust.
Weathering products; Like Bauxite is formed by deep weathering of a variety of rocks due to alternating wet and dry seasons
Alluvial / placer deposits;some minerals like gold, tin and platinum occur as alluvial deposits within sand, clay and gravels in the river course. (4 x 2 = 8mks)
(c) Significance of minerals in Kenya.
Rocks create beautiful sceneries which attract tourists hence earn Kenya foreign exchange.
Rocks act as water reservoirs and store underground water
Rocks provide parent material for formation of rich soils for agriculture
Rocks are used in building and construction industry
Rocks and mineral are sources of income
Rocks provide main record of past environment
Rocks influence landscape features
Exploitation of rocks and minerals has led to dereliction (Any 5 points 5 x 1 = 5mks)
(d) (i) Preparations made before the study.
Discussing / studying the topic of study
Seek permission from authorities
Collect required materials
Conduct a reconnaissance
Prepare questionnaires
Divide into groups
Prepare a working schedule(Any 3 pts (3 x 1 = 3mks)
(b) (i) Areas in Kenya where maize is commercially grown.
Eldoret
Kitale
Nakuru (any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(ii) Stages involved in the industrial processing of maize.
Maize grains are weighed and then put on trays
Any undesirable grains and broken cobs are removed
Maize is then sieved to remove any impurities like soil / rock particles
The maize is then passed through a milling machine which grinds it into flour
The flour is then packed into small packets and sacks according to the desired weight
Packets are sized 1 kg, 2 kg, and 10kg while sacks weigh more than 50kg
(Any 4 pts 4 x 1 = 4mks)
(c) Problems facing maize farmers in Kenya.
Pests e.g. stalkborers, army worms, weevils
Diseases e.g. white leaf blight
Adverse weather conditions like drought , floods
Parasitic plants and weeds
Price fluctuation
Poor quality seeds sold by unscrupulous traders
Inadequate storage facilities
Expensive certified seeds
Expensive farm inputs (Any 4 pts 4 x 1 = 4mks)
(i) Ways through which the Kenya government assists small scale maize farmers.
Arrange buying of maize through the cereal boards
Conduct research to establish areas best suited for maize growing and research on diseases
Organize demonstrations firms and field days to update farmers on current methods
Employs extension workers who visit farmers and advise them on matters related to maize growing
Encourage farmers to set up co-operatives to enable them pool resources together
Improves feeder roads to ensure smooth transport of maize produce
(Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)
(ii) Uses of maize.
Staple food
Stalk, leaves and other remains from maize cobs are used to feed domestic animals
Stalks and cobs are used to provide domestic fuel
Stalks and cobs are used as organic manure
Grains are used in the making of corn oil.(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)
Question 10
(a) (i) Natural vegetation is the plant cover that exist naturally in an area without the interference of any external modifying influence e.g. man.(1mark)
(ii) Topographical factors influencing distribution of vegetation.
Relief
Aspect
Drainage(Any 2 well state points 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) (i)Objectives for the study.
To find out the type of vegetation around the school
To determine the use of the vegetation around the school.
(Any other relevant point 2 x 1 =2mks)
(ii)How would you record the findings in your study?
Note taking.
(Any other relevant point 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
(c) Well labeled diagram showing vegetation zonation on a mountain slope.
(d) (i) Adaptation features of tropical desert vegetation.
They have succulent stems
Leaves are reduced to thorns / spikes
They have long tap roots
Some plants complete their life cycle within a short period
They shed their leaves during dry season
(Any other relevant point 5 x 1 = 5mks)
(ii) Two economic importance of desert vegetation.
The vegetation adds beauty to the landscape
The vegetation prevents soil erosion by binding the soil together
The vegetation acts as a habitat for wildlife
Some plants have medicinal value
Some desert vegetation are used in building and construction
Some plants are consumed as food by people
Fibrous vegetation like sisal are used to make ropes
The vegetation is a source of fuel either as firewood or charcoal
(Any 2 points 2 x 1 = 2mks)
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