Agriculture Form 1 to 4 Free Best Notes Booklet

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TOPICS COVERED

 

SECTION I QUESTIONS

 

      SECTION I ANSWERS………………………………………………………………..……..34

SECTION II   Answers ………………………………………………………………………..117

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SECTION I : QUESTIONS

 

INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

This topic entails the following:-

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will help and motivate the user to       comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Give two factors which characterize intensive farming
  2. State three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming
  3. State two ways in which agriculture contributes to industrial development
  4. State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops
  5. State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil
  6. Outline four advantages of organic farming
  7. State two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced
  8. Differentiate between the following terms as used in Agriculture:-

(a) Oleculture and floriculture

(b) Apiculture and aquaculture

 

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE

In this topic, the following factors influence agriculture.

-Human factors e.g. -level of education, -Health HIV/AIDS, -Economic status of the farmer e.t.c

– Biotic factors e.g. pests, parasites, decomposers, pathogens, pollinators, predators e.t.c.

– Climatic factors e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity, light

– Edaplus factors e.g. type of soils, soil profile, soil structure, soil texture, soil chemical properties.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and

motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts:

 

  1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops
  2. a) outline five activities that may be  undertaken in organic farming
  3. List four effects of temperature on crop growth
  4. State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops
  5. Name two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya
  6.  Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields
  7. List three environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya
  8. State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil
  9. Outline four advantages of organic farming
  10. The diagrams below show an experiment carried out by a form 1 class. Study them carefully and
E
D

answer questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) What was the aim of the experiment?

(b) What was the observation that form 1 students made at the end of the experiment in

flasks D and E?

(c) Give the reason for the observation made in flask D

           

  1. Briefly explain how sub-soil as a horizon in a soil profile can affect soil productivity
  2. (a) What are the three aspects of light that are important to a farmer?

(b) Mention three ways through which relative humidity affect crop production

  1. The diagram labeled E and F below illustrates some type of soil structure. Study the diagrams

carefully and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the types of soil structure illustrated in diagrams E and F

(b) Identify the parts labeled (i) and (ii) in diagram F

(c) Outline the influence of physical characteristics of soil on its properties

  1. State three physical characteristics of soil
  2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) State merits of horizon A                                                                                                  
  2. b) State distinct features of horizon B
  3. c) What does the term transition zone refer to in soil profile
  4. i) Name horizon C and state its importance
  5. Outline two ways temperature affects crop production
  6. List four ways by which biological agents can enhance the process of soil formation
  7. List four environmental factors that affect crop production in Kenya
  8. Explain the role played by topography in soil formation
  9. Mention two importance of parent’s material in soil profile
  10. Mention four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production
  11. a) Mention two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides
  12. b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
  13. Give four factors that influence soil formation
  14. State three properties of soil that is influenced by soil texture
  15. Name any three agents of biological weathering

 

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and farming practices:

 

  1. Give three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation
  2. List four reasons for cultivating land before planting
  3. (a) What is minimum tillage?

(b) Give four farming practices that help in achieving minimum tillage.

  1. (a) Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould

board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing

(b) Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds         (c) Describe five factors that determine the number of cultivations when preparing a seedbed

  1. State four physical conditions of the seedbed that need to be changed to facilitate germination
  2. State four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation
  3. Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation
  4. State four disadvantages of minimum tillage
  5. The diagram below illustrate a tertiary operation carried out in the farm

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the tertiary operation
  2. b) (i) State the importance of the tertiary operation identified in 20(a) above

(ii) Give two other  tertiary operations carried out in the field besides the one identified above

  1. Give two reasons why it is advisable to cultivate the field during the dry season
  2. How are hard pans caused by cultivation?
  3. Give four factors that determine the number of secondary cultivation operations
  4. Define the term minimum tillage
  5. List four advantages of timely planting
  6. State any two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for

planting

  1. Give three benefits of timely planting of annual crops
  2. State four factors determining the depth of ploughing land

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm
  2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops
  3. Use the diagram below of irrigation method to answer the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the method of irrigation
  2. b) State four advantages of the above irrigation system
  3. c) State three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm
  4. d) State two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation
  5. a) What is irrigation
  6. b) Outline three methods of irrigation
  7. a) List four use of water on the farm
  8. b) Give four methods of harvesting water on the farm
  9. c) Outline the stages involved in water treatment process
  10. List any four uses of water in the farm
  11. State two types of irrigation used in Kenya
  12. Outline four disadvantages of cambered beds

Describe the process of water treatment

  1. Give four roles of drainage as a method of land reclamation
  2. Name two types of water pumps which can be used in the farm
  3. Name any four examples of working capital in maize production
  4. List four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm
  5. State four methods of drainage
  6. Distinguish between a dam and a weir                                   
  7. How do the government control prices of essential farm produce
  8. What is the difference between pumping and piping of water in the farm?
  9. List four reasons of draining water logged soils before planting.
  10. Give three Agricultural practices which lead to water pollution
  11. The diagrams below illustrate some methods of irrigating crops in the field. Study the diagrams

and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the methods used ;   (i) A              (ii) B

(b) State two advantages of method A over method B

(c) What material should be inserted at point T

  1. b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
  2. Give four reasons for practicing irrigation
  3. a) State four  importance  of water to plants
  4. b) State four reasons for treating water before use c) Describe water treatment system in a chemical treatment plant
  5. Name four diseases caused to man by drinking untreated water
  6. State the functions of the following chemicals as used in water treatment;

(a) Chlorine.

(b) Aluminum sulphate (AIlum)

  1. The diagrams labeled S and T illustrate some methods of draining waterlogged fields; use it to

answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the methods illustrated

            (b) What are the materials in S labeled M and N

           (c) Name two types of crops that can be planted in the field instead of carrying out the practice

illustrated in S and T

(d) What is the importance of carrying out land reclamation?

 

 

SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help the user to             comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops
  2. List four characteristic of fertile soil
  3. The diagram below illustrates a compost heap. Study it and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Name the part labeled Q and state its function
  2. b) What is the function of each of the following components in preparation of compost manure
  3. i) Top soil
  4.       ii) Wood ash

iii) Rotten manure

 

 

  1. The illustration below shows a four heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer

the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) By use of arrows indicate on the diagram above how the following material should be

transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field

(b) How long does the material take to be ready for application in the field as manure?

(c) Give a reason for turning the material in the heap regularly

(d) Give two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap

  1. Name four indicators of well-decomposed manure
  2. (a) State two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap

(b) When preparing compost manure, explain the importance of each of the following:-

(i) Addition of ash

(ii) Regular turning of the compost manure

  1. What is leaching?
  2. State four advantages of adding organic matter to a sandy soil
  3. (a) Describe the preparation of the following farm materials:-

(i) Farm yard manure

(ii) Hay

(b) Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops

  1. A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

method to calculate the value  of feedstuffs  to be used to prepare 100kgs  of the feed

  1. ii) A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS

(BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)

This topic entails the following

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user  comprehend and understand the concepts and practices.

 

  1. (a) What are the uses of farm records to a farmer?

 

  1. Identify the farm record below and the questions that follow:
Date Disease symptoms Animals affected Drug used Cost of treatment Remarks

(a)Identity of the record

(b) State two different information that should be entered in the remarks column

(c) Give two importance of keeping the farm record illustrated above

  1. State four uses of farm records
  2. State four uses of farm records
  3. Outline two ways the level of education and technology influence the efficiency of agricultural

production

  1. Study the illustration below of farm records:- Use it to answer the questions that follow:

Enterprise

Month                     

Name of cow DAYS IN MONTH
  1 2 3 4 5 6
AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM

 

(a) Name the type of the farm record illustrated above

(b)  Give three reasons for keeping health records in a livestock production

(c) Give three pieces of information a dairy farm manager should collect for planning purposes

  1. List down four pieces of information recorded in a field operation record.
  2. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine
  3. Give two conditions under which a farmer may prefer the use of donkey trailed cart instead of

a tractor drawn trailer in his farm

 

 

SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)

 

This topic entails the following;

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. State four advantages of applying lime in clay soil
  2. a) Give the form in which the following elements are absorbed by crops
  3.     i) Sulphur
  4. ii) Nitrogen

iii) Carbon

  1.     iv)  Magnesium
  2. b) List three effects of nitrogen to plants
  3. Mr. Malombe of Shinyalu village prepared to top dress 10 hectares of nappier grass using

sulphate of ammonia (21%N). Sulphate of ammonia is applied at rate of 150kg per hectare.

Calculate

  1. a) The quantity of sulphate ammonia fertilizer the farmer will need for 10 hectares
  2. b) The number of 50kg bags of fertilizer he will purchase
  3. Give two disadvantages of using farmyard manure
  4. State four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested
  5. A form four student was given a sample of a fertilizer with the following characteristics:

(i) Grey in colour

(ii) It is granular

(iii) Causes no corrosion

(iv) It is highly hygroscopic

(v) It is neutral

(a) Identify the fertilizer

(b) At what stage of growth of maize should it be applied?

(c) Calculate the amount of K2O contained in 400kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5

  1. State two pieces of information that soil sample should have before being taken to the laboratory

for testing

  1. A compound fertilizer bag has the labels 20-20-0. What do the figures stand for?
  2. Give four functions of sulphur in crops
  3. State four advantages of lining as a measure of soil improvement
  4. State two methods of increasing soil PH
  5. (a) State three factors that determine the amount of inorganic fertilizers needed to be applied

to crops

(b) What are the necessary precautions observed when carrying out soil sampling?

  1. List three functions of nitrogen in crops
  2. (a) Distinguish between fertilizer grade and fertilizer ratio

(b) List four elements whose deficiency results into chlorosis in plants

  1. The diagram below shows a method of soil sampling

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the method illustrated in the diagram

(b) State three precautions taken when collecting the soil for testing using the above method

(c) Give four reasons why soil from the farm is tested

  1. A farmer was advised to apply compound fertilizer 20-20-10 on an orchard measuring

20m X 10m at the rate of 80kg/ha. Calculate the amount of fertilizer the farmer would require

for the orchard.                                                                                     (Show your working)

  1. a) A compound of fertilizer  has a fertilizer grade of 25:10:5.calculate  the a mount

of phosphorus fore sent in 400kg of this fertilizer

  1. b) The diagram below illustrate methods of collecting soil sample from a field

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Identify the methods illustrated 1-
  2. ii) xx

iii) State three importance of carrying out soil sampling and testing

  1. (a) What is an incomplete compound fertilizer?

(b) State four reasons why a maize crop continued showing deficiency of potassium despite

applications recommended amount of potassic fertilizer

  1. The diagram below shows a soil sampling method.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the method illustrated above

(b) Name any two spots in a farm that should be avoided during sampling

(c) Describe the steps followed while carrying out the exercise in (a) above

 

CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. State two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting
  2. Give three factors that determine spacing of beans
  3. State four reasons for using certified seeds for planting
  4. Below are diagrams showing vegetative material used for propagation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Name the propagation materials A, B, C, D
  2. b) What is the term used for inducing B to start germinating?
  3. c) State four advantages of vegetative propagation on crop production
  4. Differentiate between hybrid and composite
  5. a) A farmer planted 100 maize seeds and 90 seeds germinated.

Calculate the germination percentage

  1. b) Given that maize is planted at a spacing of 75cm by 25cm, calculate the plant population in a

plot measuring 4m by 3m

  1. Give four qualities of a mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative

material for propagation

  1. Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds
  2. State two factors which determine the depth of planting
  3. State two advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil

 

  1. Calculate the number of tea plants in two hectares (2ha) given that the spacing is 150cm x 75cm

and one seedling is planted per hole

  1. Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
  2. Give four factors that influence the depth of planting
  3. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
  4. Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
  5. Give four factors that influence the depth of planting
  6. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
  7. State four factors that determine the spacing of annual crops
  8. Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation
  9. List two factors that effect rooting of cuttings in crop production
  10. Outline three ways of preparing materials before sowing
  11. Outline three ways of preparing materials before sowing
  12. Distinguish between over sowing and under sowing

 

  1. Study the illustration below of a tea vegetative material and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) What name is given to the vegetative material drawn above for tea propagation
  2. b) State two devisable characteristics of the selected plants used to develop the plant shown
  3. c) Give two precautions observed during the preparation of the material above before planting
  4. The diagram below illustrates the spacing which is used when planting beans. Study the diagram

and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) State the spacing illustrated above
  2. b) Suppose the student is asked to use the illustrated spacing to plant in a plot 4m by 3m leaving

30cm distance from the edge; calculate;

  1. i) The number of rows on the wider side of the plot
  2. ii) Calculate the plant population
  3. Using planting material whose diagram is shown below, list four factors that would influence the

rooting of the structure

                           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Describe the selection, preparation and raising of vegetative tea seedlings in the nursery
  2. Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops
  3. Give four disadvantages of broadcasting as a method of planting.
  4. Define the following terminologies as used in Agriculture
  5. Give two advantages of producing crops by use of seeds over vegetative propaganda
  6. State four ways of preparing planting materials before planting

 

 

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION III

NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

  1. Name three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants
  2. State two practices done during hardening-off of seedlings in a nursery bed.
  3. List two methods of budding used in crop propagation
  4. List four management practices carried out on a nursery bed
  5. Outline two importance of tissue culture in crop propagation
  6. Differentiate between a nursery bed and a seedling bed
  7. Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production
  8. Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production
  9. The diagram below shows a structure used in crop production:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the structure above

(b) Give a reason for carrying out each of the following practices in the structure shown above

(i) Pricking out

(ii) Hardening off

(c) State three importance of the part labeled A in the above structure

  1. (a) Describe the siting and establishment of a crop nursery

(b) Explain management practices in a crop nursery

  1. State four importance of thinning seedlings in the nursery bed
  2. State the difference between a seedling bed and a seedbed.
  3. Below is a diagram of a nursery for raising the seedlings

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) State two advantages of having the part labeled J

(b) State any three management practices that should be carried out on the nursery from the time

seedlings emerge to the stage of transplanting

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Distinguish between staking and propping as a field management practice on crops
  2. Explain five advantages of crop rotation
  3. State four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested
  4. The diagrams labelled B and C below are illustrations of coffee plants established using two

different formative pruning systems.

Examine the diagrams and answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the system of pruning illustrated in B

(b) Identify the system of pruning in C

(c) Outline the procedure of how pruning in diagram C is carried out

  1. Give two functions of earthing up in crop production
  2. Describe the factors which determine the stage of harvesting of crops
  3. Give two ways in which inorganic much helps to conserve water
  4. State four factors that determine the spacing of annual crops
  5. Explain the importance of each of the following practices: (i) Hardening off

(ii) Pricking out

(iii) Gapping

  1. Outline two factors that determine the stage of harvesting crops
  2. (a) List four factors that determine harvesting sage of a crop

(b) Give four practices that can be used to control storage pests

  1. List four benefits of pruning in crop production
  2. (a) What is winnowing?

(b) Give one importance of the following practices:            (i) Mulching                                                                                                                                                   (ii) Threshing

(c) Which factors are considered when carrying out a crop rotation program?

  1. What is frelishing?
  2. Briefly explain how each of the factors listed below will determine the stage at which a crop is harvested

(a) Intended use of the crop

(b) Market demand

  1. What is roguering in crop production?
  2. What is meant by the term “changing the cycle” in coffee growing?
  3. The diagram below shows a practice carried out on various crops on the farm. Study them

carefully and answer the questions that follow;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the farm practice represented by B

(b) State the importance of the above practice in the following crops;

(i) Maize

(ii) Irish potatoes

(c) At what stage of growth should the above practice be carried out in maize?

  1. Mention four factors which determine the stage at which crops are harvested
  2. State two limitation of using polythene sheets as mulching materials in a field of tomatoes
  3. Give two management practices carried in a banana stool
  4. State two functions of polythene sheet when used as mulch material
  5. Give four crops requiring training

 

CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES)

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

 

 

 

  1. The diagram below is of a tomato plant. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) State three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above                         b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried  out
  2. c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field
  3. Describe the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
  4. a) Varieties
  5. b) Nursery establishment
  6. c) Field management practices
  7. List four symptoms of late blight in tomatoes
  8. State any four factors considered when grading tomatoes for fresh market
  9. State two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions
  10. The following is an illustration of an infected tomato plant. Study it carefully and answer the

questions below:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration

(b) Name any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above             (c) Mention two other factors which can lead to the same condition as shown by the illustration

(d) State two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above

  1. Give two ways in which pruning helps to control diseases in tomatoes
  2. Outline four ecological requirements for cabbages
  3. a) Mention two pests which attack tomatoes
  4. b) Give two causes blossom end rot disease in tomatoes
  5. List three ecological requirements of tomatoes.

 

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH

(INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)

 

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

  1. Identify four physical appearances to be observed in a sick animal
  2. State two reasons why tsetse fly control is considered to be a land reclamation method
  3. a) Explain five factors to consider when siting a fish pond
  4. b) Explain the measures used to control livestock diseases
  5. a) Name four notifiable diseases in livestock
  6. b) Discuss four ways in which livestock disease are spread in the farm
  7. c) Describe the methods of controlling livestock disease giving an example of different disease

in each case

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II

(LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

  1. State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
  2. State three objectives of land reforms that are taking place in Kenya
  3. State two causes of land fragmentation in Kenya since independence
  4. Outline the process followed in land adjudication
  5. State four benefits of a farmer having land title deed
  6. State four reasons for practicing land consolidation
  7. Give four advantages of communal land tenure system
  8. State four advantages of landlordism and tenancy
  9. Outline four objects of land tenure reform
  10. State three advantages of communal land tenure system
  11. List down four important details in a land title deed.

 

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Name three human activities that may influence soil erosion
  2. Below is a diagram showing soil erosion control method
Soil
Cultivated land with crops

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the structure used to control soil erosion
  2. b) What is the function of the structure made
  3. c) Why was soil not put on the upper side of the trench made
  4. d) State four effects if water was allowed into the cultivated land
  5. Give two roles played by Grassley in soil erosion control
  6. List three materials that may be used for constructing a gabion
  7. State one factor that would determine the width and depth of a cut off drain
  8. Explain five ways by which grass helps to conserve soil
  9. Give four farming practices that help in reducing the effects of water shortage in crop production
  10. Name two types of terraces
  11. Name two forms of gully erosion

9          -V- shaped

-U – shaped

  1. Explain the cultural methods of soil erosion control
  2. Mention four control measures of river bank erosion
  3. The figure below represents a physical soil and water conservation measure used on various slopes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the measure represented above
  2. b) Describe the construction of the identified measure above
  3. a) What is soil erosion
  4. b) Give four types of water erosion
  5. c) Explain factors which influence soil erosion
  6. d) State any seven cultural ways of controlling weeds
  7. Give two ways through which gabions control soil erosion

 

 

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the weed

(b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

(c) State the economic importance of the weed shown above

 

 

 

 

  1. The following is an illustration of a common weed of arable land

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the weed                                                                                                                          (b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

(c) State one harmful effect of the weed on crop production

(d) Give two measures used to control the weed

  1. Below is a diagram of some common weeds. Study then and answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) Identify weed A and B                                                                                                                   (ii) State two effects of weed B on crop production

(iii) Give a reason why weed B is difficult to control

(iv) State the effective method of controlling weed B                                             

  1. Give four methods of propagation which make weeds have a high competitive ability

over crops

  1. The diagrams below show weeds:-
C
D

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Identify the weeds C and D

(b) State why it is difficult to control weed C                                                                      

(c) State two economic importance of weed D

  1. (a) List any four types of weeds known to be poisonous to livestock

(b) At what stage of life cycle is best recommended to control weeds?

  1. State two disadvantages of using herbicides
  2. a) Name four herbicides that can be used to control weeds in a field of maize
  3. b) At what stage of growth of maize should the weeds be controlled by use of a post

emergence herbicides

  1.       (b) Give an account of economic importance of weeds
  2. a) mention two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides
  3. Listing specific examples of weeds describe their harmful effects in agricultural production

 

 

 

 

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. State two possible causes of swelling on the roots of legume crops
  2. Discuss the various cultural methods of controlling pests in crops
  3. What does the term ‘close season’ mean in crop production?
  4. Explain five cultural methods of pest control in stored grains
  5. Name four symptoms of viral infections in plants
  6. Study the illustrations given below and then answer the questions that follow:-
C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the pests shown by the illustrations B, C and D

(b) State one effective method of controlling the pest labelled

(c) Name the type of crop commonly attacked by the pest labelled ‘C’

  1. State the various practices carried out in the field to help control crop diseases
  2. State two ways in which pesticides kill crop pests

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. The diagram below shows kale seedling attacked by a pest

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the pest

(b) What damage does the pest cause to the crop

(c)  State two methods of controlling the pest

  1. Define the term ‘economic injury level of a pest and integrated pest control management
  2. List four harmful effects of crop pests
  3. The diagram below shows a fungal disease in a section of potato crop leaf

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the fungal disease
  2. b) (i) State  the causal  organism of  the disease identified above
  3. ii) Give two symptoms of the above disease
  4. c) Give two control measures of the disease
  5. The diagram below shows a banana fruit infected by a certain disease.

 

 

 

 

 

  1. The diagram below shows a crop pest;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the crop pest

(b) State two damages the pest would cause to crops

 

  1. Give two symptoms of nematode attack on bananas.
  2. Give four cultural practices used in controlling crop pests
  3. State three symptoms of coffee berry disease.

 

19        (i) Use the diagrams below to answer the question that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the crop pests labeled M, N and P

(b) State one control measures of crop pests labeled M                                                                  

(c) State the damage caused to crops by crop pest labeled N

  1. State and explain the cultural methods of pest control

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION VI

FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA

 

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. List four management practices carried out in maize field at 45cm high
  2. Why is it not recommended to use sisal bags in handling cotton
  3. Describe the production of rice under the following sub-headings:-

(a) Land preparation

(b) Water control

(c) Fertilizer application

(d) Weed control

(ii) Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

  1. Describe the production of maize for dry grain production under the following sub-headings:-

(a) Seedbed preparation                                                                                                                     (b) Planting

(c) Weed control

(d) Pest control

(e) Disease control

(f) Harvesting

  1. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
  2. Describe production of maize under the following sub-headings ;

(a) Varieties

(b) planting

(c) pest and pest control

(d) harvesting and storage

  1. Describe the field production of maize under the following sub headings
  2. a) Ecological requirement
  3. b) Varieties
  4. c) Seedbed preparation
  5. d) Pests and diseases
  6. e) Harvesting
  7. a) Discuss harvesting of cotton                                  b) Explain the roles of Agricultural co-operatives in Kenya
  8. Describe the production of maize under the following sub-headings:

(a) Ecological requirements

(b) Land preparation                                                                                                                          (c) Planting and field management

(d) Pests and disease control

(e) Harvesting and marketing

  1. Give two precautions measures a farmer should put into consideration when harvesting cotton
  2. Describe the production of beans under the following sub headings:

(a) Ecological requirements

(b) Seedbed preparation                                                                                                                                 (c) Planting                                                                                                                                                    (d) Pest and pest control

 

 

FORAGE CROPS

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

  1. State three factors which affects the quality of standing forage given to livestock
  2. Explain Napier grass production under the following sub-headings
  3. i) Seedbed preparation
  4. ii) Planting

iii) Fertilizer application

  1. iv) Weed control
  2. v) Utilization
  3. Why is it necessary to allow freshly cut nappier grass to wilt before ensiling
  4. Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould

board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing

  1. State two causes of failure in pasture establishment
  2. State two advantages of grass-legume mixture
  3. List four factors that determine the quality of hay
  4. i) Discuss the production of Guatemala grass (Trypsacum Laxum) under the following headings
  5. a) Ecological required
  6. b) Land preparation
  7. c) Planting
  8. d) (i) Utilization and defoliation
  9. ii) Discuss six effects of late defoliation of fodder
  10. Give four factors that determine the nutrient content in hay
  11. (a) Describe the preparation of the following farm materials:-

(i) Farm yard manure

(ii) Hay

(b) Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops

  1. (a) What is topping in pasture management

(b)State two methods used in topping in pasture management

  1. Give two advantages of grass-legume pasture over pure grass pasture
  2. Why are farmers encouraged to conserve excess forage in the farm?
  3. Give two factors affecting the quality of hay

 

 

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III

(PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. State four ways of increasing labour efficiency on the farm
  2. The table shows egg production from individual birds with varying mounts of layers mash

 

100 layers

(Fixed number)

 Layers mash

Kgs/week

 Total egg production per week Marginal production per week
100 0 140 0
100 10 155 15
100 20 180 25
100 30 240 60
100 40 340 100
100 50 470 130

(a) Sketch a graph representing the total egg production per week against amount of feed given

(b) Identify the type of production function represented by the graph in (a) above

 

  1. (a) What are the uses of farm records to a farmer?                             (b) Explain four ways in which a farmer may improve Labour productivity in the farm

(c) Outline the process followed in land adjudication

  1. Name any three types of agricultural services available to the farmer
  2. Outline four management guideline questions which assist a farm manager in making accurate

farm decisions

  1. Give four ways of improving labour productivity
  2. List four variable inputs in sorghum production
  3. List four agricultural support services available to a crop farmer in Kenya
  4. Define the following as used in Agricultural economics:-

(a) Gross domestic product (GDP)

(b) Per capita income

  1. Explain the various ways in which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties
  2. (a) The table below represents the yield of maize in 90kg bags in response to application of

different quantities of planting fertilizer

(i) Fill in the blank spaces

 

Input 50kg bag fertilizer Out put 90kg bag maize Average product (AP) Marginal product (MP)
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 6

10

24

31

36

40

43

43

40

 –

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 –

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 

(ii) Suggest the best level of production in relation to the inputs and output

(b) A farmer is considering undertaking the production of either maize or beans. Study the

following  information about the two crops then answer the questions that follow:

 

(i) Maize

Yield per hectare                                5,500 kg

Price                                                    15 per kg

Cost of cultivation / ha                       Kshs. 3000

Amount of seeds/ha                            25kgs

Cost of DAP fertilizer/bag                 Kshs.1,500

Amount of DAP fertilizer/ha             3bags

Cost of seeds/kg                                 Kshs.100

Labour requirements/ha                     50 man days

Cost of labour                                    Kshs.150 per man day

Amount of CAN fertilizer/bag           3 bags

Cost of CAN fertilizer/bag                 Kshs.1000

 

(ii) Beans

Yield per hectare                                5000kg

Price                                                    50per kg

Cost of cultivation / ha                       KShs.3600

Labour requirements/ha                     75 man days

Cost of labour                                     Kshs. 200 per man day

Cost of DAP fertilizer/bag                 Kshs. 1500

Amount of DAP fertilizer/ha             2bags

Cost of seeds/kg                                 Kshs.800

Amount of seed/ha                             20kg

Amount of CAN fertilizer/bag           1bag

Cost of CAN fertilizer/bag                 Kshs.1,000

Cost of sprays                                                 Kshs.3,000

(i) Calculate the gross margins for each crop                                                                                   (14mks)

(ii) From your calculation, which crop is profitable to grow?

  1. Below is a graphical representation of the law of diminishing returns.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NPK fertilizer input (in 50kg bags)

 

 

(a) Explain what happens in each of the three zones marked I and III in relation to the output

of maize     and the NPK fertilizer input

(b) Which of the three is a rational zone of production

  1. Give four variable costs in maize production
  2. A farmer has the following yield from a two hectare millet crop enterprise at Oluch irrigation schemes.

Study it and prepare his gross margin. is it  profitable to grow millet? He spent the following in

his operations

Weed                        800/=

Seeds                        20kg/ha

Irrigation                  600/=/ha

Ploughing                500/=/ha

Clearing the land   1200/=

Cost of seeds           300/= /10kg bag

Planting                   400/= /ha

Harvesting              1200/= /ha

Yield                       32bags

DAP fertilizer         2 bags at 10 000/= /50kg bags

CAN fertilizer        2 bags at 700/= /50kg bags

Gunny bags            40/= /bag

Transport to market    2000/=

  1. A farmer has the following yield from a two hectare millet crop enterprise at Oluch irrigation schemes. Study it and prepare his gross margin. is it profitable to grow millet? He spent the following in his operations

Weed                        800/=

Seeds                        20kg/ha

Irrigation                  600/=/ha

Ploughing                500/=/ha

Clearing the land   1200/=

Cost of seeds           300/= /10kg bag

Planting                   400/= /ha

Harvesting              1200/= /ha

Yield                       32bags

DAP fertilizer         2 bags at 10 000/= /50kg bags

CAN fertilizer        2 bags at 700/= /50kg bags

Gunny bags            40/= /bag

Transport to market    2000/=                                                             (20mks)

 

  1. What is profit maximization in Agricultural Economics
  2. a) A farmer is considering undertaking the production of either maize or beans. Study the

following information about the two crops and then answer the questions that follow:

 

Maize
Yield per hectare 5500kg
Price Kshs.15 per kg
Cost of cultivation/ ha Kshs. 3000/=
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ bag Kshs.1500/=
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ ha 3 bags
Cost of seed/ Kg Kshs.100
Labour requirements / ha 50 man days
Cost of labour Kshs.150 per man day
Amount of CAN fertilizer 3 bags
Cost of CAN fertilizer/ bag Kshs.1000

 

Beans
Yield per hectare Kshs.5000
Price Kshs.50 per kg
Cost of cultivation/ ha Kshs.3600
Labour requirements/ ha 75 man- days
Cost of labour Kshs.200 per man day
Cost of DAP fertilizer/ bag Kshs.1500
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ ha 2 bags
Cost of seed/ kg Kshs.80
Amount of seed/ ha 20kg
Amount of CAN fertilizer/ 1 bag
Cost of CAN fertilizer/ bag Kshs.1000
Cost of sprays Kshs.3000

 

  1. i) Calculate the gross margin for each crop
  2. ii) From your calculation which crop is profitable to grow
  3. b) Discuss five factors considered when planning a farm
  4. Using the data provided in the table below, make an interpretation and advice the farmer on which

crop to grow ;

Type of crop Gross margin (Ksh)
Cotton 18,400
Ground nuts 20,050
  1. Outline three advantages of budgeting in farm business
  2. A farmer has 1 Ha piece of land on which he grows maize. His farm record on maize

production for nine years is as shown in the table below:

Year Fertilizer applied (bags) Total output of maize (bags)
1995 0 4
1996 2 10
1997 4 28
1998 6 42
1999 8 52
2000 10 60
2001 12 66
2002 14 66
2003 16 64

 

(a) i) Using an appropriate scale, with input on the X-axis draw a graph to show the relationship

between inputs and total output

(ii) From the graph you have drawn, how many bags of maize would the farmer produce if

he applied 9bags of fertilizer?

Calculate the farmers marginal products and average products for the years                                  (i) From the data given, what rate of fertilizer application would the farmer choose if he

wanted to grow maize in 2004?

(ii) Give an explanation for your choice in (c) (i) above

(b) Assuming that the average price of fertilizer over the years recorded was shs. 1,200/= per bag

and the price of maize was ksh.1000/= per bag :

Calculate the gross income for the years 2002 and 2003

Calculate the net income for the year 1999. (Assume no other costs were incurred)

  1. Name five types of costs incurred in a farming business
  2. List any four sources of credit to farmers.
  3. List three ways in which labour peaks can be overcome in the farm (1½ mks)
  4. State four ways of improving farm labour productivity
  5. A farmer had a plot of land measuring 5 hectares in which be intended to plant maize.

He was advised to apply 150 kg of P20 per hectare at planting and 200kg N per hectare during

top dressing. The fertilizer available in the market was Calcium Ammonium Nitrate containing

20% N and Di-ammonium phosphate 46% P205. Calculate.

(a)  (i) The amount of Di—ammonium phosphate required

(ii) The amount of calcium ammonium nitrate required

(b) Baraka farm manager plans to grow Irish potatoes or maize for grains. Study the information

below and answer the questions that follow:

 

Irish potatoes

Cost of fertilizers/ha____________________________ Ksbs 10,000.

Labour requirements/ha ______________________ Kshs 50 man – days

Yield /ha ___________________________________ 10,000kg

Seed potato/ha ________________________________Kshs20, 000

Cost of labour ___________________________ Kshs 200 per man day

Cost of fungicides___________________________ Kshs 5000

Cost of ploughing____________________________ Kshs 4000

Selling price of potatoes per kg __________________ Kshs 30.

 

Maize

Yield per hectare ______________Kshs.7,500kg

Selling price of maize per kg _____________Kshs 20.

Cost of ploughing /ha ________________Kshs.4000

Seed maize/ha _____________________Kshs.3000

Labour requirement /ha _________________________ 200 man days.

Cost of fertilizers /ha ____________________Kshs 10,000

Cost of top dressing fertilizers __________________Kshs 4,800

Cost of labour _____________Kshs 150 per man – day

 

(i) What is gross margin?

(ii) Calculate the gross margin of each of the crops

(iii) From the calculation above which crop should the farm grow?

(d) Describe the environmental factors that may lead to poor yields in crop production

                       

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Name three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

2          a) The following transactions were extracted from Mr. Tembo’s financial books for the year

ending 31st Dec 2003.study and answer the questions that follow:

            Particulars                                                       cost (ksh)

Milk sale                                                          8 000

Goat sale                                                             500

Purchase of farm tools                                     1 000

Construction of zero grazing unit                  10 000

Depreciation of machinery                                 800

Closing stock                                                 16 000

Veterinary bills                                                     400

Interest payable                                                   750

Wages                                                              4 800

Sales of cabbages                                                750

Sales of tea                                                       4 700

Opening stock                                                 12 000

Sales of heifers                                                  9 400

Purchase of pesticides                                          300

 

(a) i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31st Dec. 2003

  1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm
  2. b) i) Give five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
  3.     ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

 

  1. State four reasons for using certified seeds for planting
  2. List any two financial statements which may be prepared on a farm
  3. The following information was obtained from Lang’at’s farm records for the year ending

December, 2004. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

Goats                              4,000

Poultry                          15,000

Causal workers             12,000

Opening valuation      150,000

 

His sales and receipts are as follows:

Mohair                        75,000

Rabbits                        3,600

Eggs to hotel               15,000

Closing valuation       200,000

(a) Prepare the profit and loss A/C of Lang’at’s farm

(b) State the benefit of a profit and loss A/C to Mr. Lang’at

 

 

 

 

  1. (a) List any four financial documents used in the farm

(b)  Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Rob’s farm for the year ending 31st Dec. 2009, given

the following information:-

Sale of milk                Kshs.10,000

Sold two heifers         kshs.10,000

Cabbage sold              Kshs. 20,000

Debts payable                         Ksh.4,200

Sold tomatoes             Kshs. 3,000

Veterinary bills          Kshs.2,500

Bought livestock feeds Kshs.2,500

Purchase fertilizers    Kshs.5,000

Bought seeds              Kshs. 4,000

Debts receivable         Kshs.20,000

Opening valuation      Kshs.150,000

Closing valuation       Kshs.200,000

(c) Did the farm make a profit or a loss? Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the Farm

(d) Explain the various ways in which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties

  1. a) The following transactions were extracted from Mr. Tembo’s financial books for the year

ending 31st Dec 2003.study and answer the questions that follow:

            Particulars                                                       cost (ksh)

Milk sale                                                          8 000

Goat sale                                                             500

Purchase of farm tools                                     1 000

Construction of zero grazing unit                  10 000

Depreciation of machinery                                 800

Closing stock                                                 16 000

Veterinary bills                                                     400

Interest payable                                                   750

Wages                                                              4 800

Sales of cabbages                                                750

Sales of tea                                                       4 700

Opening stock                                                 12 000

Sales of heifers                                                  9 400

Purchase of pesticides                                          300

 

  1. i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31st Dec 2003
  2. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm
  3. b) i) Give five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
  4.      ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

 

  1. At the end year ended 31/12/2005 Bidii farm recorded the following:

Perennial crops           250,000

Bank loans                  30,000

Cash at hand               5,000

Bank overdrafts          15,000

Land                            350,000

Unpaid wages             3,000

Debts receivable         20,000

Stocks in store                        25,000

Livestock                    200,000

Bank balances             100,000

(a) Prepare a balance sheet as at 31/12/2005

(b) Did Bidii farm qualify for a loan and why?

 

  1. State one condition in which each of the following documents is used.
  2. i) Invoice
  3. ii) Delivery note

iii) Receipt

  1. Below is a transaction showing Mrs.Okello’s financial position in her business for the year 2009

-Purchase of pesticides                           3,000  00

-Milk sales                                              8,000  00

-Sales of goats                                        5,000  00

-Construction of store                           10,000  00

-Closing valuation                                 16,000  00

-Depreciation of machinery                     3,000 00

-Interest payable                                      1,750  00

-Purchase of farm tools                               800 00

-Veterinary bills                                        1,400 00

-Sales of tomatoes                                    1,750  00

-Wages                                                   10,000  00

-Sales of heifer                                       10,000  00

-Opening valuation                                 12,000  00

-Sales  of coffee                                        5,000  00

  1.  i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Okello’s farm
  2. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss that Mrs. Okello made during the year 2009

iii) Explain six ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties in farming

  1. Name two examples of liabilities in a balance sheet

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

  1. a) Explain the principle that govern the  operations of farmers’  co-operative societies
  2. b) Explain the role of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya
  3. c) Explain various functions of agricultural marketing
  4. a) Give four marketing functions
  5. b) Outline four problems associated with marketing of agricultural products
  6. State two roles of agricultural society of Kenya
  7. (a) What is elasticity of demand for a commodity

(b) Given that at a price of shs.1000 per bag, 20 bags of maize are demanded but when the price

changes to shs.800 per bag, 22 bags are demanded. Calculate the elasticity of demand. Show

your working

(c)Outline six problems of marketing maize as an agricultural product

(d) Determine nine principles governing cooperatives in Kenya

  1. Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
  2. (a) Explain marketing activities in Agriculture

(b) Discuss problems experienced in marketing of Agricultural products

  1. What is elasticity of supply

 

  1. How do the governments control prices of essential farm produce
  2. b) Explain the roles of Agricultural co-operatives in Kenya
  3. State the law of demand and supply.
  4. What do the following initials stand for?

(i) K.N.F.U – Kenya National Farmers Union

(ii) H.C.D.A – Horticultural Crops Development Authority

  1. (a) What is a co-operative society

(b) List two functions of co-operatives

(c) State and explain the nine principles of governing co-operatives

  1. Give four factors which influenced the demand of tomatoes in the market

 

 

 

 

AGROFORESTRY

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

 

  1. State two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting
  2. State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
  3. List four advantages of agro-forestry
  4. The illustrations below are techniques of harvesting agroforestry trees. Study them carefully and

then answer the questions below:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the harvesting techniques represented by techniques A and B

(b) Give an example of a tree species suitable for technique B and C as a method of harvesting

  1. State four factors considered when choosing trees for Agroforestry
  2. (a) Five characteristics of trees used in agroforestry are;

(b) The benefits of agroforestry are:

  1. Name four forms of agro- forestry
  2. Give four characteristics that good agro-forestry tree should posses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANSWERS SECTION 1

 

INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

 

  1. two factors which characterize intensive farming

Mechanization done

  1. three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming

No chemical residues in produce

  1. two ways in which Agriculture contributes to industrial development.

– Provide raw materials for industries.

– Provide market for industrial goods.

– Is a source of capital for starting industries.

  1. four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops.

– Causes physical damage to crops.

– Cause rapid spread of diseases/ pests/ weeds.

– Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation.

– Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds.

– Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake.

  1. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is:
  1. Four advantages of organic farming
  1. Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced are:
  1. Four factors that determine the time of planting a crop

(a) Olericulture – production of vegetables

(b) Apiculture – bee keeping

 

 

 

 

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE

  1. two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops

Neutral soil PH

  1. a) five activities that may be  undertaken in organic farming
  1. four effects of temperature on crop growth

Low temp-slow growth rate

-increase incidence of negative infection e.g. CBD

-improve quality of some crop

High temp-cause wilting

-increase growth rate

-improve quality of some crops

-increase pest and disease incidences (1/2×4=2mks)

  1. four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops.

– Causes physical damage to crops.

– Cause rapid spread of diseases/ pests/ weeds.

– Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation.

– Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds.

– Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake.

  1. Two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya:-

–     Light wavelength

  1. The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields
  1. – Rainfall
  1. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is:

 

 

 

  1. Four advantages of organic farming
  1. (a) The aim of the experiment was:- to show presence of living organisms in the soil

(b) observations were:

(c)  The reason for the observation in flask D is:-

Carbon dioxide which turns water milky in flask D would have been produced only during the respiration of living organisms present in fresh soil

  1. – It may have hard pan which interfere with water infiltration
  2. a) – Light duration
  1. b)  Evapotranspiration
  1. a) – E – Single grained structure

– F – Granular structure                                                                                                (1×1=1 mk)

  1.  b)        i) Humus with clay                                                                                         (1×1=1 mk)
  2. ii) Air space (1×1=1 mk)

c)-  Colour affects soil texture and hence micro- organisms in the soil Ö

– Texture – affects drainage, aeration and capillary

– Structure – affects aeration and root penetration

  1. three physical characteristics of soil (1 1/2mks)
  1. a) State merits of horizon A
  1. b) State distinct features of horizon B
  1. c) Transitional zone-this is a zone bordering two adjacent layer of soil profile

i)Weathered rock

Importance

16

  1. – Temperature/ Altitude

– Soil type;

– Prevailing winds;

– Rainfall;       (4x ½ =2mks)

  1. – It influences the movement of the weathered materials hence affecting the depth of soil development;
  2. two importance of parent’s material in soil profile

Determine  soil  nutrients

  1. four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production
  1. a) two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides
  1. b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
  2. four factors that influence soil formation
  1. – Drainage

-Aeration

-Water-holding capacity

-capillary

  1. -large animals e.g. Buffaloes

-Man activities e.g. farming

-Root pressure of plants

-Burrowing animals e.g moles, termites

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)

 

  1. three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation

Type of soil

  1. Four reasons for cultivating land before planting.

– To improve soil aeration.

– To improve germination.

– Destroy weeds.

– Destroy weeds.

– Incorporate organic matter in the soil.

– Increase water infiltration.

  1. (a)Is a situation in which least possible cultivation operations are carried out in crop

production.

(b) – Clearing the land / bush clearing.

– Using appropriate chemicals to kill the existing vegetation.

– Weeding using herbicides.

– Planting / drilling seeds directly into the stubble of previous crop.

  1. (a) – Harrow the land to a fine filth;

– Harrow during the dry or before the rains;

– Make the seed be weed – free / ensure clean seed bed;

– Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing;

– Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,;

– Sow seeds at the onset rains/ early planting;

– Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 – 300 kgs/ ha at planting time;

– Drill or broadcast  the seeds evenly;

– Use a recommended seed rate for the variety / seed rate of 1.5 – 2.0 kh/ha pure seeds;

– Bury seeds at 2 ½ times their diameter;

– Control weeds by uprooting/ apply a suitable herbicide;

– Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application.

– Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young.

– Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment.            (10 x 1 = 10 mk)

(b) – Select seeds of  the  same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases.

– Plant seeds at the same time.

– Prepare the whole field to required uniform tilth.

– Plant at the right moisture content of the soil / irrigation uniformly.

– Treat seeds before planting i.e. break dormancy.

– Plant at the correct depth.                                                                                        (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

(c) – Soil moisture content.

– Type of soil.

– Cost of operation.

– Size of seed/ type of planting material/ type of crop.

– Type of machinery available / use of tractors.

– Topography / gradient of the land/ liability of soil erosion.

– Skills of the operator.

– Initial conditions of the land/ the cropping history of the land.

– Time available to carry out the operation before planting.

  1. Four physical conditions of the seedbed that need to be changed to facilitate

Germination

–    Soil moisture content improved

 

  1. Four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation

–    Ensures better root penetration

 

  1. Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are:
  1. four disadvantages of minimum tillage

Leads  to accumulating of soil borne  pests and diseases

  1. a)      – ridging
  2. b) (i) Encourage tuber expansion

(ii)     Rolling

Gives time for better organic decomposition

  1. – By repeated cultivation at the same depth;

– Cultivating the soil when wet using heavy machinery;

  1. – Type and size of planting material;

– Topography/slope f land;

– Soil moisture content;

– (Initial) condition of land/amount of vegetation on the land;

-Capital available

– Type of implement used;

  1. It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or

during the management of the crops.

14.

  1. two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it   is ready for planting
  1. – Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture

-Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time

-Crops fetch high market prices

-Crops escape from pests and diseases

-There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases

-Ensures timely harvesting

  1. – type of crop to be planted

-Implements available

-Type of soil

-Climatic conditions

WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

  1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm

Remove bad smell & taste

  1. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops

Reduce toxic substance in soil

3 .         a )Sprinkle irrigation

  1.  b) four advantages of the above irrigation system
  1. c) three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm
  1. d) two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation

Applicable where tree plants are grown

  1. a) Artificial√ application of water to the soil  surface for purpose of supplying enough

moisture√  for plants growth(mark  whole)

  1. b) Surface,

overhead,

subsurface,

drip/trickle

  1. a) four use of water on the farm
  1. b) four methods of harvesting water on the farm (2mks)

 

  1. c) the stages involved in water treatment process
  1. four uses of water in the farm.

– For diluting chemicals used to control pests.

– For watering livestock.

– For watering plants e.g. irrigation.

– For washing utensils, calf pen bully sheds.

– For domestic use e.g. drinking, cooking.

– For rearing fish.

– For recreation

– Processing of farm produce.

– In construction of buildings.

  1. two types of irrigation used in Kenya.

– Overhead / sprinkler.

– Surface / Flood / furrow/ basin.

– Drip/ trickle.

  1. Four disadvantages cambered beds

–     Labour intensive

(c) Stage I:      Filtration of water intake.

– Water from source river is made to pass through a series of sieves.

– Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves.

– Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber.

Stage II:          Softening of the water.

Stage III:         Coagulation and sedimentation

 

Stage IV:         Filtration

Stage V:          Chlorination

Stage VI:         Storage

– The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.

  1. – Improves soil aeration

–     Prevent accumulation of poisonous substances in the soil

  1. – Semi-rotary
  1. Four examples of working capital in maize production are;
  1. four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm
  1. four methods of drainage

Open ditches

  1. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a  river  or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level

to form a reservoir  or  lake

  1. – Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs

Fixes prices of the related products

  1. – Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force;

17.

18.

  1. a) i) A – Drop/ trickle irrigation
  2. ii) B – Sprinkler/ overhead irrigation
  3. b) Two advantages of method A over method B
  1. c) i) Cotton wool
  2. ii) Rough sand
  3. four reasons for practicing irrigation
  1. – to prevent rotting

-For processing

– For long storage

– Prevent pest and disease attack

  1. (a) Kill germs

(b) For sedimentation

  1. S- French drainage T- Vambedred peds                M – soil- stones

 

SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)

  1. two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops

Neutral soil PH

  1. four characteristic of fertile soil (2mks)
  1. a) Q-stick√

Function-checking temperature√ and other conditions within the heap

  1. b) i) Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition√
  2. ii) Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium√

iii) Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism√

  1. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer

the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) use of arrows indicate how the decomposing material should be transferred from one heap

to another till the manure is applied in the field.

b)- 3  – 6 wks

  1. c) one reason for turning the material in the heap regularly.

– Proper decomposition.

– Facilitate air circulation.

– Microbial activities.

  1. d) two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap.

– To regulate the internal temperatures in the heap.

– Create moist environment for microbial activity.

  1. Four indicators of well-decomposed manure
  1. (a) Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are:-

(b) Five advantages of rotation grazing are: (5mks)

  1. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming

Unravel able to crops

Moderates soil temperature

  1. (a) (i) Preparation of farm yard manure:-

(ii) Preparation of Hay

 

 

 

(b) Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities;          (8×1=8mks)

 

  1. i) A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed (3mks)

  1. ii) two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration (2mks)

Graphical method.

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS

(BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)

  1. (a) – Help to determine the value of the farm/ determine assets and liabilities.

– Provide history of the farm.

– Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields.

– Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm.

– Assists when sharing losses or profits (dividends)for communal owned farms/ partnership.

– Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs.

– Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft.

– Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.

– Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.

– Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation.

– Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information

helps in obtaining credit.                                                                                     (10 x 1 = 10 mks)

 

  1. (a)Health record

(b) Next date of treatment /vaccination

(c) – Select and cull animals on health ground

–    Calculate cost of treatment

 

3          Four uses of farm records are;

  1. four uses of farm records

Uses of appropriate technology

 

  1. (a) Milk production record (1×1=1mk)

(b) Determine prevalent diseases;

– Establish treatment of diseases;

– Establish disease control method;

– Determine cost of medication/health care;

– Determine the health status of different animals;  (4×1=4mks)

 

(c) Price trends/market situation

– Production techniques

– Labour trends

– Breeds of dairy cattle

– Production constraints/risks and certainties

 

  1. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. (1mk)

 

  1. – Where the resources are free

– where there is no alternative

– where the alternatives are very many.

 

SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)

 

  1. four advantages of applying lime in clay soil

Increase multiplication of micro- organisms

  1. a) i) Sulphur- SO₄²⁻,SO₂
  2. ii) Nitrogen-NO₃⁻,NH₄

iii) Carbon-CO₂

  1. iv) Magnesium-mg²⁺
  2. b) three effects of nitrogen to plants (1 1/2mks)
  1. a) The quality of sulphate ammonia fertilizer the farmer will need for 10 hectares (1mk)

100kg SA supplies   21kg N

1ha requires 150kg SA

10ha requires (150×10) kg SA

= 1500kg SA in 10ha

  1. b) The number of 50kg bags of fertilizer he will purchase (1mk)

50kg fill 1 bag

50

  1. two disadvantages of using farm yard manure

– It’s bulky hence difficult to apply by one laborer.

– It may spread weeds.

– It may spread diseases.

– It releases nutrients slowly.

  1. four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested.

– Purpose of the crop / maturity.

– Moisture content.

– Concentration of certain chemicals.

– Water condition.

– Market demand.

  1. a) – Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN.

b)- Knee high

– 30 – 45 cm height.

  1. c) Calculate the amount of K2O contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25 : 10 : 5.

5 kg of K2O is in 100 kg of 25 : 10: 5

∴ 400 kg of compound fertilizer

400 x 5            = 20 kg of K2O

100

  1. Two pieces of information that soil sample should have before being taken to the laboratory

for testing are:-

–     Name of the farmer

–      Date of sampling

  1. A compound fertilizer bag has the labels 20-20-10. What do the figures stand for

–     0- 0% Potassium Oxide (K2O)

  1. Four functions of sulphur in crops are:-

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

  1. – Improves soil PH hence microbial activities

Improves soil structure

  1. -Liming

 

  1. a) -Type of crop
  1. b) – Avoid unique sites e.g. compost, along fence

Make as many samples as possible

  1. three functions of nitrogen in crops                                                                       (1 1//2mks)
  1. Fertilizer ratio is the proportion of various nutrients in a fertilizer grade is the percentage of

nutrients in a fertilizer;

(b)- Nitrogen

– Calcium

– Potassium

– Magnesium

– Sulphur

 

  1. (a) Diagonal/transverse method; (1×1=1mk)

(b) – Avoid contamination/use sterilized container;

– Avoid sampling soil from unusual sites e,g ant hills

– Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil;          (3×1=3mks)

(c) – To determine the nutrient status of te soil;

– To determine the soil PH/type of fertilizer to add to the soil/lime to add to the soil;

– To determine the type of crop to grow;

– May help in diagnosing low crop yield/mineral deficiency;

  1. Area – 10×20 =200m² (1mk)

100,000m²   require 80kgs of 20-20-10

200m² will require

200 x  80

10,000

═ 1.6kgs                          (1mk)

  1. a) A compound of fertilizer  has a fertilizer grade of 25:10:5.calculate  the a mount

of phosphorus fore sent in 400kg of this fertilizer

N:P:K

25:10:5

If 10kg P2O5√1 = 100kg NPK

?             = 400kg NPK√1

= 400 x 10

100

= 40kg P2O5√1  (3 steps x 1=3mks)

  1. b) i)    – zigzag method
  2. ii) xx –traverse/diagonal

iii) State three importance of carrying out soil sampling and testing

  1. (a) Lacks one of the major fertilizer NPK elements

(b) – The soils could be very acidic

– Too much rainfall.

  1. (a) Random/zigzag soil sampling

(b) – old manure heaps

– Ant hills

-Dead furors

-Fence lines

-Cattle bomas

(c)  – Clear vegetation

– Mark points using pegs

Collect top soil and sap soil n different paper bag.

– Dry the soil and mix thoroughly

– Sent dispatch to laboratory for fasting

 

 

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)

  1. two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting

Control pests and diseases

  1. three factors that determine spacing of beans

Stand in the field

  1. four reasons for using certified seeds for planting

 

  1. a)      A   Banana sucker

B  Stem tubes

C     Bulb

D Stem cutting

  1.  b)        Chitting
  2.  c) four advantages of vegetative propagation on crop production
  1. Differentiate between hybrid and composite
Hybrid composite
Seeds produced  by

crossing  inbreedlines

and controlled pollination√

 Seeds  produced  by  growing  different

varieties together under uncontrolled

pollination√     2//

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Germinated seed x100√

Total seeds planted

=90 x100                              (2)

100  = 90%√

  1. b) Given that maize is planted at a spacing of 75cm by 25cm, calculate the plant population in a plot measuring 4m by 3m

plant ppl = land area√

Spacing

4mx3m

75x25cm

400cmx300cm

75cmx25cm           = 64plants√             (2)

  1. four qualities of a mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative

material for propagation.

Fast growth/ fast maturity.

  1. – Select seeds of the  same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases.

– Plant seeds at the same time.

– Prepare the whole field to required uniform tilth.

– Plant at the right moisture content of the soil / irrigation uniformly.

– Treat seeds before planting i.e. break dormancy.

– Plant at the correct depth.                                                                                        (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

  1. two factors which determine the depth of planting

–      Soil type

–    The type of germination

  1. – Reduces leaching

–    Improve fertility of the soil after decomposition

 

  1. Area

Spacing

Tea population (10,000×2

1.5mx 0.75)                1

20,000m²

1.125m²                           1

= 17,777 plants

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

  1. Four reasons why training is important in some crops

 

  1. Four factors that influence the depth of planting are:

14.

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

  1. Four reasons why training is important in some crops
  1. Four factors that influence the depth of planting are:

17

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

  1. – Moisture content of soil
  1. Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are:
  1. two factors that effect rooting of cuttings in crop production

Seed inoculation

Seed inoculation

  1. Under sowing is the establishment of pasture under a cover crop usually maize while over sowing is the establishment of pasture legume in an existing grains pasture
  2. a) Stem cutting

b)

c)

 

25        a) (30 X 15) cm2  / 30cm X 15cm

b)

4M – 0.6 M   + 1

0.3M

3.4    +  1

0.3= 12 raws

  1. c) Plant population

3M – 0.6    +1

0.15

= 2.4    + 1

0.15

= 16 plants X 12 raws = 192 plants

  1. – Temperature;

– Relative humidity;

– Light intensity;

– Oxygen supply;

– Leaf area;

– Chemical treatment;

  1. Selection of mother plants (tea);

– Select healthy bushes/free of pests and diseases;

– Select high quality bushes;

– Select those which are high yielding;

– Select those with good rooting ability;

– select those which adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions;            (4×1=4mks)

Preparation of planting materials

Raising of tea seedlings in the nursery

  1. Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities;          (8×1=8mks)

29.

  1. (i) Seed inoculation;

(ii)Chitting;- Breaking of dormancy in Irish potatoes before planting

(iii) Tipping;- Removal of three leaves and a bud from each shoot above the required height of the

table in tea during plucking table formation / formation of a uniform and flat plucking table in tea.

  1. two advantages of producing crops by use of seeds over vegetative propaganda

Application of fertilizer/manure is easy and  can also be mechanized

  1. four ways of preparing planting materials before planting

Root trimming  as  in banana  or tree seedlings

CROP PRODUCTION III

NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

  1. three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

Notch grafting

  1. two practices done during hardening-off of seedlings in a nursery bed.

Gradual reduce of watering

  1. two methods of budding used in crop propagation (1mk)

 

  1. four management practices carried out on a nursery bed (2mks)
  1. Two importance of tissue culture in crop propagation

–     Soil moisture content improved

  1. – A nursery bed is a portion of land specially prepared to raise seedlings before transplanting while a seedling bed is a specially prepared portion of land for receiving pricked out seedlings from the nursery bed Mark as a whole (1 mk)
  2. Four advantages of under sowing in pasture production

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

  1. Four advantages of under sowing in pasture production

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

  1. (a) The structure is a nursery

(b) Reason for carrying out each of the following practices in the structure shown above is:-

(c) Three importance of the part labeled A in the above structure  (1/2 x 3= 1 ½ mk)

  1. a) – Sitting crop nursery

b)- Establishment

  1. b) Management practices
  1. State four importance of thinning seedlings in the nursery bed
  1. Seedling bed is where overcrowded seedlings from the nursery bed are transferred while

seedbed is the final land where planting materials are raised until they are ready for harvesting.

  1. a) two advantages of having the part labeled J
  1. b) Management practices carried out on the nursery from the time the seedlings emerge to stage of transplanting

 

CROP PRODUCTION IV

(FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)

  1. Staking is supporting tall varieties of tomatoes using a stick fixed next to the plant and tied with

sisal string while propping is supporting banana plant with sticks Mark as a whole= 1 mk

  1. five advantages of crop rotation
  1. four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested.

– Purpose of the crop / maturity.

– Moisture content.

– Concentration of certain chemicals.

– Water condition.

– Market demand.

  1. a) B.   –  Single stem pruning system.          (1×1=1mk)
  2. b) Identify the system of pruning in C.

– Multiple stem pruning system.        (1×1=1mk)

  1. c) Outline how pruning in diagram C is carries out.

– Main stem of the seedling is capped/ cut stem at 38 – 60 cm high.

– Two or three suckers are selected and allowed to grow while the rest are removed

  1. Two functions of earthling up in crop production

–    To prevent the greening effect in potatoes

  1. (a) The factors which determine the stage of harvesting of crops
  1. – Reduces runoff thus increasing amount of water into the soil

Reduces evaporation thus increasing the amount of water retained

  1. – Moisture content of soil
  1. i) To acclimatized the seedlings to direct light/ conditions in the seedbed
  2. ii) To avoid overcrowding and reduce competition for light.

iii) Produce healthy and strong seedling

  1. iv) To obtain correct plant population
  2. Two factors that determine the stage of harvesting crops are:-

11        a)    –   Weather condition

  1.  b)    –    Proper drying of produce

Use of rodent guards

  1. Enable controlling over bearing by ensuring required leave ratio

Give crop desired shape

(c) Which factors are considered when carrying out a crop rotation program?

  1. a) -Removing of chaffs by use of wind

b)i)-  Prevent erosion

  1. ii) – improve quality of grains by separating them from rest of plant (½ x1= ½ mks)
  2. c) – Root systems of crops

Susceptibility to pests, diseases or weeds

  1. a)This is support  given  to crops with  weak stem. So as to grow in the desired direction
  2. b) -Makes the plant to get enough sunlight to manufacture food i.e. prevent shading

-leads to more productivity

-reduced infections of diseases from the grounds

  1. (a) Some crops are harvested earlier e.g. maize for silage at silking stage while maize for grains when the grains are dry;

(b) A crop can be harvested earlier when the market demand is high;

  1. It is a farming practice that involves the removal and destruction of crop plants which are heavily

infested with pests and diseases from the field.

  1. It is the replacement of old bearing stems by suckers. The cycle is usually changed

after 4 – 6 years.

  1. a)- Earthening up
  2. b) Importance of the above practice
  3. i) Maize – provides support to prevent lodging
  4. ii) Irish potatoes – Improves tuber formation
  5. c) During second weeding
  6. Four factors which determine the stage at which crops are harvested
  1. Two limitation of using polythene sheets as mulching materials in a field of tomatoes Expensive

May overheat soil around  crop roots

  1. – suckering

-Pruning of leaves

-Propping

-Mulching

-Earthing up

  1. – Smothers weeds

-Regulate soil temperature

-Conserve moisture

  1. -passion fruits

-Deep rooted

-Nitrogen fixing

-Good by-products

– Friendly too crops / not affent crop

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION V

(VEGETABLES)

  1. a)three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above
  1.  b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried out

Easy movement in field                                                                             1x ½ = ½ mk

 

  1. c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field

Blossom – end rot

  1. the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
  2. a) Varieties
  1. b) Nursery establishment
  1. c) Field management practices

 

  1. two symptoms of late blight in tomatoes.

– Rapid drying of leaves.

– Brownish dry rots of fruits.

– Destruction / drying of the whole plant.

 

 

  1. four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market.

– Size i.e. large, medium, small.

– Degree of ripeness of fruit.

– Damage of tomatoes e.g. bruises on skin.

– Shape of the fruit.

  1. Two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions

–     Application of fungicides

  1. (a) The disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration

.Bacterial with (Pseudomonas solana cerum). ( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

(b) Any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above

(c) Two other factors which can lead to the same condition as shown by the illustration

(d) Two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above

–    Use of certified seeds

  1. -Enables efficient coverage of plant with chemicals

Remove branches touching the ground to avoid infection

 

  1. – Altitude – 900-2900 meters above sea level

–  Rainfall – well distributed throughout the growing period

– 750mm – 2000 mm per annum

– practice irrigation

– Soils – well drained

– Deep rich

– Slightly acidic PH of 6.5

  1. a)
  1. b) Lack of calcium

 

10

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH

(INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)

  1. four physical appearances to be observed in a sick animal
  1. two reasons why tsetse fly control is considered to be a land reclamation method
  1. a) Siting a fish pond
  2. i) Soil type- clay soil is the best
  3. ii) Topography – requires gentle slope not Lilly and flat

iii) Source of water – near reliable source

  1. iv) Marketing centre should be close
  2. v) Accessibility from the homestead
  3. vi) Security – protected against predators

vii) far from natural source of fish

b)

  1. a) four notifiable diseases in livestock   (4mks)
  1. b) Discuss four ways in which livestock disease are spread in the farm (4mks)
  1. c) the methods of controlling livestock disease giving an example of different disease in each case

 

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II

(LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

  1. Four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

Play part in hydrological cycle

 

  1. three objectives of land reforms that are taking place in Kenya

Increase land conservation and improvement

 

  1. two causes of land fragmentation in Kenya since independence.

– People buying pieces of land elsewhere.

– Compensation when the government takes pat of ones land for public use.

– Inheritance of land.

 

4  – Establishment of land ownership.

– Measurement of land size.

– Description of the land.

– Recording and mapping of the surveyed land.

– Solving objections if any.

– Submission of the maps and records to the district land office registration

  1. Four benefits of a farmer having land title deed
  1. Four reasons for practicing land consolidation are
  1. four advantages of communal land tenure system
  1. four advantages of landlordism and tenancy
  1. – Freedom to us eland by all members

– Promotes unity among members

– Promotes use of land according to general requirements of the community

11.

 

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

  1. Three human activities that may influence soil erosion

Over irrigation

  1. a)Cut off drain             1×1=1 mk

b)Collect water from uncultivated land and drain it into a water bay                     1×1=1 mk

c)Will be washed by water back to the trench, filling it then to cultivated land

  1.  d) four effects if water was allowed into the cultivated land

Soil washed will cover crops on the lower end of the farm

  1. two roles played by Grassley in soil erosion control (1mk)
  1. three materials that may be used for constructing a gabion.

– Wires.

– Stones.

– Concrete/ sand/ cement/ water/ ballast.

– Wood/ poles/ metal pegs/ rods.

  1. one factor that would determine the width and depth of a cut off drain.

– Expected volume of run – off.

– Bed rock / soil type.

  1. (a) – Reducing the speed of surface run-off – hence reducing the runoffs water erosive power.

– Trap soil from surface run-off/ filter out soil.

– Reduce the impact of rain drops on the soil thus reducing splash erosion.

– Grass holds soil particles together hence reducing soil erosion.

– Soil structure is improved by organic matter from grass thus rate of water infiltration increases.

Stage IV:         Filtration

Stage V:          Chlorination

Stage VI:         Storage

– The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.

  1. Four farming practices that help in reducing the effects of water shortage in crop production are:-          -Mulching

–     Contour cropping/Contour farming

  1.  – Fanya juu terraces

–    Fanya chini terraces

  1. The cultural methods of soil erosion control are:
  1. – Construction of dams

Observing government regulation on leaving a sizeable strip of an uncultivated land along

the river bank

  1. a) Bund
  2. b) It is constructed along the contours
  1. a) It is the process by which top soil is detached, removed and carried away from one place to

another place where it is not useful

  1. b) four types of water erosion
  1. c) factors which influence soil erosion
  1. d) seven cultural ways of controlling weeds

i)matching-matching smother weeds

ii)cover  cropping-cover  crop smother weeds

iii) Crop rotation-some weed only grow well when in association with certain crops

e.g.  Striga grow only where some cereal crops and sugar cane are growing .when

these crops are rotated with dicots, striga does not germinate

  1. iv) Timely planting-crops establish early before weeds thus smothering them
  2. v) use of clean seed/planting material-prevents the introduction of weeds to the form land
  3. vi) Proper spacing-helps to create little space for weed growth

vii) Clean seedbed-this starts off the crops on a clean bed so that they effectively compete

with weeds

viii) flooding-mainly practiced in  rice fields

  1. -Slow down surface run – off

-Filter soil particles from surface run off

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

 

  1. Oxalis (sorrel)

-(oxalis latifolia)

b)- The weed contain builbs i.e Elaborate  & extensive root system that support the plant.

– Because it has rhizomes.

  1. c) State the economic importance of the weed shown.

– Reduces yields of crops.

– Increases cost of production.

– It’s a livestock feed.

– Fixation of nitrogen.

  1. (a)Couch grass Digetaria Scalarum ( ½mk)

(b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

(c) One harmful effect of the weed on crop production

(d) Two measures used to control the wed

–    Physical removal of rhizomes

  1. i)- A-Double thorn (oxygonium sinuatum)

– B- Coach grass (Digiteria  scalarum)

  1.  ii)  – Lower the quality of produce

iii)  Weed B is difficult to control as it has underground rhizomes

  1.  iv)   Can be effectively controlled by use of chemicals
  2. Four methods of propagation which make weeds to have a high competitive ability over crops

Ability to remain viable in the soil for a long period of time

  1. Weed C – Nutgrass (Cyprus rotundus)

Weed D – Sow thistle (sonchus oleraceous)

  1. a) – Thorn apple
  1. b)     – Before flowering to avoid spread through seeds

– Early stage before spreading underground organs

It is not environmental friendly/ pollutes the environment

  1. a)

 

  1. b) – 10 – 15cm high

– 2 – 4 weeks after emergence

–     Some are legumes

  1. a) two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides
  1. specific examples of weeds describe their harmful effects in agricultural production

 

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

 

  1. two possible causes of swelling on the roots of legume crops

Nodulation/ nitrogen fixing bacteria

  1. the various cultural methods of controlling pests in crops
  1. What does the term close season mean in crop production?

– A period during when a particular crop is not supposed to grown in a given areas so as to

control   diseases and pests built up.

  1. – Use of clean planting materials.

– Timely planting.

– Proper seed bed preparation.

– Use of resistant crop varieties.

– Proper weed control/ destruction of alternate host.

– Observing field hygiene.

– Mulching.

– Use of  close season.

– Use of trap crops.

– Proper spacing.

– Timely harvesting.

– Use of crop rotation.

  1. Four symptoms of viral infections in plants

– Leaf curling

– Mosaics

– Malformation/distortions

– resetting (short internodes)

– Leaf chlorosis

(a)       B – American bollworm ½mk

C – Weaver bird ½mk

D – Mongoose bird     ½mk

(b)- Flooding with water

(c)    Fruits      ( ½ x 1 = ½mk)

  1. (b) The various practices carried out in the field to help control crop diseases

–     Proper nutrition to prevent deficiency

 

  1. – Some pesticides cause suffocation of pests by blocking respiratory surfaces

–    Some pesticides kill pests by destroying digestive system

  1. a) Cutworm
  2. b) – Cuts the stem causing lodging

– Reduce plant population

  1.  c) – Use of appropriate insecticides

Removing and killing it

  1. i) This is a situation in which pest population caused damage beyond tolerance
  2. ii) This is the use of combination of both chemical and cultural pest control methods
  3. four harmful effects of crop pests
  1. a)Potato blight
  2. b) (i) Pythophthora infestants
  3. ii) dry patches i.e. necrotic lessiory on leaves and fruits
  1. c) spraying with copper fungicides
  1. (a) – Anthracnose of Bananas / Banane anthrancnose;(1×1=1mk)

(b) – Spray with (appropriate) fungicide

– Plant resistant varieties

  1. a)- Mouse bird
  2. b) – Destroys grains in records

– Destroys fruits e.g. tomatoes

16.

  1. four cultural practices used in controlling crop pests

Field  hygiene

  1. three symptoms of coffee berry disease.
  1. (a) M – hedgehog N- Squirrel      P – Rat

(b) M – Use dogs

N- eat germinating maize/bean seedling

– timely planting

 

CROP PRODUCTION VI

FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA

  1. four management practices carried out in maize field at 45cm high
  1. To prevent contamination of the cotton by the sisal strings
  2. (i)             (a) Land preparation

 

(b) Water control

 

(c) Fertilizer application

Sulphate of Ammonia is applied in the nursery before sowing

 

(d) Weed control

(ii) The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

Seedbed preparation

Planting – Early planting/ plant at onset of rains

 Weeding- Uproot weeds

 Pest control

Disease control- Uprooting and burning affected crop/rogueing

-Use appropriate chemicals

-Crop rotation

-Field hygiene

Harvesting      –Harvested after 4-6 months depending on variety and ecological time

– Harvested when dry 14-20 % moisture content

– Stalk, are cut and stoked in the field

– Cabs are removed by hand

 

  1. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

  1. a) – Maize varieties
  1. b) Planting
  1. c) Pest and pest control

Pests 5x ½ = 2 ½

Control 5x ½ = 2 ½

  1. d) – Harvesting and storage

Can be stored in bags

  1. a) Ecological requirement (3mks)
  2. i) Altitude 0-2200m above sea level
  3. ii) SOU- fertile alluvial or loam soil well drained

iii) temperature-moderate

  1. iv) rainfall-moderate

v)PH-neutral or alkaline

  1. b) Varieties (3mks)
  1. c) Seedbed preparation (5mks)

 

 

  1. d) Pests and diseases (3mks)

 

PEST CONTROL
Maize stalk borer
  • Early planting
  • rogueing
  • Burning infected maize crops
  • Use of pesticides
Army warm
  • Dusting with appropriate chemicals
aphids
  • Spraying using suitable  insecticides
birds
  • Scared  away
Maize weevil
  • Dusting maize comb or shelled  maize with  appropriate chemical
  • Proper  storage hygiene
rats
  • Use  of rat  proof  stores, cats, traps
  • Bush  clearing around stores
                       (1×4=4mks)
DISEASES CONTROL
White  leaf blight
  • Planting resistant variety
Maize streak
  • Early planting
  • Use of resistant  varieties
  • rogueing
rust Planting resistant variety
smut   Crop rotation
                         (2×1=2mks)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. e) Harvesting

Properly followed by removal of the combs which are stoked   in the store

  1. a) Harvesting of cotton
  1. b) The role of Agricultural Co-operatives in Kenya
  1. Field production of maize under the following sub-headings
  2. a) Ecological requirements

– Altitude (0 – 2200) m above sea level

– Temperatures 23 – 27c

– Rainfall 750mm-1250mm

– Soils, fertile, well drained PH 7 -8

  1. b) Field preparations

– Done during the dry season

– Disc, mold board ploughing to a depth of 20cm

– Disk harrowing to break the soil clods to a medium tilth

–  Ridging done at spacing of 75cm apart

  1. c) Planting and field management

– Seeds placed in the ferrous at a spacing of 30cm and covered with soil mixed with DAP

– Gapping, thinning done depending on germination percentage

– Clean weeding done after every 4 weeks interval.

– Top dressing done at interval i.e. 1st done with CAN when the crop is knee high, 2nd when the

crop is tussling

  1. d) Pests and disease control

– Spraying the crop with fungicides (head smut control)

– Uprooting fully infected crops and burning them

– Spraying the crop with insecticides and dusty the base of the leaves (control stalk borer)

– Field hygiene

  1. e) Harvesting and marketing

–  Hand harvested by plucking the cobs/ or machine harvested

– Shelled, dusted for storage pests and packed

– Delivered to millers consumers

– Delivered to national cereals and produce board

  1. Give two precautions measures a farmer should put into consideration when harvesting *RCH*

Avoid using  gunning bags

  1. (a) – Rainfall that is well distributed

Well drained fertile soils

Neutral soils

Warm temperatures

(b)       Clear the land/vegetation plought to appropriate tilth

Levelise for uniform planting

(c)       – Make holes 45 x  15cm

– put in 1 teas spoonful of DAP and cover with soils lightly

– Put I seed per hole and cover with soil when soils are moist

(d)pests           – Been aphids

Been brachids

American ball worm

Golden ring month

Hens at flowering stage

Control – spray using appropriate pesticide e.g diazinol

 

 

FORAGE CROPS

  1. three factors which affects the quality of standing forage given to livestock

Mode of feeding

  1. i) Seedbed preparation
  1.  ii) Planting

iii) Fertilizer application

  1.  iv) Weed control
  1. v) Utilization
  1. to reduce moisture content √ which can lead to  rotting  instead of formation  during   ensiling
  2. (a) – Harrow the land to a fine filth;

– Harrow during the dry or before the rains;

– Make the seed be weed – free / ensure clean seed bed;

– Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing;

– Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,;

– Sow seeds at the onset rains/ early planting;

– Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 – 300 kgs/ ha at planting time;

– Drill or broadcast  the seeds evenly;

– Use a recommended seed rate for the variety / seed rate of 1.5 – 2.0 kh/ha pure seeds;

– Bury seeds at 2 ½ times their diameter;

– Control weeds by uprooting/ apply a suitable herbicide;

– Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application.

– Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young.

– Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment.            (10 x 1 = 10 mk)

  1. Two causes of failure in pasture establishment

–     Pest and disease attacks

  1. – High nutritive value

Economy in use of nitrogen fertilizers

  1. four factors that determine the quality of hay
  1. a) Altitude           – High altitude

– 2000 m above sea level

Soils                – well drained

– deep fertile

Rainfall           High rainfall above 900mm per annum

Well distributed throughout the growing period

b)

 

  1. – Establishment from stem cutting or splits or seeds makes furrows at a spacing 1m apart. Plant the grass 0.5m apart within the rows. Holes may also be used

Planting is done on the onset of long rains

Phosphate fertilizers are used as planting fertilizers

DAP fertilizer is applied at the rate of 100 – 150kg/ ha

Organic manure is applied at the rate 10 tones/ ha

 

d)

Utilization – chopped and fed to livestock as green fodder

Detoliation – can be harvested when it is over 8 – 12 weeks

 

ii)

  1. – Weather conditions during dry process;

-Length of the drying period

– Stage of growth at harvesting time/leaf-stem ratio of the plant species;

– Species of the hay crop;

– Storage facilities/method of storage;

– Period of storage

– Disease and pest attack on the crop;

– Fertility of the soil;

  1. (a) (i) Preparation of farm yard manure:-

(ii) Preparation of Hay

(b) Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities;          (8×1=8mks)

  1. (a)It is the constant removal of the steruny fibrous material left behind after continuous grazing

(b) -Done by slashing the whole pasture to the base, leaving only the maintenance forage.

– Burning is also done.

  1. two advantages of grass-legume pasture over pure grass pasture

-to feed animals during the dry seasons

– forage species used

-Stage of harvesting / leaf to stem ratio

-Length of drying period

-Weather conditions

-Storage conditions

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III

(PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

  1. four ways of increasing labour efficiency on the farm

 

  1. a) graph representing the total egg production per week.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. b) – Increasing returns production function.
  2. (a) – Help to determine the value of the farm/ determine assets and liabilities.

– Provide history of the farm.

– Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields.

– Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm.

– Assists when sharing losses or profits (dividends)for communal owned farms/ partnership.

– Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs.

– Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft.

– Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.

– Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.

– Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation.

– Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information

helps in obtaining credit.                                                                                     (10 x 1 = 10 mks)

(b) – Training worker e.g. in F.T.C’s, during field days, Agricultural shows, through

demonstrations and workshops.

(c) – Establishment of land ownership.

– Measurement of land size.

– Description of the land.

– Recording and mapping of the surveyed land.

– Solving objections if any.

– Submission of the maps and records to the district land office registration

  1. Three types of agricultural services available to the farmer

–     Veterinary

  1. Four management guideline questions which assist a farm manager in making accurate

farm decisions

–    For whom to produce?

  1. – Training

Assign specific tasks

  1.  – Fertilizers                – Seeds
  1. – Banking

Tractor hire service

  1. (a) Is the sum total of goods and services produced by a country within a period of one year (b) -Per capital income: Is the gross national income divided by the number of people living

in a country

  1. -Diversification- Setting up several and different enterprises on the farm. If one fails the

farmer cannot  incur total loss.

  1. Application of fertilizer
Input 50kg bag fertilizer Out put 90kg bag maize Average product (AP) Marginal product (MP)
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 6

10

24

31

36

40

43

43

40

 –

10

12

10.33

9

8

7.18

6.14

5

 0

4

14

7

5

4

3

0

-3

(ii) The best level of production in relation to the inputs and out put is level 3

(b) (i) Gross margins for the crops

(i) Maize

Value of maize/incomve 5,500 x 15 = 82,500/=   (1mk)
Cost of labour      50x 150 = 7,500/=   (1mk)
Cost of cultivation /ha 1 x 3,000 =    3,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of seed 25 x 100  =    2,500/=    (1mk)
Cost of DAP fertilizer 3 x 1,500 =    4,500/=   (1mk)
Cost of C.AN fertilizer 3 x 1000 =     3,000/=    (1mk)
Total variable costs                     20,500/=    (1mk)
GM for maize 82,500 – 20,500 = 62,000 (1mk)

(ii) Beans

Value of beans/income 5,000 x 500 = 250,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of labour      75 x 200 = 15,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of cultivation /ha 1 x 3,600 =    3,600/=   (1mk)
Cost of seed 20 x 80  =    1,600/=    (1mk)
Cost of DAP fertilizer 2 x 1,500 =    3,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of C.AN fertilizer 1 x 1000 =     1,000/=    (1mk)
Total variable costs                     27,200/=    (1mk)
GM for beans 250,000 – 27,200 = 222,800 (1mk)

 

(b) (ii) The crop which is profitable from the calculation is that :   (1mk)

  1. a) ZONE I

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize increased at an increasing

rate because the fertilizer resources are underutilized Ö1                          (1×2=2 mks)

ZONE II

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize increased at a decreasing

rate because the resources are used to the maximumÖ1                             (1×2=2 mks)

ZONE III

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize decreases because

the fertilizer/ resources are excessively appliedÖ1                                                (1×2=2 mks)

  1. b) ZONE II
  2. Give four variable costs in maize production

 

ITEM QUANTITY NO. OF UNITS COST  PER UNIT TOTAL      VARIABLES

COST
Weeding

Seeds

Irrigation

Ploughing

Clearing land

Planting

Harvesting

DAP fertilizer

DAN fertilizer

Gunning bags

transport

 –

20kg

–

–

–

–

–

2bags

2bags

32

–

 –

2

2ha

2ha

–

2ha

2ha

2

2

32

–

 –

300

600

500

–

400

1 200

10 000

700

40

–

 800                   00

600                   00

1200                 00

1000                 00

1200                 00

800                   00

2400                 00

20 000              00

1400                 00

1280                 00

2000                 00
Total variable cost 32 680              00
income 32bags 1200 38 400              00

 

Gross margin=total revenue-total variable cost

= 38400-32680  = 5720.00

 

  1. a) i)  Gross margins for the crops

 

Value of maize/ income 55000 X 15 = 82500 1 mark
Cost of labour 50 X 150 = 7500 1 mark
Cost of cultivation/ ha 1 X 3000 = 3000 1 mark
Cost of seed 25 X 100 = 2500 1 mark
Cost of DAP fertilizer 3 X 1500 = 4500 1 mark
Cost of CAN fertilizer 3 X 1000 = 3000 1 mark
Total variable costs                    20500 1 mark
GM for maize 82500- 20500 = 62000 1 mark

 

 

 

 

  1. ii) Beans
Value of beans/ income 5000 X 500 = 250000 1 mark
Cost of labour 75 X 200 = 15000 1 mark
Cost of cultivation/ ha 1 X 3600 = 3600 1 mark
Cost of seed 20 X 80 = 1600 1 mark
Cost of DAP fertilizer 2 X 1500 = 3000 1 mark
Cost of CAN fertilizer 1 X 1000 = 1000 1 mark
Cost of sprays                     3000 1 mark
Total variable costs                    27200 1 mark
GM for beans  250000 – 27200 = 222800 1 mark

iii) It is more profitable to grow beans than maize 1 mark

b)

  1. – The farmer should grow groundnuts;

– The crop has a higher gross margin than cotton;

  1. – The farmer may be able to estimate the required production resource e.g labour capital e.t.c

– Assists farmer when e.g. labour capital etc

– Assists farmer in making management decisions;

– Helps to reduce uncertainties in the production process;

– Shows progress or lock of progress in farm business;

  1. (a) (i) See the graph paper

(ii) 56 bags;    (1×1=1mk)

(b) Table – (    16x ½ =8mks)

Year Fertilizer applied (bags) Maize output (bgs) Marginal  product Average product
1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

202

2003

 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

 4

10

28

42

52

60

66

66

64

 –

6

18

14

10

8

6

0

-2

 –

5

7

7

6.5

6

5.5

4.7

4

(c) (i) 4 bags (1×1=1mk)

(ii) MP is maximum;           AP is maximum;           (2×1=2mks)

(d) Gross income = Total output x price per unit

in 2002  66 x 1000 = 66000/=            (1×1=1mk

in 2003: 64 x 1000 = 64000/=            (1×1=1mk)

(ii) Net income = Total income – Total cost

in 1999: Total income was 52 x 1000 = 52000/=

total cost was 8 x 1200 = 9,600/=

Hence 5200/= – 9600; (1mk)

= Shs. 42,400/=           (1mk)

 

 

21.

 

22.

  1. three ways in which labour peaks can be overcome in the farm

Work study to devise new techniques of  doing  work more  quickly and   efficient

24        . – training

-giving incentives/motivation

-farm mechanization

-labour

  1. (a) 1000kg of NAP con 46kg P2O5S

150 x 100 – 150

50

300kg of DAP per hectar

1ha = 300kg of DAP

5ha x 300

1                      = 1500g of DAP

1 bag = 50kg

1500 x 1 = 1500kg

50        = 30bags pf DAP

N/B Approximation = 3obags

 

CAN

100kg contain 20kg of price N

200x 100 = 200kg

30                    = 1000kg

I ha = 1000kg

5ha = 1000 x 5 = 5000kg

1bag = 50kg

5000 x 1 = 5000kg

50

= 100bags of CAN

 

 

(b) (i) – cross margin is variable cost – total revenue

Gross margin of irish potatoes

Cost of fert = shs 10000 x 5 = 50000

Cost labour requirement = 50 x 200 x 5 = 50,000

Cost of seed potatoes 20,000 x 5 = 100000

Cost of fungicides 5000 x 5 = 25000

Cost of ploughing 400 x 5 = 50,000

Total variable cost shs.145,000

Total revenue = shs.50,000 x 50 = shs.1,500,00

Gross margin shs. 1,500,000 – shs.145,000 =shs.1,255,100

 

(i)                    Maize

Cost of fert. shs 10000 x 5 = shs.50000

Cost of fert. shs. 4800 x 5 = shs.24000

Cost of maize seed shs.3000 x 5 = shs.15000

Cost f labour shs.200 x 150x 5 = shs.150000

Cost of ploughing shs.4000 x 5 = shs.20000

Total cost                          = shs.259000

Revenue 750000 X 5 X 20= Shs.750000

Gross margin   = 750000

– 259000

Shs.481000

(ii)He should grow potatoes

– pests

Diseases

Unreliable rainfall

Change in temperature

Strong wind

Light aspect

Infertile soils

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV

  1. three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

Notch grafting

  1. a) i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending

31st December 2003                                                                                                        (9mks)

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR MR. TEMBO√

FARM FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DEC 2003

Sales and receipts
                                                     sh         cts
Opening stock√

Purchase of farm tools√

Zero grazing unit construction√

Machinery depreciation√

Interest payable √

Pesticide  purchase√

Veterinary  bills √

wages √

 

TOTAL

net profits √

 

 12000   00

1000    00

10000   00

800    00

750    00

300    00

400    00

4800    00

 

30050   00

9300  00

 Milk sale√

Sale  of goats√

Cabbage sale√

Sale of heifers√

Sale of tea√

Closing valuation√

 8000         00

500       00

750       00

9400         00

4700         00

16000    00

 

 

 

39350         00

 

 

 

 
39 350   00 39 350√    00

 

  1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm (1mk)

%profit=profit x 100

Total income

=9300 x 100

39350           = 23.6%

  1. b) five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
  1. ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming
  1. four reasons for using certified seeds for planting
  1. two financial statements which may be prepared on a farm.

– Balance sheet.

– Cash analysis.

– Profit and Loss Account.

  1. (a) Profit and loss A/C for Langat’s farm for the year ending 31st December, 2004

 

Purchases & Expenses Shs. Cts Sales & receipts Shs. Cts
Opening  valuation

Goats

Poultry

Casual worker

Subtotal

Net profit

 150000

4000

15000

12000

181000

112600

 00

00

00

00

00

00

 Mohair

Rabbits

Eggs to hotel

Closing valuation

 75000

3600

15000

200000

 00

00

00

00

 
Total 293,600 293,600

Awarding:-

–  Title (½mk)

– (Purchases & expenses and sales & receipts) ½mk

– Entries each ½ x 10 (5mks)

 

(b) State the benefit of a profit and loss A/C to Mr. Lang’at

–   Acts as evidence when a farmer requires a loan

  1. a) – Invoice

 

 

  1. b) ROBS,

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

AS AT 31ST DEC, 2009

Purchases and expenses√ ½ mk Sales and receipt√ ½ mk
Opening stock                150,000

Vetenary bills                       2500

Livestock feeds                     2500

Fertilizer                              5000

Seeds                                   4000

Debts payable                       4200

TOTAL    √ ½ mk                168000   Profit   √ 1 mk                       94,800

 

263000

 

 

 Sale of milk                                             10,000

Sale of cabbages                                       20,000

Sale of two heifers                                     10,000

Sale of tomatoes                                            3000

Debts available                                            20,000

Closing valuation                                        200,000

√ ½ mk                     263,000

√ 1 mk                            263,000

( ½ mk each entry 6 mks)

Total 10 mks

.

  1. c) It made profit

Profit ksh. 94,800√ 1 mk

% profit= profit   x 100

Opening Valuation

 94,800×100

150,000

= 63.2%√ 1 mk

 

  1. d) -Diversification- Setting up several and different enterprises on the farm. If one fails the

farmer cannot  incur total loss.

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) i) profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31st Dec. 2003

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR MR. TEMBO√

FARM FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DEC 2003

 

Purchases and expenses Sales and receipts
                                                     sh         cts
Opening stock√

Purchase of farm tools√

Zero grazing unit construction√

Machinery depreciation√

Interest payable √

Pesticide  purchase√

Veterinary  bills √

wages √

 

TOTAL      net profits √

 

 12000   00

1001    00

10000   00

801    00

751    00

301    00

401    00

4801    00

 

30050   00

9300  00

 Milk sale√

Sale  of goats√

Cabbage sale√

Sale of heifers√

Sale of tea√

Closing valuation√

 8001         00

501       00

751       00

9401         00

4701         00

16000    00

 

 

 

39350         00

 

 

 

 
39 350   00 39 350√    00
  1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm (1mk)

%profit=profit x 100

Total income

=9300 x 100

39350

= 23.6%

 

  1. b) five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
  1. ii) five common risks and uncertainties in farming
    • Risks and uncertainties
    • pest and diseases outbreak
    • price fluctuation
    • sickness and injury
    • natural catastrophes e.g. Floods, earth quakes ,storm ,strong  wind
    • new technologies of  production
    • ownership uncertainty
    • physical yield on  what is expected

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Prepare a balance sheet s at 31.12.2005

BIDII FARM BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31.12.2005

LIABILITIES                           SHS                 CTS

Current liabilities

Overdraft                      15000                 00

Unpaid wage                3000                  00

Long term liabilities

Bank l                           30000                 00

Net worth                 897000                   00

 

 945000                    00

 

 ASSETS                           SHS                 CTS

Current assets

Debt receivable                 20000                 0

Stocks                               25000                 00

Bank balance                 100000                 00

Fixed assets

Perennial crops               250000                00

Land                              350000                 00

Livestock                        200000                00

 945000                  00

 

  1. b) Yes it qualified for a loan because it was solvent i.e. has more assets than liabilities
  2. one condition in which each of the following documents is used.
  3. i) Invoice –when  goods //services are sold /bought  on credit
  4.  ii) Delivery note-when goods are  physically  delivered  to the buyer

iii) Receipt-when goods/services are bought or rendered on cash

  1. i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Okello’s farm

profit  and loss A/C  for Mrs.Okello’s farm  for the  year ending 31/12/2009

Purchase  and  expenses Sales and receipts
Opening valuation                      12000    00

Pesticides                                     3000     00

Construction  of  store                 10000    00

Depreciation  of  machines            3000   00

Interest payable                                1750   00

Purchase  of  tools                              800    00

Veterinary  bills   1                           400

Wages  10,000

 

Net profit         3800

 

 Milk sales         8000

Sales  of  goats  5000

Sales of tomatoes 1750

Sales  of  heifer     10 000

Sales of coffee 5000

Closing valuation  16000

 

 

 

 

 
                                    45750                          45750

 

Award  of  marks        Title -1mk

Purchases and expenses  side -1mk

Sales and receipt sales-1mk

Net profit – 1mk

Both totals-1mk  (5×1=5mks)

Each of the correct  entries in purchase and expenses  and sales and receipt sides (14x ½ =7mks)

  1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss that Mrs. Okello made during the year 2009

3800 x100√1

45750

= 8.3%√1

iii) six ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties in farming

selecting more certain   enterprises-engage in enterprises  with  more surerity  of success i.e. artificial insemination as opposed to natural insernimation (any 6×1=6mks)

  1. – Bank overdraft

-Bank loans

-Debts payable

-Tax payable

-rent

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)

  1. a) the principle that govern the  operations of farmers’  co-operative societies
  1. b) the role of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya
  1. c) various functions of agricultural marketing
  1.  d) Explain five problems farmers face in marketing agricultural products
  1. a) four marketing functions (4mks)
  1. b) Outline four problems associated with marketing of agricultural products. (4mks)
  1. Two roles of agricultural society of Kenya

–     Promotes the agricultural industry

–    Encourage breeding and importation of pure breed stock

  1. (a) Elasticity of demand for a commodity is the degree of responsiveness of demand to price

OR – The sensitivity of demand to change in price  (1mk) (mark as a whole)

Pmk

(b) Calculation of  the elasticity of demand:-                                                                                   (4mks)

Elasticity of demand = % D Quantity

% D price

% DQuantity = Change in quantity x 100

Pmk

Quantity

=  (1000 – 800 ) x 100 = 25%

800

% DPrice= Change in price x 100

Pmk

price

= (20- 22) x 100 = 9%

Pmk

22

Ed = 25 = 2.8

9

(c) Six problems of marketing maize as an agricultural product

 

 

(d)  Nine principles governing cooperatives in Kenya

–    Non-profit motive – cooperatives are non-profit making organizations

  1. Four reasons why training is important in some crops

6 .        a) – Buying and assembling – acquisitions from small scale farmers and accumulate

  1. b)   – Marketing problems of agri products
  1. Is the degree of responsiveness of supply to change in price
  2. – Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs

Fixes prices of the related products

  1. b) The role of Agricultural Co-operatives in Kenya
  1. Law of demand – when the price of a good or service is low, many consumers are able and willing to

buy it and vice versa

  1. (i) K.N.F.U – Kenya National Farmers Union

(ii) H.C.D.A – Horticultural Crops Development Authority

  1. a)- It is an organization of people who have joined together voluntarily with a common purpose

for  a mutual economic benefit

  1. b) Two functions of co-operatives

– Marketing farmers produce

– Negotiating for fair prices for farmers produce and also for Inputs

– Keeping records of the co-operative activities and informing the members accordingly

– Paying dividends to the members

– Giving loans in hand to the members

– Educating the members on matters relevant to their co-operative through field days,

seminars, workshops and demonstrations

  1. c) – Open and voluntary membership: Rights of anybody who fulfills the conditions set out by the

laws of co-operative society

  1. four factors which influenced the demand of tomatoes in the market

 

 

 

AGROFORESTRY

  1. two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting

Control pests and diseases

  1. four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

Play part in hydrological cycle

  1. four advantages of agro forestry
  1. (a) A – Pollarding technique (½mk)

B – Coppicing (½mk)

(b) An example of a tree species suitable for technique B and C as a method of harvesting     B

(i) Calliandra              calothyrus

(ii) Markahmia           lutea

(iii) Psidum                guajava

(iv) Croton                  macrostachyus                        ( ½ x 1 = ½mk)

C (i) – Grevillea          robusta

– Calliandra     calothyrsus

– Croton           cacrostachyus ( ½ x 1= ½mk)

  1. -Deep rooted

Good in by product production

  1. (a) Five characteristics of trees used in agroforestry are;

(b) The benefits of agroforestry are:

  1. four forms of agro- forestry

Used as a method of soil and water conservation

  1. – Border//edge grow
  1. – fast growth

-Deep rooted

-Nitrogen fixing

-Good by-products

– Friendly to crops/not affent crop

 

 

PAPER ONE AND TWO

SECTION II QUESTIONS

 

FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

 

There are five categories of farm tools and equipment namely:

 

It is very important to identify the farm tools and equipment, give the correct users and      maintenance practices.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the require concepts and practices:

 

  1. List four maintenance practice carried out on a cross-cut saw
  2. Identify the following tools and state their functions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Identify A, B, C, D

  1. Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Identify the equipment represented by the illustration
  2. ii) What is the use of the equipment?

iii) Name the parts labeled A and B

  1. iv) What is the function of the part labeled A and B
  2. What is the use of a garden fork?
  3. Name the tool that a builder would use to check the vertical straightness of a wall during

construction

  1. Name the farm tool that can be used when removing nails from timber
  2. Give two examples of equipment that a livestock farmer can use in administering oral

anti helminthes

  1. Below are farm tools, study them and answer
O………………………………………
……………………………….

the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the tools L, M, N, O

(b) Give one functional advantage of tool M over tool N   

  1. Name a tool used to perform the following functions on the farm;

(i) Drilling of small holes on metal

(ii) Bore holes on wood

  1. State the common faults in the operation of Knapsack spray
  2. (a) Name the three tools in castration of livestock
  3. Name the most appropriate set of animal handling tools that a farmer uses for the following operations:-

(i) Restraining a large bull when taking it around the show ring

(ii) Cutting tail in sheep

  1. a) Below are illustrations of  farm tools

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) State the use of the tools
  2. ii) Name the type of hammer that may be used for driving tool K during work

 

  1. b) Given below is an illustration of one of the routine management practices in livestock

Production.

Study the diagram and answer the following questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Name the practice indicated in the diagram above
  2. ii) Describe the procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named

in (i) above in piglets

 

  1. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Identify the tools
  2. ii) Give the use of each of the tools named above

iii) State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on tool D

  1. List two equipments used in handling cattle during an Agricultural exhibition
  2. Mention the use of the following tools.
  3. i) Dibber
  4. ii) Spokeshaves

iii) Tinsnips

  1. iv) Burdizzo

 

  1. List four precautions that should be taken when using workshop tools and equipment.
  2. i) Below is an illustration of a farm equipment. Study it and answer questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the farm equipment illustrated above                                                                                          b) What is the use of the equipment                                                                                                              c) Name the parts labelled W, X and
  2. d) What is the functions of Y on the equipment
  3. Use the diagram below to answer questions which follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Identify the above diagram
  2. ii) Name the parts labelled A and B

 

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I

COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the re1quired concepts and practices:

  1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm
  2. State four advantages of applying lime in clay soil
  3. State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
  4. Give two distinguishing features between the following breeds of rabbits; Kenya white

and California white

  1. Give four reasons why most farmers keep livestock in Kenya
  2. Give three ideal conformation features of beef cattle
  3. (i) Name a dual purpose cattle breed reared in Kenya
  4. ii) State three uses of a rotavator
  5. Name a pig breed with the following features:

White body colour, erect ears, dished snout, big in body size

  1. What does the term ‘epistasis’ mean in livestock improvement?
  2. (a) Explain the role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy

(b) Outline the general characteristics of indigenous cattle

  1. Below is a diagram of a cattle. Study it an answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) What type of animal is represented above?

(ii) If you stand at a point marked X, state five characteristics that tells you that the animal belong

to type name in (i) above?

(iii) State three areas on the body of a cow where ticks are commonly found

  1. Name four breeds of dairy goats
  2. List two distinguishing characteristics of Californian breed of rabbit
  3. Name the common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya
  4. Name four dairy cattle breeds reared in Kenya.
  5. Differentiate between ‘breed’ of animal and ‘type’ of animal.

17        Name the camel breed that is adapted to cooler regions and has a woolly body covering

  1. State any two channels through which beef is marketed in Kenya.

 

 

(LIVESTOCK HEALTH II

(LIVESTOCK PARASITES )

 

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

  1. Name two chemical methods used in deworming cattle
  2. a) state six  effects  of parasites
  3. b) Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium species of tapeworm
  4. c) State four control measures of the tapeworm
  5. Give two functions of calcium in dairy cows
  6. Give two control measures of fleas in a flock of sheep
  7. Give two measures a poultry farmer can use to control fleas in flock
  8. State two reasons why drenching alone is not an effective method of controlling internal parasites
  9. Give two forms in which a tape worm is found in livestock
  10. Below are diagrams showing different types of internal parasites. Study them carefully and

answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the parasites K & M
  2. b) Identify the parts labelled
  3. c) Name the organs where each parasites is found
  4. d) Give the intermediate host of parasite M
  5. Give any two effects of external parasites that are harmful to livestock
  6. Outline the procedure followed when hand-spraying cattle to ensure effective use of acaricides

to control ticks

11        a) A boar gained 90Kg live weight after eating 360Kg pig finisher meal over a period of

time. Calculate the feed conversion ratio

  1. b) Describe digestion in the four stomachs of the ruminant animal
  2. c) Give the significance of lubrication system
  3. State four ways of controlling tsetseflies
  4. Name two types of roughages
  5. Name the common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya
  6. Why are the element calcium and phosphorus important in the diet of young livestock?

16        Give two parasites of cattle which are also disease vectors

17        Give three control measures of fleas in a flock of layers

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices;

 

  1. Give two ways by which production ration may be utilized by dairy goats
  2. Given that the livestock reared require a ration of 18% DCP and the farmer has maize bran of

10% DCP and sunflower meal of 30% DCP. Use Pearson’s square method to calculate how

much of the feedstuffs a 150kg rations

  1. State the importance of the following in livestock nutrition: i) Water                                                                                                                                                        ii) Vitamin A
  2. Name the compartment of the ruminant stomach where microbial digestion takes place.
  3. i) A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

method to calculate the value  of feedstuffs  to be used to prepare 100kgs  of the feed

  1. ii) A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

  1. (a) Define the term ration as used in livestock nutrition

(b) A farmer wanted to prepare a 200kg of pig’s ration containing 16% D.C.P. Using the persons

square method, calculate the amount of maize containing 10% D.C.P and cotton seed

containing              28% D.C.P the farmer would need to prepare the ration (show your work)

  1. Give two livestock feed additives
  2. State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle
  3. State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(SELECTION AND BREEDING)

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

  1. State four ways of minimizing disowning of lambs by ewes
  2. State the gestation period of the following farm animals
  3.  i) Pigs
  4. ii) Rabbits
  5. i) What is selection in live stock production
  6. ii) State three methods used in selection of livestock
  7. Give four signs of heat observed on female rabbit
  8. Name four meat breeds of rabbits
  9. State four reasons for cutting a breeding boar
  10. List the methods of selection in livestock
  11. Define the following terms as used in livestock breeding
  12. i) Heterosis
  13. ii) Epistasis
  14. State three signs of heat in Does (Female Rabbits)
  15. Give the gestation period of the following:
  16. i) Cow
  17. ii) Sow
  18. State three disadvantages of natural methods of mating in cattle breeding
  19. a) Explain the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers
  20. b) Outline ten factors considered when selecting dairy cattle for breeding
  21. What is upgrading as used in livestock production?
  22. Define the word breech of birth as used in livestock production
  23. What does the term “drift lambing’ mean in livestock production?

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV

(LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES)

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Give four reasons of carrying out crutching sheep management
  2. Name two ways a farmer can perform closed methods of castration on his male livestock
  3. Below is a diagram of a farm animal. Study the diagram carefully and then answer the questions

that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) On the drawing, mark the letters indicated in brackets the part of the animal where:
  2. i) Branding should take place (B)
  3.       ii) Vaccination should be carried out (V)

iii) Body temperature of the animal should be taken (BT)

  1.       iv) Mastitis infection may occur (M)
  2. b) Name three areas of the animal body where ticks are likely to be found
  3. c) Name the parts of the animal numbered 1-4

 

  1. a) What is castration as used in livestock production?
  2.  b) State four reasons why castration is done in livestock
  3. (a) Describe the management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

(b) Discuss the preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks

  1. Outline two reasons for raddling in sheep management
  2. State any four reasons for castrating male piglets
  3. What are the methods of stocking bees? Give two.
  4. State two ways that show how good feeding help to control livestock diseases
  5. Name any two recommended methods of docking lambs
  6. State three disadvantages of inbreeding
  7. State four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe
  8. (a) Describe the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

surgical  method

(b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm

(ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a

fish pond

  1. Give three types of bees found in a bee colony
  2. List three methods of castrating farm
  3. Outline the routine management practices of piglets from the 1st day to the 8th week
  4. List three types of calf pens
  5. State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service
  6. List three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production
  7. State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm
  8. Name three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bees
  9. List three common methods of extracting honey from the combs
  10. a)The illustration below shows a method  of  identifying pigs, study  the diagram  and answer the questions  that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) On the diagram A provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A

 

 

 

 

  1. ii) What is the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be

carried out?

iii) State any three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig

production

  1. b) Below are illustrations showing the various parts of the Kenya top bar hive. Use the illustration

to answer the question that follow

D

 

C

 

 

 

 

 

B

 

 

 

  1. i) label the parts B ,C and D                                                                                                                       
  2. ii) How can a farmer attract bees to colonize a new hive?

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

  1. a) Below are illustrations of  farm tools
E
G
F
H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. ii) State the use of the tools

iii) Name the type of hammer that may be used for driving tool F during work                                         b) Given below is an illustration of one of the routine management practices in livestock

production.

Study the diagram and answer the following questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Name the practice indicated in the diagram above
  2. ii) Describe the procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named

in (i) above in piglets

  1. a) State and explain four advantages of  age  grouping farm animals as a management  practice
  2. b) Explain four major causes of lamb mortality from birth to weaning
  3. c) Describe brucellosis under the following sub headings

i)Cause

  1. ii) Transmission

iii) Symptoms

  1. iv) Control measures
  2. a) Explain the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers
  3. Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
  4. (a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

(b) State four methods of dehorning livestock

  1. (a) What is steaming up in livestock production?

(b) Give two reasons why the practice is important in pig rearing

  1. State four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain

maximum fish production.

  1. List four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

 

  1. Study the diagram of a cow below and answer the subsequent questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Identify the livestock equipment marked E above
  2. ii) State two uses of the equipment in 17(i) above

iii) Name the two types of identification marks applied on the animal above

  1. iv) Show with an arrow and mark with letter P where pye-grease acaricide should be applied

on the anima1

  1. v) Give one disadvantage for each of the identification marks made on the animal

 

Identification  marks  Disadvantage
A
B

 

  1. a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of farrowing
  2.  b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.

 

  1. State four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals .
  2. Give any two reasons why docking is an important practice in sheep management.
  3. Why is crutching a very important management practice in sheep breeding.

 

  1. Study the diagram of a sheep shown below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) What operation is usually carried out on the part labelled A?

(ii) Give two reasons for carrying out the operation in (i) above

(iii) At what age should the above operation be carried out?

(v) Name routine management practice carried out on the part labelked B

 

 

FARM STRUCTURES

 

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Mention four disadvantages of using steel materials for construction of farm structures
  2. Give two reasons for placing a polythene sheet on a foundation of farm buildings
  3. What is “calf crop” in beef production?
  4. a) Outline the procedure  in construction of a  barbed wire  fence
  5. b) List any four wood preservatives
  6. c) Give four factors that will determine the choice of farm building materials
  7. i) Give four factors considered when citing a fish pond
  8. ii) Give four features of a good laying nest

6          State two uses of a footbath in cattle dip

7          a) What is a green house

  1. b) Name four materials used in green house construction
  2. c) Give four maintenance practices carried out on a green house
  3. d) Explain the importance of maintaining farm structures

8          Give two disadvantages of a barbed wire fence when used in paddocking

9          The diagram below illustrates a cross-section of a fish pond. Study it carefully and answer the

questions that follow:-

 

 

Y
Z
X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the parts marked A, B, C and C

(b) On the diagram the points marked X, Y and Z are possible sites where fish feeding

can be done.  Which is the most appropriate point for feeding?

(c) Give two reasons why the floor of the pond should be covered with lime 14days before

filling it   with water                                                                                                                                 (d) Why should part marked B be screened?

(e) State three maintenance practices carried out on the structure

 

  1. Study the farm structure below illustrating a pass:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the type of pass illustrated above

(b) Distinguish between a pass and a gate

(c) Name one type of live fence

11        State four requirements of a good maize store

12        State three factors that determine the depth and size of foundation in a farm building

13        (a) Explain the uses of  various hand tools in the construction of a poultry house

(b) Describe the procedure of erecting wooden rail fence

(c) Explain various factors considered when choosing the construction materials for farm building

14        State four features of a good calf pen

15        State four uses of a fence

 

16        Below is a diagram of a cross section of a farm structure. Study it carefully and answer the

following questions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) Identify the labeled parts A, B, and C

(ii) What is the importance of the part labeled B to the structure

(b) (i) When making concrete blocks the ratio 1:3:5 may be used. What do these figures

represent?

(ii) In a concrete mixture 1:3:5, twenty four cubic metres of sand were recommended to be

used in putting up of a foundation of a building. Find the volume of the other two

17        (a) Explain the maintenance practices of a fish pond

(b) Give four ways of controlling fish predators in a fish pond

18        Mention four reasons of treating timber before roofing farm buildings

19        List four uses of crushing in the farm

20        a) Define  the term fence                                                                                                       

  1. b) List various types of fences
  2. c) Describe advantages of fences

21        Study the illustration of a farm structure below and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Name the parts labeled
  2. ii) State the function of the parts labeled

iii) Name two chemicals preservatives used to treat the wooden parts of the structure against

insects and fungal damage

 

  1. Below is a diagram of a fish pond, study it and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1.     i) Label the parts marked K and L
  2. ii) Give a reason why part M is usually deeper than the rest of the pond

iii) State three maintenance practices carried out in the pond

  1. a) Explain five factors to consider when siting a fish pond
  2. b) Explain the measures used to control livestock diseases
  3. State four factors which influence the selection of materials for constructing a diary shed
  4. a) State five  maintenance practices of a  mould board plough
  5. b) Explain five structural and functional differences between  the petrol and diesel engines                  c) List five uses of farm fences
  6. State four uses of farm buildings
  7. List four structural requirements for proper housing of farm animal to maintain good health
  8. The diagram below is part of a farm structure. Study it and then answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name part of structure represented above

(b) Identify parts labeled P, Q, R, and S

(c) Give the functions of the part labeled P and S

  1. The diagram below shows an activity of processing a farm product. Study it and answer the

questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the product being processed

(b) Identify the method used in processing the product names in the diagram

(c)  Outline the procedure used when harvesting the product named in the diagram

(d) List two factors that affect quality of the product processed in the diagram

 

31        (a) Describe five parts of a plunge dip

(b) Outline six uses of live fences on the farm

(c) Outline four factors that influence power output of drought animals

  1. a) Explain the factors a farmer needs to consider before siting a farm structure on his farm
  2.  b) Outline the desirable features of a good grain store
  3. c) Describe the uses of farm fences in promotion of agriculture
  4. Name any two pests that attack timber used for construction in the farms
  5. State three factors that may lead to dip wash being exhausted or weakened while in the

dip tank

 

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

(LIVESTOCK DISEASES)

 

This topic entails the following:

 

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

  1. Name two diseases that affect female animals only
  2. Give four pre disposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
  3. i) Name the causative organism of contagious abortion in cattle
  4. ii) Give four symptoms of contagious abortion in cattle

iii) State three methods of controlling contagious abortion in cattle

  1. What is a vaccine?
  2. (a) Discuss black quarter under the following sub-headings:-

(i) Animal affected

(ii) Casual organism

(iii)Symptoms of disease

(iv) Control measures

(b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes

(ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke

(c) Explain the following terms as used in livestock production

(i) Embryo transfer

(ii) Artificial insemination

(iii) Line breeding

(iv) Cross breeding

(v) Up-grading

  1. Give four predisposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
  2. (a) Discuss coccidiosis disease under the following headings:-

(i) Causal organism

(ii) Livestock species attacked

(iii) Symptoms of attack

(iv) Control measures

(b) (i) What are the characteristics of an effective acaricide?

(ii) Explain three methods of acaricide application

  1. Name four ways of controlling coccidiosi in the farm
  2. State four predisposing factors of scour in calves
  3. Name four notifiable diseases of livestock
  4. Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination
  5. State three signs of anthrax injection disease observed in the carcass of a cattle
  6. Differentiate between active immunity and acquired passive immunity
  7. Name four systems of a tractor engine
  8. State two adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mould board plough

in preparation for ploughing

 

  1. List three causes of ruminal lympany (Bloat) in ruminant animals
  2. (a) Give four symptoms of milk fever

(b) State two methods of controlling milk fever

 

  1. (a) Describe East Coast Fever (E.C.F) under the following sub-topics:

(i) Animal attacked

(ii) Causal organisms

(iii) Symptoms of attack

(iv) Control and treatment

(b) Explain ten measures used to control livestock diseases

 

  1. Name two livestock diseases that are spread through natural mating.
  2. a) Give the method used in introducing a vaccine to poultry against fowl typhoid             b) State other methods introducing vaccines to livestock

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V

(POULTRY)

This topic entails the following:

 

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

  1. A deep little poultry house measures 9mx3m. Suppose the amount of space allowed for one

bird is 0.27m2.Calculate the number of birds that can be kept comfortably in the house. Show

your working

  1. Give two functions of isthmus in female bird
  2. Give four features of a good laying nest
  3. State four qualities of marketable eggs
  4. Study the diagram showing the behaviour of chicks in a brooder and answer the questions that

follow:-

Heat source
B
Chicks
A
Heat source
C
Brooder guard

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) State the behaviour of chicks in A, B and C                                           

(b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram

  1. Mention six characteristics of an egg selected for incubation
  2. Describe the management of layers in deep litter system
  3. State four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing system
  4. Below are diagram showing condition of eggs seven days after incubation study them and answer

the questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the conditions of eggs
  2. b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer
  3. c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above
  4. The diagram U below illustrates an activity carried by a poultry farmer keeping layers. Study the

diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the activity carried out using the set up illustrated in diagram U
  2. b) List down four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of

day old chicks

  1. c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress

 

  1. Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house
  2. Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
  3. (a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

(b) State four methods of dehorning livestock

  1. State four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling.
  2. Describe the management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation of brooder up

to eight (8)weeks old

  1. a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of furrowing
  2.  b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.
  3. Study the diagram of an egg be1ow and answer the questions that fol1ow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. i) Name the parts labeled N, O and P
  2. ii) State the functions of the parts M and L

iii) Why should the egg be turned during incubation

  1. State three reactions of chicks in a brooder which has higher temperature than normal.
  2. Give three types of bedding material a poultry farmer may use in deep litter rearing of layers
  3. Give two properties of good eggs for incubation

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)

 

This topic entails the following:

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. What is “calf crop” in beef production?
  2. a) Describe the procedure of hand milking in a dairy cow
  3. b) Explain the practices observed in clean milk production
  4. Give two reasons for washing a cow’s udder with warm water before milking
  5. Give two roles of uterus in egg formation process
  6. The diagram below is a structure of part of a cow’s udder

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O

 

 

 

 

(i) Name the parts labeled M, N, and O on the diagram above

(ii) State the functional difference between the following hormones which influence milk

let-down;

(a) (i) Oxytoxin

(ii) Adrenalin

(b) Mention three qualities of clean milk

  1. Give four characteristics of clean milk
  2. State three maintenance practices carried out on a milking machine
  3. State four reasons for feeding Colostrums to calves immediately after calving
  4. Give three ways of stimulating milk let down in a dairy cow
  5. a) Describe the operational differences of a disc plough and mould board plough
  6. b) Explain six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya
  7. c) State four reasons for culling a boar
  8. List three advantage of artificial method of calf rearing
  9. State three methods that may be used to improve milk production in a breed

of indigenous goats

  1. (a) Outline ten physical characteristics between a good layer and a poor layer in a deep

litter house

(b) Describe five factors that influence milk production in a dairy herd

  1. a) State two reasons for washing the udder of a cow with warm water before milking.
  2. b) Name the hormone that causes each of the following in dairy cows:.
  3. i) milk letdown.
  4.  ii) lactogenesis
  5. State four methods of increasing the depth of penetration of a disc harrow.
  6. List four farm machines implements that obtain power from P.T.O shaft of a tractor
  7. List two  tractor  drawn implements used for  breaking  hardpan  in  a crop field

 

  1. State any three machines which are used for harvesting crops

 

  1. a) describe the daily maintance and  servicing of  a tractor before use
  2. b) State one function of each of the following parts of a tractor engine.
  3.     i) Fly wheel
  4.     ii) Ignition coil

iii) Thermostat

  1.     iv) Injector
  2.    v) Piston

 

 

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

 

This topic entails the following:

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and

help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

  1. Give four farm operations powered by engines

 

  1. a) Describe the maintenance practices required on a tractor before it is put to daily use
  2. b) Outline the factors that influence the power output by a draught animal

 

  1. State two uses of gear box in a tractor
  2. State two uses for which wind power is harnessed
  3. Name three implements that are connected to the power take-off shaft
  4. Below is a farm implement, study it keenly and answer the questions that follow:-
N

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the farm implement drawn above

(b) Identify the parts labelled L and M above

(c) Give the function of the part labeled M

(d) State the field condition under which the implement can work better than the others  (½mk)

 

 

  1. (a) Explain the factors that a farmer should consider in ensuring fast and efficient cultivation

by oxen

(b) Outline the importance of lubrication system in a tractor

(c) State the daily maintenance and servicing of a tractor

 

  1. State the functions of the following parts of power transmission in a tractor:

(i) Hydraulic system

(ii) Draw bar

(iii) Propeller shaft

(ii) State three sources of tractor hire service

 

  1. (i) What is a tractor hires services (1mk)

(ii) State three sources of tractor hire service           (1½mks)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. The diagram below represents an assembled differential of a tractor. Use it to answer the
D
A
B
Wheel

questions   that follow:-

 

 

 

C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the parts labeled A, B, C and D

(b) State two functions of differential system of a tractor

(c) Give two reasons why wheel skidding of a tractor is not allowed

 

  1. State four sources of power in the farm

 

  1. Give the four strokes of a four stroke cycle tractor engine

 

  1. State four factors which ensure efficient working by oxen in the farm

 

  1. Mention two sources from which farmers can hire tractors
  2. (a) Below is a diagram of a farm implement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) State the use of the implement shown above

(ii) Name the parts labeled A, B, C, and D                                                                           

                (iii) State two methods of increasing the depth of penetration of the implement

 

  1. State four ways through which a farmer would ensure maximum power output from

ploughing animals

 

  1. State three advantages of a disc plough over mould board plough

 

  1. a) Explain the differences  between petrol and chisel engine
  2. b) Describe components of transmission system of a tractor

 

  1. Name four systems of a tractor engine

 

  1. Give one function of the clutch

 

  1. State two adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mould board plough

in preparation for ploughing

  1. The diagram below illustrates a farm implement. Study it and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the implement
  2. b) Name the parts labeled X, Y and Z
  3. c) State three maintenance practices that are carried out on a disc plough

 

  1. a) Describe the operational differences of a disc plough and mould board plough
  2. b) Explain six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya
  3. c) State four reasons for culling a boar

 

  1. Name the role of the following parts of a mould board plough
  2. a) Share .
  3. b) Mould board
  4. c) Land side….

 

  1. a) State five  maintenance practices of a  mould board plough
  2. b) Explain five structural and functional differences between  the petrol and diesel engines                  c) List five uses of farm fences

 

  1. Give two uses of ox-drawn fine harrow

 

  1. List four care and maintenance of a tractor battery

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Study the diagram of a farm implement shown below and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the farm implement illustrated above

(b) Label parts A, B and C

(c)  Outline the functions of  the parts labeled E and F

(d) Give two care and maintenance of the above implement

 

  1. Outline six uses of live fences on the farm

 

  1. List two possible causes of over heating in a tractor engine

 

  1. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine

 

  1. i) the diagram below shows a tractor drawn implement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Name the implement
  2. b) Give two uses of the implement above
  3. c) State three maintenance practices carried out on the above implement.       ii) Below is an illustration of a farm equipment. Study it and answer questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the farm equipment illustrated above                                                                                          b) What is the use of the equipment                                                                                                              c) Name the parts labelled W, X  and Y                                                                                                        d) What is the functions of Y on the equipment

 

  1. a) Explain the factors that influence  the power  output of farm animals
  2. b) State the importance of farm fences

 

  1. Study the illustration of a biogas digester plant and answer the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Name the major component of biogas that is trapped in part L above
  2. b) Give the name of the material deposited in part labeled M and its use
  3. c) What is the component of K in the biogas production
  4. d) Give three disadvantages of biogas as a source of farm power

 

  1. Other than hydro-electricity mention two sources of electrical energy which can be available

for use in the farm

 

  1. a) Describe the maintenance practices required on a tractor before it is put to daily use
  2.  b) Discuss the factors that influence the power output by a draught animal

 

PAPER ONE AND TWO

SECTION II ANSWERS

FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Tighten the handle screw if loose

 

  1. A-Tin snip – cutting thin metal sheets

B-Spokes have – smoothing curved and circular surfaces

C- Ceardeners trowel – uprooting seedlings during transplanting

D-Brace drill – boring/ drilling holes in wood

 

  1. i) Stir up pump/ bucket pump
  2. ii) Spraying livestock with acaricide

iii) A – Nozzle                  B – lance handle

  1. iv) A – Atomises the acaricide into spray      B – Direct the nozzle to the parts to be sprayed

 

  1. Garden fork is a tool used in weeding in the nursery beds/and in carrot fields

 

  1. The tool for checking the vertical straightness of a wall is Plumb bob and plumbline

 

  1. A tool for removing nails from timber is a claw harmer (1mk)

 

  1. Two examples of equipment that a livestock farmer can use in administering oral

anti-helminthes                                                                                                                      (1mk)

–    Dosing gun

 

8.

O………………………………………

(a)       L…- Pickaxe                           M- Adjustable spanner

N..- Ring spanner                   O..- Pipe wrench

(b) Give one functional advantage of tool M over tool N     ( ½

 

  1. Tools used to perform functions on the farm

– Hand drill

– Bit brace

 

  1. – Blockage of nozzles and filters leading to uneven or no release of spray.

– Control pump may slacken or loosen, making it difficult to regulate the rate of spraying.

– Inadequate operating pressure due to leakages in the compressor pump, hoses or control valves.

 

  1. (a) – Elastrator and rubber ring.

– The burdizzo.

– Sharp knife / scalpel.

(iii) Extracting blood samples for laboratory analysis

 

  1. most appropriate set of animal hand tools that a farmer uses for the following operations:-

(i) Restraining large full when taking it around the show ring-bull  ring and  lead  stick    (1mk)

(ii) Cutting tail in sheep-rubber  ring  and  elastrator           (1mk)

(iii) Extracting blood samples for laboratory analysis-hypodermic needle and syringe

 

  1. Provision of extra and quality feeds to sheep, two or three weeks before mating

 

  1. ai) On the diagram a provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram above

  1. ii) the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be carried out?

iii) three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig production

 

  1. b) i)B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top  cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

 

  1. ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top  of the  hive/jaggery/sheep

sorrel/saliva /sugar syrup (Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution)  (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke  the  hive  through  the entrance using  a  smoker then light the hid  to  remove  the  top  bar(the  order must be  considered)  (1×2=2mks)

 

  1. a) i) E-key hole saw/compass saw

F-wood chisel

G-cold/metal chisel

H-plumb bob  (1/2×4=2mks)

  1. ii) E-to cut  or make key holes              F-cutting timber

G-cutting  metal                     H-checking  whether a  tall wall is vertical

iii)  wooden hammer/mallet(1mk)

 

b)i) open castration/surgical castration  (1mk)

  1. ii) procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named in( i) above in piglets

 

  1. i) A – Sickle

B- Pruning saw

C- Hoof cutter

D- Metal float

  1. ii) A sickle is used in harvesting grass, rice, wheat by cutting

B    Pruning saw is used for pruning tree crops, cutting hard stems in coffee

C      Hoof cutter – Trimming hoofs in animals e.g. cattle, goats, sheep

D     Float (wood or metal) smoothing concrete during plastering

iii) Maintenance on B

 

  1. Mention the use of the following tools.

 

  1. four precautions that should be taken when using workshop tools and equipment.

Use of safety devices / protective clothes

 

  1. a) Bucket pump /stir – up pump (1×1 = 1mk)
  2. b) Spraying acaricide on livestock (1×1 =1mk)
  3.  c) W – Nozzle

d)For holding acaricide solution during spraying. (1×1 = 1)

 

  1.  i) Identify the above diagram   (1mk)
  1.  ii) Name the parts labelled A and B (2mks)

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I

COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS

  1. two reasons for treating water for us on the farm

Remove bad smell & taste

 

  1. four advantages of applying lime in clay soil

Increase multiplication of micro- organisms

 

  1. four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

Play part in hydrological cycle

 

  1. Distinguishing feature between Kenya white and California Kenya white is white all over the body, has pink eyes California white is white with black nose and eras; has black/ brown eyes

 

  1. Reasons why farmers keep livestock in Kenya

–    Provides raw material to the industries

 

  1. Ideal conformation features of beef cattle

–    Compact body

 

  1. (i) Dual purpose cattle in Kenya.

– Sahiwal;

– Red Poll;

– Simmental;

(ii) Uses of Rotavator.

– Mixes trash and the soil;

– Cuts the furrow slices and harrows them; 92 in one pass).

– Break up large soil clods into smaller ones / performs 20 tillage;

– Cut the furrows slices / primary tillage;

 

  1. Large white is the pig with such characteristics

 

  1. Epistasis is s combination of genes which on their own could have been inferior on undesirable(1mk)

 

  1. (a) The role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy

(stating any 5pts = 1mk x 5; Explanation each 1mk x 5pts =5mks          (10mks)

(b) The general characteristics of indigenous cattle

 

  1. (i) Dairy cattle

(ii) five characteristics that tells you that the animal belong to type name in (i) above?

(iii) three areas on the body of a cow where ticks are commonly found      (1½mk)

 

  1. 4 dairy goats

– Saanen

– Jamnapari

– Anglo- Nubian

– Toggenburg

– British Alphine

 

  1. two distinguishing characteristics of Californian breed of rabbit

 

  1. two common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya

 

  1. four dairy cattle breeds reared goats in Kenya.

 

  1. Differentiate between breed of animal and type of animal. (2mk)

– smothers weeds

– Regulate soil temperature

– Conserve moisture

 

 

(LIVESTOCK HEALTH II

(LIVESTOCK PARASITES )

 

  1. – Use of caustic potash stick (potassium hydroxide)

– Use of dehorning collodion

 

  1. a)
  1. b)
  1. c)

Proper cooking of meat

  1. Functions of calcium in dairy cows.

– Milk and egg formation / production;

– Bones / skeleton / teeth formation;

– Blood clotting;

 

  1. Control measures of fleas.

– Keep clean animals sleeping places;

– Dust animal surroundings with appropriate insecticides;

– Cover with petroleum jelly to suffocate stick fast fleas;

 

  1. Control measures of fleas             *NYR*

 

  1. two reasons why drenching alone is not an effective method of controlling internal parasites

 

  1. -Embryo

-Cyst/bladder worm (2x ½ =1mk)

 

  1. a) K-tapeworm M-liver fluke
  2. b) a-hooks     b-suckers

c-mouth          d-digestive glands

  1. c) i) Small intestine
  2.         ii) the liver
  3. d) Water snail (1×1=1mk)

 

  1. – External parasites effects

– Transmit diseases

– Causes anemia/ sucks blood

– Causes irritation/ discomfort

– Causes wounds on the skin that may predispose animal to secondary infection

– Loss of hair

 

  1. – Read the manufacturers instructions carefully

 

  1. a) Feed conversion is 90Kg/360Kg = ¼  = 1 : 4                                                                          *MMS*
  2. Digestion in ruminant animal – 4 stomachs
  3. i) Rumen (A pauch)

– Stores food temporarily

– Fermentation of food

– contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa which breaks down cellulose

– Synthesis of amino acids from ammonia gas

– Synthesis of vitamin B complex

  1. ii) Reticulum (Honey comb)

iii) Omasum (Many plies or book)

  1. iv) Abomasum (True stomach)

c)

 

  1. Bush clearing to destroy breeding places

– Spraying breeding places with insecticides

– use fly traps with impregnated nets

– use stressing agents e.g. radio isotopes on male file sand then releasing them

 

  1. – Succulent

– Dry

 

  1. two common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya

 

  1. the element calcium and phosphorus important in the diet of young livestock?

 

16        two parasites of cattle which are also disease vectors

Mosquitoes

 

  1. -training

-Giving incentives/motivation

-Farm mechanization

-Labour supervison

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)

  1. Production ration may be utilized by dairy goats in:

–     Foetal/embryo development

  1. Use Pearson’s square method to calculate how much of the feedstuffs a 150kg rations (5mks)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maize bran = 12 x 150 = 90kg maize bran

20

Sunflower   8 x 150 = 60kg sunflower

20

 

  1.         i) Water (1mrk)
  1.  ii) Vitamin A (1mrk)

Improves vigour/ for proper growth

 

  1. Rumen.

 

  1. i) A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed (3mks)

  1. ii) two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

Graphical method.

 

  1. (a) The daily amount of food given to an animal/ the amount of food given to an animal

per day

 

 

(b) Quantity of maize = 12 x 200Kg

18   = 133.33kg

Quantity of cotton seed = 6 x 200

18    = 66.67kg

 

  1. Hormones

Antibiotics

Medicants

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(SELECTION AND BREEDING)

Rabbits 28 – 32 days

3          (i) Selection.

– It is the process of allowing certain animals to be the parents of the future generations while

culling  others;

(ii) Methods used in selection.

 

  1. – Restless.

– Frequent urination.

– Swollen vulva.

– The doe throws itself on its side.

– She (does rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object.

– The doe tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch by peeping through the cage walls.

 

  1. four meat breeds of rabbits

 

  1. four reasons for cutting a breeding boar

 

  1. – Mass

 

  1. (i) Heterosis- Increased vigour/ performance resulting from mating two superior unrelated Breeds

(ii) Epitasis- Is a combination of genes that individually could have been both undesirable

or inferior

  1. Gestation periods of :- Cow 270 – 285 days

Sow – 113 117 days

  1. Disadvantages of natural mating

 

  1. a) the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers
  1. b) Outline ten factors considered when selecting dairy cattle for breeding

Economical to keep than old animals

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. A type  of mating  where  the female of  low grade  is  mated  to a pure  bred sire of

superior  quality (1mk)

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV

(LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES)

 

  1. Reasons of carrying out crutching in sheep.

– Facilitates easy mating;

– Minimizes blowfly infestation;

– Provides hygienic conditions at lambing time;

– Allows easy access to the teats by the lambs;

– Provides hygienic suckling conditions;

 

  1. Ways of performing closed castration.

– Use of elastrator and rubber ring;

– Use of the burdizzo;

 

  1. (a)
  1. b) — Ears (ear lobes)

– Tail switch..

– Under the tail head.

– Both fore and head flanks.

– Between the hooves.

  1. c) 1 – Muzzle

2 – Poll

3 – Shoulder

4 – Heart girth

 

  1. (a) – The removal of the testicles in male livestock or stoppage of production of spermatozoa or

semen.

– It is the rendering of male reproductive organs non- functional.

(b) – To control breeding and inbreeding.

– To make animals, especially the bulls docile.

– To improve quality of meat by removing unpleasant smell especially in goats.

– To encourage faster growth rates of the castrated male animals.

– To control breeding diseases such as brucellosis, vaginitis trichonomiasis and others that area

transmitted through mating.

 

  1. (a) The management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

 

(b) The preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks

Identify the sire of each lamb

Improve growth rate

Placing the hire in a strategic position  for bees to occupy

Good physical appearance/ good coat cover

 

  1. two recommended methods of docking lambs

 

  1. three disadvantages of inbreeding

 

  1. four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe
  1. the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

surgical Method

(b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm

 

(ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a fish

pond

 

 

  1. three types of bees found in a bee colony
  1. List three methods of castrating farm

 

  1. the routine management practices of piglets from the 1st day to the 8th week
  1. Poor nutrition – infertility

Poor timing of service

  1. three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production
  1. State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm

 

  1. three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bee

 

  1. three common methods of extracting honey from the combs

Centrifugal extractor

  1. a) i)
  2. ii) before wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) -to determine  growth rate  i.e. weight gain

 

  1. b) i) B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top  cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

  1. ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top  of the  hive/  jaggery/sheep

sorrel/salvial/sugar syrup

(Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution)  (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke  the  hive  through  the entrance using  a  smoker then light the hid  to  remove  the  top  bar(the  order must be  considered)  (1×2=2mks)

 

  1. a) i) E-key hole saw/compass saw

F-wood chisel

G-cold/metal chisel

H-plumb bob  (1/2×4=2mks)

  1. ii) E-to cut  or make key holes

F-cutting timber

G-cutting  metal

H-checking  whether a  tall wall is vertical  (1/2×4=2mks)

iii)  wooden hammer/mallet(1mk)

b))i) open castration/surgical castration  (1mk)

  1. ii) procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named in( i) above in piglets
  1. four advantages of  age  grouping farm animals as a management  practice
    • Avoids bullying among the animals
  1. b) four major cause of lamb mortality from birth to weaning

 

  1. c) i)cause-bacteria/brucella abortus brucells
  2. ii) Transmission-sexually transmitted/it is a breeding diseases

iiI) Symptoms

  1. iv) Control measures

 

  1. Reasons for castrating animals when young

–    Little loss of blood

 

 

  1. a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals
  1. b) Methods of dehorning livestock

–     Use of dehorning collation

  1. a)Is the giving of high quality seeds to a gestating animal towards end gestation period
  2. b) Reasons for steaming up

–     Ensure healthy and string young at birth

 

  1. four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain maximum

Fish production.(2mrk)

 

  1. four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

Type of production.

 

  1. four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals. (2mk)

When inspecting animals for any signs of a disease

 

  1. – Large animals e.g. buffaloes

– man activities e.g. farming

– root pressure of plants

– burrowing animals e.g. moles, termites

 

  1. (a) – Random/zigzag soil sampling-Arrow roots

(b) -Old manure heaps

– Ant hills

– Dead furrows

– Rice

– Fence lines

– Cattle bomas

 

 

FARM STRUCTURES

Low workability

  1. A group of calves kept according to age

 

  1. a) Procedure in construction of a barbed wire fence
  1. b) Wood preservatives
  1. c) Choice of farm building materials

Type of enterprise

 

  1. (i) Factors considered when sitting a fish pond.

– Reliable source of water/ water source;

– Soil type / poorly drained clay soil the best;

– Topography / gently sloping;

– Security/ be secure from thieves / predators;

– Water quality / free of pollutants;

– Machine milking;

(ii) Features of a laying nest.

  1. Uses of footbath in cattle dip.

– To wash the foot off mud;

– Contains chemicals for controlling foot rot; CUSO4 (blue vitriol/ formalin solution;)

  1. (a) – A green house is a farm structure made up of glass or translucent material as wall and

roof to  enhance and achieve optimum condition for valuable horticultural crop production.

(b) Material used in green house construction.

– Galvanizing iron.

– Aluminium or wooden frame.

– Glass or clear polythene sheet.

– Fibre glass or reinforced panels.

(c) Maintenance practices on green house.

– Dirty polythene sheet should be clear.

– Blocked systems should be repaired and cleared.

– Torn polythene material should be replaced.

– Should be fenced for security.

(d)  Importance of maintaining farm structures.

– Last longer/ enhance durability.

– Reduce replacement cost.

– Protect livestock from predator.

– Prevent straying animals.

– To prevent diseases brought by cold winds.

– Make them effective in their use.

 

  1. Disadvantages of barbed wire fence in paddocking:-

–    Smaller animals can pass through if the wire strands are widely spread

 

  1. (a)       A .Inlet

B – Spillway/ overflow.

C –  Drain pipe/outlet             (1 ½ mk each = 1 ½  mks)

(b) The most appropriate part for feeding is part X  (1mk)

(c) Two reasons why the floor of the pond should be covered with lime

(d) Why should part marked B be screened?

(e) three maintenance practices carried out on the structure

–    Draining of water during harvesting

 

  1. (a)Stille ( ½ mk x 1pt =  ½ mk)

(b) A pass allows only human passage while gate allows for both human and livestock in and

out of the farm      ( ½mk mark as a whole)

(c) One type of live fence

–    Hedges

 

  1. four requirements of a good maize store

 

  1. three factors that determine the depth and size of foundation in a farm building

 

  1. (a) the uses of various hand tools in the construction of a poultry house

(b) the procedure of erecting wooden rail fence(7mks)

(c) factors considered when choosing the construction materials for farm building

 

 

  1. – Have adequate space

– single housing ( 1caf per pen)

– Properly lit

– Have proper drainage

-Well ventilated

– Drought free

 

  1. – Demarcates boundaries of farms

– Prevents intruders, wild animals, thieves in the farms

– Facilitate mixed farming

– Enhance paddocking of farm for effective rotational grazing

– Control unnecessary movement in the farm

– Control inbreeding

– Isolate sick animal

 

  1. (a) (i) A – Wall plate/team beam/lintel

B – Damp proof coarse

C- Hard core

(ii) – Prevents termite invasion

– Prevents water capillarity /dampness

(b) (i) 1 bag of cement

3 parts/wheel barrows of sand

5 parts /wheel barrows of ballasts or gravel

(ii) Sand

3 parts of sand = 24m3

1 bag = 1×24 = 8m3

3

ballast

parts = 24m3

5 parts = 5×24 = 40m3 (½mk)

3

  1. (a) Maintenance of the fish pond

– Protection of the pond – regularly check pond walls, plant grass on the walls to help control soil erosion

– Pond bottom repair- check water seepage problems regularly, It can be done introducing an even layer of clay to seal off the bottom of pond properly

– Removal of weeds; -regularly remove all weeds that grow on the walls and around the ponds

– Maintenance of appropriate water level: Maintain the same level of water in the pond by use of inlet and outlets

– Inspection of pond: – Regularly check for cracks in the walls and seal immediately

– Cleaning the pond- once n a while to drain out the pond water, remove all stones, silt or roots that may have settled at the pond bottom, lime the water before refilling it with water

– removal of organic materials – any vegetative matter or food remains should be removed as soon as they are noticed to ensure they do not start decomposing

– Repair fence around the pond- In case of worn out posts, repair/replace immediately

(b) Ways of controlling of fish predators in a fish pond

– Put a strong wire fence around the pond

– Provide a wire screen above the pond to guard against prevatory birds

– A sire screen is put in the inlet, outlet and in the spillway

– Scare away in the binds as necessary

– occasionally drain the ponds to kill all unwanted predatora in the pond bottom

 

  1. four reasons of treating timber before roofing farm buildings

 

  1. four uses of crushing in the farm

 

  1. a) A fence is a structure that encloses a designated area and forms a physical barrier for

animals and human

  1. b) List various types of fences
  1. c) Describe advantages of fences

 

  1. i) E – rafter         F- Struct

G- Eaves                     H- Wall plate

  1. ii) E (Rafter) – To provide support for the roofing materials

F (Strut) – To support the rafter/ holding the weight of the roof

G (Eaves) – Prevent rain from falling on the wall

H- (wall plate)- To support the roof

iii) Chemicals for treating timber

 

  1. i) K- Spill way (reject over flow pipe)

L- Drainage channel

  1. ii) M is deeper to provide breeding place for the fish

iii) Maintenance of the pond

 

  1. a) Siting a fish pond
  2. i) Soil type- clay soil is the best
  3. ii) Topography – requires gentle slope not Lilly and flat

iii) Source of water – near reliable source

  1. iv) Marketing centre should be close
  2. v) Accessibility from the homestead
  3. vi) Security – protected against predators

vii) far from natural source of fish

b)

 

 

 

  1. four factors which influence the selection of materials for constructing a diary shed

 

  1. a)
2
  1. i) On the diagram a provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram above

ii)the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be carried out?

iii) State any three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig production

 

  1. b) i) B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top  cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

 

  1. ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the  sides or top  of the  hive/ jaggery/sheep

sorrel/salvial/sugar syrup

(Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution)  (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke  the  hive  through  the entrance using  a  smoker then light the hid  to  remove  the  top  bar(the  order must be  considered)  (1×2=2mks)

 

  1. a) State five  maintenance practice of a  mould board plough
  1.  b) Explain five structural   and functional differences between the petrol and diesel engines
Petrol engine Diesel engine
i)has a carburetor

ii)fuel and air mixed in the carburetor

iii)fuel ignited by an electric spark

 

iv)produces little smoke

v)is  light  in weight

 i)Has  an  injector pump

ii)Fuel and air  mixed  within  the cylinder

iii)fuel ignited by  compression of air and  fuel

mixture  in the cylinder

iv)produces  a lot of  smoke

v)relatively  heavy

 

  1.  c) List five uses of farm fences

 

  1. Uses of farm buildings

–     Enhances efficiencies in farm planning, budgeting and production

 

  1. Structural requirements for proper housing

 

  1. a) – roof
  2. b) P- purklin                    Q- Rafter

R- Cross tie                 S- Gutter

  1. c) P- Support roofing material/ iron sheet

Q – Collect water and safely directs it away from building

 

  1. a) Honey
  2. b) Crushing and straining
  3. c) Procedure of harvesting the named product
  1. d) Factors that affect quality of product harvested
  1. i)Docking
  2. ii) Reasons for carrying out the operation

iii) Age of operation

  1. iv) Methods used for operation
  1. v) Routine management practice carried out on part B

– hoof trimming

 

  1. a) Five parts of plunge dip
    1. Holding yard- Hold animal before dipping
    2. Foot bath- Wash animal feet off dung, mud

-Prevent foot rot/ contain copper sulphur,

  1. Draining race- Animal held while dip wash drain back in dip tank
  2. Drying yard- Animals need to dry before allowed to pasture, avoid contamination
  3. Silt trap-raps mad, dung before dip wash flow back to dip tank, prevent siltation of dip tank

-Prevent dilution of dip wash with rains

  1. b) Six uses of live fences

 

  1. c) Four factors that influence power output of drought animal
  2. i) Training- Proper training of oxen will plough better and faster than untrained animal
  3. ii) Feeding- Well fed animals work better than poorly fed animals

iii) Rest-Animals given enough rest work better than those that are not

  1. iv) Honestly-Animals housed are protected from harsh condition e.g. cold thus work better
  2. v) Disease control- Animals treated when sick, vaccinated, sprayed/ dipped against

external parasites/ dewormed against internal parasites are more efficient

  1. vi) Age of animals- Young and very old animals give low output than averagely aged

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

(LIVESTOCK DISEASES)

  1. -Mastitis

– Milk fever

  1. Pre-disposing factors of foot rot.

– Overgrown / untrimmed hooves;

– Tick infestation between hooves;

– Muddy / filthy living / grazing areas;

– Presence of sharp objects e.g. stones;

  1. (i) Causative agents of Brucellosis.

–Brucella abort – Cattle

– Brucella suis  – Pigs

– Brucella malitensis – sheep and goats;                                                                   (½ x 1 = ½ mk)

(ii) Symptoms of contagious abortions.

 

(iii) Methods of controlling contagious abortion.

Cull, slaughter infected animals;

 

  1. A vaccine is an active disease pathogen reduced in strength /virulence or killed and is

introduced into an animals body to induce immunity

 

  1. (a) Discuss black quarter under control predators under the following sub-headings:-

(i) animal affected-cattle, sheep, goats

(ii) casual organism-clostridium chauvei

(iii) Symptoms of disease      (5mks)

(iv) control measures (3mks)

(b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes    (4mks)

(ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke

Water  snail (limnea sp.)

(c) Explain the following terms as used in livestock production

(i) Embryo transfer

(ii) Artificial insemination

(iii) Line breeding

(iv) Cross breeding

(v) Up-grading

 

 

  1. – Overgrown hooves

– Presence of sharp objects/stores

– Muddy living/grazing areas

– Living infestation between hooves

  1. (a) (i) Coccidia

(ii) Poultry, calves, young rabbits, kids, lambs

(iii) -Diarrhea

– Dysentery in the dung

– Euraciation

– Ruffled feathers

– Birds become dull with dropping wings

– sudden death in birds, rabbits and kids

(iv) Drugs such as coccidiostats mixed with food or water

– Isolation of infected animals

– Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings

– Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms

– Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses

(b) (i) – Able to kill ticks

– Harmless to both human beings and livestock

– stable – remains effective even after contamination by dung, mud or hair

(ii) – Spraying animals

– Hand dressing – involves smearing pyegrene on areas not likely to be reached by the acaricide

e.g. in the ears

  1. four ways of controlling coccidiosis in the farm
  1. four predisposing factors of scour in calves
  1. four notifiable diseases of livestock
  1. New castle, fowl pox, fowl typhoid, gumboro, marek – injections, pursaa disease
  1. Differentiate

 

  1. 2 adjustment on mould board plough

 

  1. a) Disc plough reject disc alone
  2. b) X – Disc scrapper

Y-  Rear wheel/ furrow wheel

Z – Disc

  1. c) – Replace broken discs
  1. Causes of ruminal tympany (Bloat)

Indigestion due to eating poisonous herbs, soft young green foliage

 

  1. a) Symptoms of milk fever
  1. b) Control measures of milk fever

–     Cull susceptible animal

 

  1. East coast fever (ECF)
  2. i) cattle 1×1=1 mark
  3. ii) Theirelia parva Reject if not underlined, spellings are wrong

iii)

iv)

  1. b) Ten measures used to control livestock diseases
  2. i) Proper breeding and selection

– Animals fed on balanced ration adequate in quantity and quality are strong and able to resist    diseases

  1. ii) Proper breeding and selection

– Animals selected that are free from diseases or resistant to diseases will prevent transmission of diseases

 

iii) Proper housing and hygiene’s

– Animals houses should be built to meet construction requirement e.g. ventilation, space, drainage, leak proof, lighting and will prevent and protect animals from contracting diseases

  1. iv) Isolation of sick animals

– Is separation and confinement of animals from health ones while undergoing treatment, this prevents spread of the diseases

  1. v) Imposition of quarantine

– Is restriction of movement of animals and their products from and into affected areas, thus prevents spreads of diseases

  1. vi) Prophylactic measure and treatment

– Involves use of drugs before disease attack to prevent occurrence e.g. use of coccidiostat to control coccichosis, drenching to prevent anti helminites

– Also involve vaccination, spraying with appropriate acaricize and treatment to restore good health

vii) Slaughtering affected animla

– Highly infection and contagious diseases e.g. rinderpest, new cattle foot and mouth animals should be slaughtered and carcasses will dispose to prevent spread

viii) Use of antiseptics and disinfectants

– Applied on skin to kill germs or clean livestock to maintain hygiene

 

  1. (a) injection             (b)oral

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V

(POULTRY)

  1. One bird occupies 0.27m2                    

Area available 9m x 3m= 27m2

1 bird        0.27m2

?          27m2

= 27m2    = 100 birds        1×2=2mis

0.27m2

 

  1. Functions of isthmus.

– Shell membranes formed/ determines shape of egg;

– Water mineral salts and vitamins added;

 

  1. Features of a laying nest.

Have an appropriate height from floor;

 

  1. Qualities of marketable eggs.

Clean and fresh;

 

  1. (a)           A – Too high temperature

B- draught C chilliness from left side

C – Inadequate heat supply /low temperatures          ( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mk)

(b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram

To avoid overcrowding in the corners which can lead the suffocation and death

 

  1. – Fertilized

– Medium size (55-60gm)

– oval shaped

– free form abnormalities e.g. double yolk/ blood spots

– Be freshly collected (not more than 1 week)

– Have smooth shells

– Be free from cracks in the shells

– Be clean

 

  1. Adequate space

– Litter to be kept dry and free form dust

– Turn the liter frequently

– Perches and rosters should be adequate and well spaced

– Adequate waterers

– Well distributed waterers

–  Provide clean and adequate water

– equipment to be kept clean

– Replenish soft litter in the nest

– ensure the nest is dark

– Collect eggs regularly

– Feed the birds well

– Supply gut to assist in digestion

– Keep the birds busy by hanging greens

– Curl the birds and pool layers

– De-beak birds to prevent cannibalism

– Vaccinate birds regularly

– Check birds for disease symptoms

– control parasites

– Avoid stress factors

– Discourage broodiness

– Maintain and repair the houses

– Provide enough fed troughs

– Keep proper records

– Dispose off dead birds

 

 

  1. four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing System Bright light in the laying boxes/over corroding/few laying boxes

 

  1. a)      a-infertile (clear)

b-fertile egg

c-damage yolk

  1. b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer Egg b-it is fertile and will develop into a chick
  2. c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above

Candling

 

  1. a) Brooding of chicks (1×1=1mk)
  2. b) four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of day old chicks

cleaning the house and brooder with disinfectant

  1. c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress Moving away or close to the heat source

 

  1. – Litter gives comfort and warmth to the birds

– Helps in drying dropping

– keeps birds bust

  1. Reasons for castrating animals when young

–    Little loss of blood

 

  1. a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals
  1. b) Methods of dehorning livestock

–     Use of dehorning collation

  1. four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling. (2mk)
  1. The management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation

of brooder up to eight (8)weeks old (20mks)

 

  1. (a)- Piglets are weaned at the age of 8 weeks and feet on sow and weaner meal.

– Deworming should be done to control internal parasites.

– Vaccinate to control diseases e.g African swine Fever.

– Spray to control external parasites

– Identification is done by ear notching

– Take it to pork when it shows signs of being heat

-Trim over grown hooves.

– Gestation period is 4 months

– Prepare furrowing pen by disinfecting the walls

– Sow brought to furrowing pen 3 days to.

 

(b) -Age

-Mothering ability be good

-Physical fitness

-Health of gut

-Body confirmation

-Temperament of behaviour

-Adaptability

-prolificacy

 

  1. (i) M- Chalaza                       L- Space

N- Yolk                              O- Inner shell membrane       P- Shell

(ii) M- Hold the yolk in position at centre of the egg.

L- Air trappd in this space used by developing embryo

(iii) – To avoid germinal disc sticking on the egg shell

 

  1. – Move away from the source of heat to the periphery

 

  1. -saw dust

Wood shavings

Crushed maize cobs

Coffee husks

Rice husks

20.

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)

  1. A group of calves kept according to age

 

  1. (a) – Assemble all milking equipments such as buckets, milking can and towels.

– Put animals in milking shed and restrain appropriately.

– Wash udder and teat using warm water mixed with an appropriate sanitizing agent.

– Dry the udder using a towel.

– Use trip cup to test the first few drops of milk for mastitis.

– Carry out milking by squeezing out the milk / teats.

– Strip the udder dry.

– Dip the teats in ant-mastitis solution after milking.

– Apply milking jelly 9milk salve) on the teats.

– Release the cow.

– Weigh and record the milk.

– Strain the milk into the milking can to cover immediately.

-Cool the milk  rapidly to a temperature of 40c.

(b)       – Keep cow healthy/ free from diseases.

– Wash cow flanks, udder  and region around the udder using clean water then dry using clean

towels.

Copper and iron containers may cause oxidation of milk fats.

 

  1. Reasons for washing a cow’s udder with warm water

 

  1. two roles of uterus in egg formation process

 

  1. (a) M – Alveolus N – Gland cistem        O – Teat          ( ½ x 3= 1½mks)

(ii) Oxytocin – Controls the muscle fibres surrounding alveoli to allow milk secretion

adrenalin – A hormone that relaxes the udder muscles to all milk let down            (1×2=2mks)

(b) Free from disease causing organisms

 

  1. four characteristics of clean milk

 

  1. three maintenance practices carried out on a milking machine

 

  1. four reasons for feeding Colostrums to calves immediately after calving

 

  1. a) Differences operational
Disc plough Mould board plough
Can be used in fields with obstacles Cannot be used in fields with obstacles
Ploughs/ cuts at varying depths Ploughs/ cuts at constant depths or confirm depth
Requires less skills to operate Requires more skills to operate
Works well in sticky soils Does not work well in sticky soils
Rotates and not easily broken since rolls over obstacles Easily broken by obstacles
Requires more harrowing Requires fewer harrowing
Poor furrow slice inversion Proper furrow slice inversion
Does not require constant replacement of parts More power to pull

b)

  1. c) Reasons for culling livestock

 

  1. three advantage of artificial method of calf rearing

 

  1. three methods that may be used to improve milk production in a breed of indigenous goats

 

  1. a) Physical characteristics between good layer and poor layer
Part/feature Good Poor
Comb/wattle Large warm,wavy Small, shrunken, dry, scaly pace, cold
Eyes Bright, orange, alert race Dark, pace, yellow
Beak Oval, moist, reddish, active Yellowish
Vent Soft, pliable, wide Round, dry, less active
abdomen Soft, pliable,wide Hard, full
Space between keel and petric bone Wide fits 3-4 fingers Small fits 1-2 fingers
Temperate Alert- active Dull, less active
Moulting Start late Start early
Plumage Dry,rugged, rough Preened, glossy, smooth
Shanks Pace Yellowish
broodiness rare common

 

  1. b) i) – Young animals produce with high butter fat content than older animals
  2. ii) Pregnant, emaculated animals have lower butter fat content than normal animals

iii) early and late stage of lactation has lower butter fat content while middle phase has higher butter fat content

  1. iv) last drawn milk from udder has more butter fat
  2. v) – Different breeds of animals produce milk with different % composition e.g. Jersey produces milk with high butter fat content than fresian
  3. vi) Season of the year

vii) Animals fed roughages produce milk with high fats, protein and lactase than those fed on

grains

viii) mastitis reduces lactose composition in milk

  1. ix) Certain drugs are known to lower milk composition if animal is under treatment

 

  1. a) – Remove dirt.

– Stimulate milk letdown  (2x ½  =1mk)

  1. b)           i) Milk letdown – oxytocin
  2.  ii) Lacto genesis – Prolactin (2x ½  = 1mk

 

  1. four methods of increasing the depth of penetration of a disc harrow

Increase cutting angle of discs

Mowers

Sub soiler

Mowers

 

 

  1. a)
  1. b) i) Flywheel – maintain the rotational motion of the crankshaft
  2. ii) Ignition coil – steps up the voltage from the battery

iii) thermostat – controls engine temperature

  1. iv) Injector – Atomises the fuel into very fine spray/ injects fuel into cylinder
  2. v) Piston – compresses air/ fuel mixture in the cylinder/ expels exhaust gases/ transmits power

 

 

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

  1. Farm operations powered by Engines.

– Ploughing and harrowing / land preparations;

– Transporting farm produce;

– Spraying of herbicides/ pesticides.

– Mowing the grass;

– Lighting of homes;

– Pumping water for irrigation.

– Harvesting farm produce;

– Machine milking.

 

  1. (a) Maintenance practices required on a tractor before setting out to work.

– Check the engine oil daily using dip stick.

– Check fuel and add if necessary.

– Nuts and bolts are tightened whenever they loosen.

– Water level in the radiator be checked and added if necessary.

– Battery electrolyte be checked daily and if below level, top up be done using distilled water.

– Greasing be done on the bearings.

– Tyre pressure be checked and if low, should be added.

– Fan belt tension be checked.

– Break shaft bearing  should be greased.

– Ensure break fluid and clutch fluid levels are maintained.

– Sediments from the sediment bowls should be removed.

– Check battery terminals and grease.

– Oil cleaner be cleaned.

(b) Factors that influence power output by a draught animal.

– Age – Mature animals produce more power output than young ones.

– Breed & Type – Indigenous animals are more hardy than exotic.

– Training Level – better trained animals have better work output.

– Body Weight – A draught animal  can pull 10 – 20% of its body not for 6 – 8 hours.

(The bigger the animal, the more output).

– Harnessing of the animal – well harnesses animal is more efficient at work than poorly

harnessed  work.

 

  1. Uses of a gearbox:-

 

  1. Two uses for which wind power is harnessed
  1. Name three implements that are connected to the power take-off shaft

 

  1. (a) Implement identity – Disc plough

(b)           L – Furrow wheel                  M – Beam

(c) – Adds weight

(d) Where there are hidden obstacles e.g. stumps , rocks e.t.c

–    Heavy soils

 

  1. (a) Factors that a farmer should consider in ensuring fast and efficient cultivation by oxen

 

(b) The importance of lubrication system in a tractor

 

(c) The daily maintenance and servicing of a tractor

 

 

  1. (i) Hydraulic system-raise and  lower  mounted  implements like  plough

(ii) Draw bar-attachment  of trail  implement

(iii) Propeller shaft-connect gearbox to  differential which has  axle  to  drive wheel

making tractors  to move backwards or forward.(@ 1mkx3=3mks

 

  1. (i)Hiring of tractors and  implements  by  farmers  who do not  have  them(correct definition=

(ii) three sources of tractor hire service        (1½mks)

 

  1. (a) A-ring pinion gear

B-bevel side gear

C-wheel exle

D-drive pinion gear

(b) State two functions of differential system of a tractor    (2mks)

(c) Give two reasons why wheel skidding of a tractor is not allowed          (1mk)

  1. Wind , water, human, animal, biogas, wood fuel, charcoal, kerosene, fossil fuel, petroleum,

ethane (natural gas), hydroelectric power, nuclear , Geothermal, storage battery

  1. Induction, compression, power exhaust
  2. – Keeping them healthy

– Proper feeding

– Proper handling e.g not over working /not beating them

– Proper training

– Not overloading them

  1. Individual owners

– Government tractor hire service

– Co-operative societies

– Companies

  1. (i) Primary cultivation

A- To link bracket

B _ scrapper

C- Standard/disc hanger

D – Rear finow wheel / thrust wheel  2mks

(ii) Adding weight on beam

  1. four ways through which a farmer would ensure maximum power output from

Ploughing animals

  1. three advantages of a disc plough over mould board plough
  1. a) the differences  between petrol and diesel engine
Diesel Petrol
i)use diesel as fuel

ii)has injector pump

iii)has no spark  plug

iv)fuel is ignites by  compression

v)air and fuel first meet in cylinder  before ignition

vi)specific fuel consumption is low

vii)higher air compression ratio

viii)air/fuel ratio is not constant

ix)has sediment bowls

x)operation cost is lower

xi)it is  heavy in weight and suited  to heavy machines

xii)produces a lot  of smoke

 

 Use petrol as  fuel

Has carburetor

Has  spark plug for ignition

Fuel ignites by spark  plug

Air and fuel meet in carburetor before  ignition

 

Specific fuel consumption is high

Lower air compression ratio

Air/fuel ratio is  constant

No sediments bowls

Operation cost  is  high

Operation cost is  high light in weight and suited to light machines

Produce  minimal smoke

 
  1. b) Describe components of transmission system of a tractor
  2. i) Clutch- It disconnects the engine from the rest of the transmission system. It is mounted on the

flywheel and made up of pressure plates and clutch plate in the middle. The clutch

allows the driver to temporarily interrupt the power flow from the engine to the fear

box and shift from one gear to the other

  1. ii) Gear- These are toothed wheels. They provide towards speed or reverse. The set of gears are

housed in the gear box.

iii) Differential- it is located between the wheel axial. it enables one wheel to move faster than the

other while negotiating a corner

  1. iv) Driving axial- The final drive is brought about by driving axial which gets the power from the

differential.

When the axial rotates they rotate the wheels making the tractor to move either engorged gear

  1. Wheels- Comprises of the tyres, tubes rims nuts and bolts. They must be inflated to the

movement  of the tractor

 

  1. Functions of clutch
  1. 2 adjustment on mould board plough
  1. a) Disc plough reject disc alone
  2. b) X – Disc scrapper                               Y-  Rear wheel/ furrow wheel

Z – Disc

 

  1. c) – Replace broken discs
  1. a) Differences operational
Disc plough Mould board plough
Can be used in fields with obstacles Cannot be used in fields with obstacles
Ploughs/ cuts at varying depths Ploughs/ cuts at constant depths or confirm depth
Requires less skills to operate Requires more skills to operate
Works well in sticky soils Does not work well in sticky soils
Rotates and not easily broken since rolls over obstacles Easily broken by obstacles
Requires more harrowing Requires fewer harrowing
Poor furrow slice inversion Proper furrow slice inversion
Does not require constant replacement of parts More power to pull

b)

  1. c) Reasons for culling livestock
  1. a) Share-makes a horizontal cutting  on  the furrow slice
  2.  b) Mould board-completes the turning of the furrow  slice
  3.  c) Land side-stabilizes the plough by absorbing the side pressure ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)
  4. a) five  maintenance practice of a  mould board plough
  1.  b) five  structural   and functional differences between  the petrol and diesel engines
Petrol engine Diesel engine
i)has a carburetor

ii)fuel and air mixed in the carburetor

iii)fuel ignited by an electric spark

 

iv)produces little smoke

v)is  light  in weight

 i)Has  an  injector pump

ii)Fuel and air  mixed  within  the cylinder

iii)fuel ignited by  compression of air and  fuel

mixture  in the cylinder

iv)produces  a lot of  smoke

v)relatively  heavy
  1.  c) List five uses of farm fences
  1. Uses of ox-dram tine harrows

Collecting trash

  1. Care and maintenance of tractor battery
  1. a) moulboard
  2. b) A – Shaire                   B- Mouldboard                       C- Disc coulter
  3. c) E- Stabilize the plough

– absorb side thrust by pressing against furrow wall

F- Scrapes of mind from disk coulter

  1. d) Care and maintenance
  1. Six uses of live fences
  1. two possible causes of over heating in a tractor engine

Low water level in radiator

  1. two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. (1mk)
  1. i) a)   Spike tooth harrow (1×1 =1 m k)
  2. b) two uses of the implement above.(2mks)
  1. c) three maintenance practices carried out on the above implement.(3mk)
  1. ii) a) Bucket pump /stir – up pump (1×1 = 1mk)
  2.         b) Spraying acaricide on livestock (1×1 =1mk)
  3.        c) W – Nozzle                  X – Trigger                 Y –  Pail /bucket
  4. d) For holding acaricide solution during spraying. (1×1 = 1)
  5. a) the factors that influence  the power  output of farm animals (8mks)
  1. b) State the importance of farm fences (12mks)
  1. (a) Methane

(b) slurry

(c) Fresh mixture of waste material

(d) Initial capital investment is high hence very expensive

Requires management skills that may not be available & it available expensive

Requires large number of farm animals to produce animal waste.

35        . – Solar panels

– Petrol and diesel generators

– wind mills

– steam production form boilers using organic or inorganic

  1. (a) Check engine oil, fuel, water level, electronic in the battery

-Tighten nuts and bolts

-Apply grease

-Remove large sediments from sediment bowl

-Check the tyre pressure and inflated or deflated appropriately

-Fan belt tension should be checked to ensure it defients between 1.9cm to 2.5cm when punched

-Grease the brake shaft and maintain brake fluid level

(b) -Health of animal

-Level of feeding

-Animal slpeciesa

-Care and handling

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