Harsh and cruel administration
Were anti-social as they failed to mix freely with the locals/ lived in segregated settlements
Islamic dominance at the coast
Rebellion from the local people
They never made any attempt to spread Christianity.
Christianity was not accommodative to the African culture compared to Islam
They were few and never made any impact socially

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Identify one person who qualifies to be Kenyan citizen by birth. (1 mark)

If he or she is born in/outside Kenya by parents who are citizens of Kenya.
A child found in Kenya who is less than eight years and whose nationality and parentage cannot be ascertained is assumed/ becomes a Kenyan citizen.
A person who is a Kenyan citizen but ceased to be a Kenyan citizen by acquiring citizenship of another country as per the earlier constitution can regain citizenship through application.

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

State two constitutional amendments made in the Kenya constitution in 1991. (2 marks)

Repealing of section 2A of the constitution legalizing multi partysm
The presidency was limited to two, five year terms
Presidential candidate must attain 25% votes cast from five of the eight

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Identify one characteristic of Human Rights. (1 mark)

They apply equally to all people/universal
They have limitations.
They are indivisible/ inherent.
Their application may be suspended g. in war/derogation of human rights.
One can enjoy as long as he does not interfere with the rights of others.
They are enshrined in the constitution.
They are inalienable.
They are a precondition of peace and stability in the society and form the basis of

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

Give two reasons that made the British to use direct rule in administering some parts of Kenya. (2 marks)

Most communities did not have a centralized administrative system thus the British appointed chiefs.
There were many ethnic groups with diverse socio-cultural systems which made it difficult for the British to apply indirect rule.
Most communities resisted the British rule and so they had to be controlled
There was an existing system of direct rule used by the Imperial British East Africa Company on which the British built their administration.
The British had enough administrators.
The British had enough funds for administration

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

State the first African nationalist newspaper that published African grievances in the 1920s. (1 mark)

Muiguithania/Reconciler

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

Give the main objective of political parties which were formed in Kenya after 1945. (1 mark)

To demand for their independence/ Decolonization

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

State one grievance raised by the Settlers in Kenya that was addressed by the Devonshire White Paper 1923. (1 mark)

They wanted the Kenyan highlands to be exclusively reserved for the whites.
They wanted more independence from Britain/Internal self-rule.
They wanted restriction on Indian immigration into Kenya.
They never wanted Asians to be represented in the Legislative Council.

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

State two roles of Daniel arap Moi in Education development in Kenya between 1979 and 2002. (2 marks)

Introduction of 8-4-4 system of education
Introduction of the school milk /feeding programme in 1979
Expansion of primary /Secondary schools
Increase of Public universities.
Expansion of tertiary institutions
Introduction of cost sharing in education

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Give two sources of electoral regulations in Kenya. (2 marks)

The Constitution
The Election Offence Act
The Local Government Act/the County Government act
The National Assembly and Presidential Elections Act

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Identify two functions of the National Intelligence Service (NIS) in Kenya. (2 marks)

It collects intelligence information on threats to State Security.
It keeps the State informed on the feelings of the people towards the government and its policies.
It gathers information on external threats to the nation

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Name the education commission that recommended introduction of a totally integrated quality education and training in Kenya. (1 mark)

Davy Koech Commission

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

State two principles of the Devolved Government in Kenya. (2 marks)

It is based on democratic principles
It is founded on the doctrine of separation of powers
There has to be a reliable source of revenue to enable it govern and deliver services effectively
It should ensure gender balance in their representative bodies

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

State two functions of the controller of budget in Kenya. (2 marks)

Giving authority on the withdrawals from public funds such as the Equalization, Consolidated and Revenue Funds.
Overseeing the implementation of the Budgets at both the County and National
Submitting to each house of parliament a report on the implementation of the budget of both the County and National Governments.

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Section B (45 marks)

(a) Identify five results of the migration and settlement of the Cushites into Kenya during the pre-colonial period (5 marks)

Their settlement led to increased rivalry and conflict over control of resources
Those who were Muslims spread the religion into areas where they settled.
They displaced some communities in areas where they settled like the Pokomo and the Mijikenda from Shungwaya.
They introduced livestock farming into areas where they settled.
They intermarried with communities whom they came in contact with.
There was increase in population in areas where they settled.
There were increased trading activities between them and their neighbours.
Bantu borrowed some practices from them like circumcision and, age set system
Some communities borrowed the art of iron working from them.
They acquired mixed farming from the Bantu.
It led to population re-distribution

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda during the 19^th century. (10 marks)

The family was the smallest political unit headed by the father
They had a decentralized type of government
The Mijikenda were organized into clans with many sub clans
The clans were headed by council of elders
Each clan lived in protected villages known as Kaya
Young men became members of age – sets after going through circumcision and there after took part in political activities.
Senior age –set members made up the governing council called Kambi
The council was responsible for the administration of a clan
Council meetings were chaired by headmen
The junior age- set members made up the warrior group for defending the community

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

(a) State five written evidence to show that there was contact between the East African coast and the outside world. (5 marks)

The Graeco Roman documentary
The Periplus of the Erithrean Sea
The Ptolemy Geography- written by Claudius Ptolemy in the 5^th
The Christian Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleaustes
Accounts of Arab travellers like Al Masudi, Al Idrisi and Ibn Batuta
Several documented Swahili histories and chronicles
Natural history by Pliny

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Explain five social impact of the Indian Ocean Trade on the people of East African Coast. (10 marks)

Muslim traders converted Africans to Islam.
Foreign architecture was introduced to the region by the traders.
Islamic culture was introduced like way of dressing, education and eating habits.
It led to the development of towns and city states due to lucrative and profitable
Arab merchants intermarried with the local Bantu communities giving rise to the Swahili community.
A class of rich merchants emerged after benefitting from trade like Chief Kivoi.
Increased demand for slaves led to warfare among African communities.
Change of social roles in the society due to enslavement of people
Emergence of Kiswahili as a new language of communication as locals interacted with foreigners
Settlement of Arabs/foreigners at the coast.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

(a) Identify five factors for the rise of Independent Churches in Kenya during the colonial period. (5 marks)

To develop worship pattern that are relevant to their needs
To avoid being discriminated against in the missionary churches
To preserve their cultural heritage this was being threatened by European
To provide a forum for cultural activities
Some Africans claimed to have had revelation from God to establish their own churches
To get positions of leadership in Church
Some Africans perceived White missionaries as colonialist since they paved

way for the colonialists/the flag followed the cross.

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Explain five roles of Professor Wangari Mathai in environmental conservation. (10 marks)

She was the founder of the Green Belt movement to fight environmental degradation
She was involved in tree planting activities in the country.
She safeguarded Karura forest from destruction by private developers
She succeeded in stopping the proposed construction of a sixty storey Kenya Times Media Trust complex at Uhuru park
She served as an assistant minister for Environment, Natural resources and Wildlife
Chair of the Board, the Green Belt Movement (2002-2011)
She fought against land grabbing and the encroachment of agriculture into the forests
Addressed international networks like UN to seek support for environmental conservation
She held seminars to educate citizens to press the government to conserve the environment
She won the Nobel Prize for her efforts in environmental conservation

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

(a) State five roles of National Philosophies on economic development. (5 marks)

It has promoted peaceful co-existence among Kenyan communities.
Expansion of educational facilities like schools
Expansion of medical facilities
Expansion of the Jua kali sector to create employment.
Development of the rural areas through district focus for rural development.
Development of sporting activities through the building of stadiums/ stadia.
Expansion of agriculture.
Environmental conservation was done through tree planting and construction of
Construction of infrastructures like bridges.
It encouraged mutual social responsibility by being mindful of other people’s
Has helped in the re- distribution of wealth between the rich and the poor.

Any 5 points @ 1mark each (5 marks)

(b) Explain five challenges facing the health sector in Kenya. (10 marks)

Inadequate funding by the government which has resulted into provision of poor services.
Corruption in the health sector has made it difficult for the government to provide equipment/facilities/medicine required.
Inadequate hospitals/dispensaries/health centres makes it difficult for many people to access health services/high population.
Poor payment/remuneration or health workers has demoralized them hence making them less productive/Brain drain
Frequent/industrial unrests by health workers has resulted into death/suffering of many patients.
Inadequate facilities/equipment’s has made it difficult for the public to access quality services.
Poor supervision of health workers has led to infiltration of the sector by unqualified health providers.
The spread of HIV/AIDS pandemic/terminal diseases like cancer has increased the cost of treatment/medication.
Poverty/cost sharing policy has hindered some people from accessing health services/expensive.
Unforeseen rate of accidents/injuries has strained the scarce resources.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

Section C (30 marks)

(a) Identify three rights of the youth in Kenya. (3 marks)

Right to access to relevant education and training.
Right to associate, be represented and participate in political, social, economic and other spheres of life.
Right to access to employment.
Right to protection from harmful cultural practices and exploitation.

Any 3 points @ 1 marks each (3 marks)

(b) Explain six political responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (12 marks)

Respecting other citizens, their views to ensure peaceful co- existence.
Exercising one’s voting rights during presidential, parliamentary civic elections and referendum to enhance democracy.
Taking part in community policing and volunteering information about criminal activities to the police to enhance security
Offering positive criticism to the government to promote good governance/ Participating in constitution making process and referendum
Participating in meetings organized by government official and other community leaders to ensure effective implementation of policies.
Obeying the laws of the country to promote peace and harmony
Offering oneself/candidature for election

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

(a) State three functions of the Cabinet in Kenya. (3 marks)
- It performs any duties delegated to it by the president.
- It appoints board members of the parastatals in their respective ministries.
- It initiates new bills/government bills which are debated in the parliament.
- It formulates policies/programmes of the government and interprets them to the people.
- The coordinate/control activities in the respective ministries.
- It updates the president on the progress of activities taking place in the ministries.
- It advises the president on matters pertaining to the administration/governance of the country.
- Through the minister for Finance, it prepares the budget which shows government expenditure/sources of revenue.
- Provide parliament with full and regular report concerning matters under their control.

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b) Explain six circumstances that can make a member of parliament lose his or her seat. (12 marks)

If one ceases to be a Kenyan citizen.
If one is declared bankrupt by a court of law.
If one receives a jail term exceeding six months or a death penalty from a court of
If one is found to have committed an election offence and had his or her elections
If one resigns from the National Assembly in writing to the speaker.
If one is found to be of unsound mind.
If one resigns from the party that sponsored him or her to parliament.
If one defects from one party to another.
If one fails to attend eight consecutive sessions of parliament without the speaker’s permission.
If one who was elected to parliament as an independent candidate but decides to join a political party.

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

(a) Identify three relationships between the County and the National Government in Kenya. (3 marks)

There is mutual respect in exercising/performance of their powers
The national government assists or supports the county government as appropriate
They should implement legislations of other level of government
They liaise for the purposes of exchanging or coordinating policies
They co-operate in the performance of functions/exercise of power through setting up of joint committees.
They set up mechanisms of settling disputes
The National Government has powers to intervene in a County Government if it is unable to perform its functions.
The National Government through the president may suspend the County

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b) Explain six challenges faced by the National Government in revenue collection (10 marks)

Many individuals and organizations evade the payment of taxes.
In wealth declaration people and companies give wrong information thus reducing the amount to be taxed.
Embezzlement of funds by individuals responsible with revenue collection.
Rich individuals at times keep their money in foreign banks instead of investing in Kenya.
In some cases officers responsible with collecting revenue collude with some citizens to cheat about their income.
People have negative attitude towards paying tax
Loans from developed countries are charged high interests
Donor governments give tough conditions to be met before getting donor funds

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

FORM FOUR MOKASA HISTORY EXAMINATIONS PLUS MARKING SCHEMES

Read and download more free history resources below; Educationnewshub.co.ke:

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