The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Give two factors which characterize intensive farming
State three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming
State two ways in which agriculture contributes to industrial development
State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops
State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil
Outline four advantages of organic farming
State two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced
Differentiate between the following terms as used in Agriculture:-

(a) Oleculture and floriculture

(b) Apiculture and aquaculture

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE

In this topic, the following factors influence agriculture.

-Human factors e.g. -level of education, -Health HIV/AIDS, -Economic status of the farmer e.t.c

– Biotic factors e.g. pests, parasites, decomposers, pathogens, pollinators, predators e.t.c.

– Climatic factors e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity, light

– Edaplus factors e.g. type of soils, soil profile, soil structure, soil texture, soil chemical properties.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and

motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts:

State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops
a) outline five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming
List four effects of temperature on crop growth
State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops
Name two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya
Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields
List three environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya
State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil
Outline four advantages of organic farming
The diagrams below show an experiment carried out by a form 1 class. Study them carefully and

answer questions that follow:

(a) What was the aim of the experiment?

(b) What was the observation that form 1 students made at the end of the experiment in

flasks D and E?

Briefly explain how sub-soil as a horizon in a soil profile can affect soil productivity
(a) What are the three aspects of light that are important to a farmer?

(b) Mention three ways through which relative humidity affect crop production

The diagram labeled E and F below illustrates some type of soil structure. Study the diagrams

carefully and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the types of soil structure illustrated in diagrams E and F

(b) Identify the parts labeled (i) and (ii) in diagram F

State three physical characteristics of soil
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

a) State merits of horizon A
b) State distinct features of horizon B
c) What does the term transition zone refer to in soil profile
i) Name horizon C and state its importance
Outline two ways temperature affects crop production
List four ways by which biological agents can enhance the process of soil formation
List four environmental factors that affect crop production in Kenya
Explain the role played by topography in soil formation
Mention two importance of parent’s material in soil profile
Mention four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production
a) Mention two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides
b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
Give four factors that influence soil formation
State three properties of soil that is influenced by soil texture
Name any three agents of biological weathering

CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)

Land preparation entails the following farming practices.
Land clearing or bush clearing tools, chemicals and equipment used.
Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used.
Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used.
Secondary cultivation, tools and equipment used.
Tertiary operations e.g. ridging, rolling and leveling.
Sub-soiling, tools used and reasons for the same.
Minimum tillage and reasons for the secure.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and farming practices:

Give three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation
List four reasons for cultivating land before planting
(a) What is minimum tillage?

(b) Give four farming practices that help in achieving minimum tillage.

(a) Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould

board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing

(b) Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds (c) Describe five factors that determine the number of cultivations when preparing a seedbed

State four physical conditions of the seedbed that need to be changed to facilitate germination
State four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation
Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation
State four disadvantages of minimum tillage
The diagram below illustrate a tertiary operation carried out in the farm

a) Identify the tertiary operation
b) (i) State the importance of the tertiary operation identified in 20(a) above

(ii) Give two other tertiary operations carried out in the field besides the one identified above

Give two reasons why it is advisable to cultivate the field during the dry season
How are hard pans caused by cultivation?
Give four factors that determine the number of secondary cultivation operations
Define the term minimum tillage
List four advantages of timely planting
State any two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for

planting

Give three benefits of timely planting of annual crops
State four factors determining the depth of ploughing land

WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

This topic entails the following:

Hydrological cycle
Sources of water on the farm
Water collection and storage
Pumps and pumping of water
Types water pipes
Water treatment
Uses of eater of the farm.
Types of irrigation advantages and disadvantages.
Importance and methods of drainages
Water pollution causes and prevention.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm
State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops
Use the diagram below of irrigation method to answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the method of irrigation
b) State four advantages of the above irrigation system
c) State three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm
d) State two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation
a) What is irrigation
b) Outline three methods of irrigation
a) List four use of water on the farm
b) Give four methods of harvesting water on the farm
c) Outline the stages involved in water treatment process
List any four uses of water in the farm
State two types of irrigation used in Kenya
Outline four disadvantages of cambered beds

Describe the process of water treatment

Give four roles of drainage as a method of land reclamation
Name two types of water pumps which can be used in the farm
Name any four examples of working capital in maize production
List four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm
State four methods of drainage
Distinguish between a dam and a weir
How do the government control prices of essential farm produce
What is the difference between pumping and piping of water in the farm?
List four reasons of draining water logged soils before planting.
Give three Agricultural practices which lead to water pollution
The diagrams below illustrate some methods of irrigating crops in the field. Study the diagrams

and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the methods used ; (i) A (ii) B

(b) State two advantages of method A over method B

b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
Give four reasons for practicing irrigation
a) State four importance of water to plants
b) State four reasons for treating water before use c) Describe water treatment system in a chemical treatment plant
Name four diseases caused to man by drinking untreated water
State the functions of the following chemicals as used in water treatment;

(a) Chlorine.

(b) Aluminum sulphate (AIlum)

The diagrams labeled S and T illustrate some methods of draining waterlogged fields; use it to

answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the methods illustrated

(b) What are the materials in S labeled M and N

illustrated in S and T

(d) What is the importance of carrying out land reclamation?

SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)

This topic entails the following:

Characteristics of a fertile soil
How soil loses soil fertility
Soil fertility maintenance
Reasons of adding organic matter to soil
Disadvantages of organic manure
Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops
List four characteristic of fertile soil
The diagram below illustrates a compost heap. Study it and answer the questions that follow

a) Name the part labeled Q and state its function
b) What is the function of each of the following components in preparation of compost manure
i) Top soil
ii) Wood ash

iii) Rotten manure

The illustration below shows a four heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer

the questions that follow.

(a) By use of arrows indicate on the diagram above how the following material should be

transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field

(b) How long does the material take to be ready for application in the field as manure?

(d) Give two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap

Name four indicators of well-decomposed manure
(a) State two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap

(b) When preparing compost manure, explain the importance of each of the following:-

(i) Addition of ash

(ii) Regular turning of the compost manure

What is leaching?
State four advantages of adding organic matter to a sandy soil
(a) Describe the preparation of the following farm materials:-

(i) Farm yard manure

(ii) Hay

(b) Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops

A ration containing 18% protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

method to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed

ii) A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS

(BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)

This topic entails the following

Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production.
Uses of farm records
Types of farm records i.e production records, filed operation records, breeding records, feeding records, health, labour records and master roll.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user comprehend and understand the concepts and practices.

(a) What are the uses of farm records to a farmer?

Identify the farm record below and the questions that follow:

Date	Disease symptoms	Animals affected	Drug used	Cost of treatment	Remarks

(a)Identity of the record

(b) State two different information that should be entered in the remarks column

State four uses of farm records
State four uses of farm records
Outline two ways the level of education and technology influence the efficiency of agricultural

production

Study the illustration below of farm records:- Use it to answer the questions that follow:

Enterprise

Month

Name of cow

DAYS IN MONTH

(a) Name the type of the farm record illustrated above

(b) Give three reasons for keeping health records in a livestock production

List down four pieces of information recorded in a field operation record.
List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine
Give two conditions under which a farmer may prefer the use of donkey trailed cart instead of

a tractor drawn trailer in his farm

SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)

This topic entails the following;

Essentials elements required by cops
Classification of essential elements
Role o micro-nutrients
Deficiency symptoms of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients.
Identification and classification of fertilizers.
Soil sampling and testing methods of fertilizer application.
Effect of soil acidity/alkalinity air crops
Fertilizer rate calculations

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

State four advantages of applying lime in clay soil
a) Give the form in which the following elements are absorbed by crops
i) Sulphur
ii) Nitrogen

iii) Carbon

iv) Magnesium
b) List three effects of nitrogen to plants
Mr. Malombe of Shinyalu village prepared to top dress 10 hectares of nappier grass using

sulphate of ammonia (21%N). Sulphate of ammonia is applied at rate of 150kg per hectare.

Calculate

a) The quantity of sulphate ammonia fertilizer the farmer will need for 10 hectares
b) The number of 50kg bags of fertilizer he will purchase
Give two disadvantages of using farmyard manure
State four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested
A form four student was given a sample of a fertilizer with the following characteristics:

(i) Grey in colour

(ii) It is granular

(iii) Causes no corrosion

(iv) It is highly hygroscopic

(v) It is neutral

(a) Identify the fertilizer

(b) At what stage of growth of maize should it be applied?

State two pieces of information that soil sample should have before being taken to the laboratory

for testing

A compound fertilizer bag has the labels 20-20-0. What do the figures stand for?
Give four functions of sulphur in crops
State four advantages of lining as a measure of soil improvement
State two methods of increasing soil PH
(a) State three factors that determine the amount of inorganic fertilizers needed to be applied

to crops

(b) What are the necessary precautions observed when carrying out soil sampling?

List three functions of nitrogen in crops
(a) Distinguish between fertilizer grade and fertilizer ratio

(b) List four elements whose deficiency results into chlorosis in plants

The diagram below shows a method of soil sampling

(a) Name the method illustrated in the diagram

(b) State three precautions taken when collecting the soil for testing using the above method

A farmer was advised to apply compound fertilizer 20-20-10 on an orchard measuring

20m X 10m at the rate of 80kg/ha. Calculate the amount of fertilizer the farmer would require

for the orchard. (Show your working)

a) A compound of fertilizer has a fertilizer grade of 25:10:5.calculate the a mount

of phosphorus fore sent in 400kg of this fertilizer

b) The diagram below illustrate methods of collecting soil sample from a field

i) Identify the methods illustrated 1-
ii) xx

iii) State three importance of carrying out soil sampling and testing

(a) What is an incomplete compound fertilizer?

(b) State four reasons why a maize crop continued showing deficiency of potassium despite

applications recommended amount of potassic fertilizer

The diagram below shows a soil sampling method.

(a) Identify the method illustrated above

(b) Name any two spots in a farm that should be avoided during sampling

CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)

This topic entails the following:

Correct planting materials for various crops
Selection and preparation of planting materials
Determination of optimum time of planting
Factors which determine planting depth
Planting procedure for different crops
Factors which determine seed rate, spacing and plant population.
Calculation of plant population
Economic value of land.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

State two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting
Give three factors that determine spacing of beans
State four reasons for using certified seeds for planting
Below are diagrams showing vegetative material used for propagation.

a) Name the propagation materials A, B, C, D
b) What is the term used for inducing B to start germinating?
c) State four advantages of vegetative propagation on crop production
Differentiate between hybrid and composite
a) A farmer planted 100 maize seeds and 90 seeds germinated.

Calculate the germination percentage

b) Given that maize is planted at a spacing of 75cm by 25cm, calculate the plant population in a

plot measuring 4m by 3m

Give four qualities of a mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative

material for propagation

Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds
State two factors which determine the depth of planting
State two advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil

Calculate the number of tea plants in two hectares (2ha) given that the spacing is 150cm x 75cm

and one seedling is planted per hole

Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
Give four factors that influence the depth of planting
Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
Give four factors that influence the depth of planting
Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
State four factors that determine the spacing of annual crops
Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation
List two factors that effect rooting of cuttings in crop production
Outline three ways of preparing materials before sowing
Outline three ways of preparing materials before sowing
Distinguish between over sowing and under sowing

Study the illustration below of a tea vegetative material and answer the questions that follow

a) What name is given to the vegetative material drawn above for tea propagation
b) State two devisable characteristics of the selected plants used to develop the plant shown
c) Give two precautions observed during the preparation of the material above before planting
The diagram below illustrates the spacing which is used when planting beans. Study the diagram

and answer the questions that follow:

a) State the spacing illustrated above
b) Suppose the student is asked to use the illustrated spacing to plant in a plot 4m by 3m leaving

30cm distance from the edge; calculate;

i) The number of rows on the wider side of the plot
ii) Calculate the plant population
Using planting material whose diagram is shown below, list four factors that would influence the

rooting of the structure

Describe the selection, preparation and raising of vegetative tea seedlings in the nursery
Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops
Give four disadvantages of broadcasting as a method of planting.
Define the following terminologies as used in Agriculture
Give two advantages of producing crops by use of seeds over vegetative propaganda
State four ways of preparing planting materials before planting

CROP PRODUCTION III

NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

This topic entails the following:

A nursery bed
A nursery bed and a seed bed
Reasons of establishing nursery bed
Suitable site for nursery bed
Nursery bed preparation
Nursery bed management practices
Transplanting seedling crops from nursery bed
Budding a seedling
Grafting a seedling
Reasons for budding, grafting and layering
Tissue culture
Damage caused by animals to a seedling and prevention.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

Name three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants
State two practices done during hardening-off of seedlings in a nursery bed.
List two methods of budding used in crop propagation
List four management practices carried out on a nursery bed
Outline two importance of tissue culture in crop propagation
Differentiate between a nursery bed and a seedling bed
Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production
Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production
The diagram below shows a structure used in crop production:

(a) Identify the structure above

(b) Give a reason for carrying out each of the following practices in the structure shown above

(i) Pricking out

(ii) Hardening off

(a) Describe the siting and establishment of a crop nursery

(b) Explain management practices in a crop nursery

State four importance of thinning seedlings in the nursery bed
State the difference between a seedling bed and a seedbed.
Below is a diagram of a nursery for raising the seedlings

(a) State two advantages of having the part labeled J

(b) State any three management practices that should be carried out on the nursery from the time

seedlings emerge to the stage of transplanting

CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)

This topic entails the following:

Crop rotation
Reasons for crop rotations
Crop rotation programme
Terms used in crop farming
Mulching
Reasons for various field management practices
Correct stage for harvesting crops
Harvesting practices of various crops.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Distinguish between staking and propping as a field management practice on crops
Explain five advantages of crop rotation
State four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested
The diagrams labelled B and C below are illustrations of coffee plants established using two

different formative pruning systems.

Examine the diagrams and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Identify the system of pruning illustrated in B

(b) Identify the system of pruning in C

Give two functions of earthing up in crop production
Describe the factors which determine the stage of harvesting of crops
Give two ways in which inorganic much helps to conserve water
State four factors that determine the spacing of annual crops
Explain the importance of each of the following practices: (i) Hardening off

(ii) Pricking out

(iii) Gapping

Outline two factors that determine the stage of harvesting crops
(a) List four factors that determine harvesting sage of a crop

(b) Give four practices that can be used to control storage pests

List four benefits of pruning in crop production
(a) What is winnowing?

(b) Give one importance of the following practices: (i) Mulching (ii) Threshing

What is frelishing?
Briefly explain how each of the factors listed below will determine the stage at which a crop is harvested

(a) Intended use of the crop

(b) Market demand

What is roguering in crop production?
What is meant by the term “changing the cycle” in coffee growing?
The diagram below shows a practice carried out on various crops on the farm. Study them

carefully and answer the questions that follow;

(a) Identify the farm practice represented by B

(b) State the importance of the above practice in the following crops;

(i) Maize

(ii) Irish potatoes

Mention four factors which determine the stage at which crops are harvested
State two limitation of using polythene sheets as mulching materials in a field of tomatoes
Give two management practices carried in a banana stool
State two functions of polythene sheet when used as mulch material
Give four crops requiring training

CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES)

This topic entails the following:

Growing or production of a vegetable crop form nursery establishment to harvesting
Keep records of crop production.
Market vegetable crop produce
Give reasons or importance of growing vegetable crops.
The vegetable crops include the following: Tomatoes, cabbages, onions, carots, kales.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

The diagram below is of a tomato plant. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

a) State three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried out
c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field
Describe the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
a) Varieties
b) Nursery establishment
c) Field management practices
List four symptoms of late blight in tomatoes
State any four factors considered when grading tomatoes for fresh market
State two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions
The following is an illustration of an infected tomato plant. Study it carefully and answer the

questions below:-

(a) Identify the disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration

(b) Name any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above (c) Mention two other factors which can lead to the same condition as shown by the illustration

(d) State two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above

Give two ways in which pruning helps to control diseases in tomatoes
Outline four ecological requirements for cabbages
a) Mention two pests which attack tomatoes
b) Give two causes blossom end rot disease in tomatoes
List three ecological requirements of tomatoes.

LIVESTOCK HEALTH

(INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)

This topic entails the following:

Definition of Health and disease.
Signs of sickness in animals livestock diseases
Categories of livestock diseases
Reasons for keeping livestock in good health
Disease control practices
Appropriate methods of handling livestock.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

Identify four physical appearances to be observed in a sick animal
State two reasons why tsetse fly control is considered to be a land reclamation method
a) Explain five factors to consider when siting a fish pond
b) Explain the measures used to control livestock diseases
a) Name four notifiable diseases in livestock
b) Discuss four ways in which livestock disease are spread in the farm
c) Describe the methods of controlling livestock disease giving an example of different disease

in each case

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II

(LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

Definition of land tenure.
Description of tenure systems.
Descriptions of land reforms.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
State three objectives of land reforms that are taking place in Kenya
State two causes of land fragmentation in Kenya since independence
Outline the process followed in land adjudication
State four benefits of a farmer having land title deed
State four reasons for practicing land consolidation
Give four advantages of communal land tenure system
State four advantages of landlordism and tenancy
Outline four objects of land tenure reform
State three advantages of communal land tenure system
List down four important details in a land title deed.

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

This topic entails the following:

Definition of soil erosion
Explanation of various factors which influence erosion.
Agents of erosion
Description various methods of erosion
Description of various methods of erosion control
Description of micro-catchments and then uses.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Name three human activities that may influence soil erosion
Below is a diagram showing soil erosion control method

Soil

Cultivated land with crops

a) Identify the structure used to control soil erosion
b) What is the function of the structure made
c) Why was soil not put on the upper side of the trench made
d) State four effects if water was allowed into the cultivated land
Give two roles played by Grassley in soil erosion control
List three materials that may be used for constructing a gabion
State one factor that would determine the width and depth of a cut off drain
Explain five ways by which grass helps to conserve soil
Give four farming practices that help in reducing the effects of water shortage in crop production
Name two types of terraces
Name two forms of gully erosion

9 -V- shaped

-U – shaped

Explain the cultural methods of soil erosion control
Mention four control measures of river bank erosion
The figure below represents a physical soil and water conservation measure used on various slopes

a) Identify the measure represented above
b) Describe the construction of the identified measure above
a) What is soil erosion
b) Give four types of water erosion
c) Explain factors which influence soil erosion
d) State any seven cultural ways of controlling weeds
Give two ways through which gabions control soil erosion

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

This topic entails the following:

Definition of a weed
Identification of weeds
Classification o weeds
Competitive ability of weeds
Description of weed control methods
Harmful effects of weeds

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the weed

(b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

The following is an illustration of a common weed of arable land

(a) Identify the weed (b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

(d) Give two measures used to control the weed

Below is a diagram of some common weeds. Study then and answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Identify weed A and B (ii) State two effects of weed B on crop production

(iii) Give a reason why weed B is difficult to control

(iv) State the effective method of controlling weed B

Give four methods of propagation which make weeds have a high competitive ability

over crops

The diagrams below show weeds:-

Identify the weeds C and D

(b) State why it is difficult to control weed C

(a) List any four types of weeds known to be poisonous to livestock

(b) At what stage of life cycle is best recommended to control weeds?

State two disadvantages of using herbicides
a) Name four herbicides that can be used to control weeds in a field of maize
b) At what stage of growth of maize should the weeds be controlled by use of a post

emergence herbicides

(b) Give an account of economic importance of weeds
a) mention two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides
Listing specific examples of weeds describe their harmful effects in agricultural production

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

This topic entails the following:

Definition of a pest and a disease
Main cause of crop diseases
Description of harmful effects of crop pests and diseases
Identification of crop pests and diseases
Control measures of crops pests and diseases

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

State two possible causes of swelling on the roots of legume crops
Discuss the various cultural methods of controlling pests in crops
What does the term ‘close season’ mean in crop production?
Explain five cultural methods of pest control in stored grains
Name four symptoms of viral infections in plants
Study the illustrations given below and then answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Identify the pests shown by the illustrations B, C and D

(b) State one effective method of controlling the pest labelled

State the various practices carried out in the field to help control crop diseases
State two ways in which pesticides kill crop pests

The diagram below shows kale seedling attacked by a pest

(a) Identify the pest

(b) What damage does the pest cause to the crop

Define the term ‘economic injury level of a pest and integrated pest control management
List four harmful effects of crop pests
The diagram below shows a fungal disease in a section of potato crop leaf

a) Identify the fungal disease
b) (i) State the causal organism of the disease identified above
ii) Give two symptoms of the above disease
c) Give two control measures of the disease
The diagram below shows a banana fruit infected by a certain disease.

Identify the disease
Suggest any one control measure for the disease you have named in (a)

The diagram below shows a crop pest;

(a) Identify the crop pest

(b) State two damages the pest would cause to crops

Give two symptoms of nematode attack on bananas.
Give four cultural practices used in controlling crop pests
State three symptoms of coffee berry disease.

19 (i) Use the diagrams below to answer the question that follow.

(a) Identify the crop pests labeled M, N and P

(b) State one control measures of crop pests labeled M

State and explain the cultural methods of pest control

CROP PRODUCTION VI

FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA

This topic entails the following:

Description of management practices of the food crops from planting to harvesting and marketing.
Economic value of food crops and industrial crops

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

List four management practices carried out in maize field at 45cm high
Why is it not recommended to use sisal bags in handling cotton
Describe the production of rice under the following sub-headings:-

(a) Land preparation

(b) Water control

(d) Weed control

(ii) Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

Describe the production of maize for dry grain production under the following sub-headings:-

(a) Seedbed preparation (b) Planting

(d) Pest control

(e) Disease control

(f) Harvesting

Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
Describe production of maize under the following sub-headings ;

(a) Varieties

(b) planting

(d) harvesting and storage

Describe the field production of maize under the following sub headings
a) Ecological requirement
b) Varieties
c) Seedbed preparation
d) Pests and diseases
e) Harvesting
a) Discuss harvesting of cotton b) Explain the roles of Agricultural co-operatives in Kenya
Describe the production of maize under the following sub-headings:

(a) Ecological requirements

(b) Land preparation (c) Planting and field management

(d) Pests and disease control

(e) Harvesting and marketing

Give two precautions measures a farmer should put into consideration when harvesting cotton
Describe the production of beans under the following sub headings:

(a) Ecological requirements

(b) Seedbed preparation (c) Planting (d) Pest and pest control

FORAGE CROPS

This topic entails the following:

Definition and classification of pasture crops.
Identification of pasture corps
Description of ecological requirements of forage crops
Description of the establishment of pasture and fodder crops
Description of forage utilization and conservation.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

State three factors which affects the quality of standing forage given to livestock
Explain Napier grass production under the following sub-headings
i) Seedbed preparation
ii) Planting

iii) Fertilizer application

iv) Weed control
v) Utilization
Why is it necessary to allow freshly cut nappier grass to wilt before ensiling
Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould

board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing

State two causes of failure in pasture establishment
State two advantages of grass-legume mixture
List four factors that determine the quality of hay
i) Discuss the production of Guatemala grass (Trypsacum Laxum) under the following headings
a) Ecological required
b) Land preparation
c) Planting
d) (i) Utilization and defoliation
ii) Discuss six effects of late defoliation of fodder
Give four factors that determine the nutrient content in hay
(a) Describe the preparation of the following farm materials:-

(i) Farm yard manure

(ii) Hay

(b) Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops

(a) What is topping in pasture management

(b)State two methods used in topping in pasture management

Give two advantages of grass-legume pasture over pure grass pasture
Why are farmers encouraged to conserve excess forage in the farm?
Give two factors affecting the quality of hay

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III

(PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

This topic entails the following:

Parameter of national development
Factors of production
Law of diminishing returns
Farm planning and budgeting
Agricultural services
Risks and uncertainities
How to adjust to risks and uncertainities.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

State four ways of increasing labour efficiency on the farm
The table shows egg production from individual birds with varying mounts of layers mash

100 layers (Fixed number)	Layers mash Kgs/week	Total egg production per week	Marginal production per week
100	0	140	0
100	10	155	15
100	20	180	25
100	30	240	60
100	40	340	100
100	50	470	130

(a) Sketch a graph representing the total egg production per week against amount of feed given

(b) Identify the type of production function represented by the graph in (a) above

(a) What are the uses of farm records to a farmer? (b) Explain four ways in which a farmer may improve Labour productivity in the farm

Name any three types of agricultural services available to the farmer
Outline four management guideline questions which assist a farm manager in making accurate

farm decisions

Give four ways of improving labour productivity
List four variable inputs in sorghum production
List four agricultural support services available to a crop farmer in Kenya
Define the following as used in Agricultural economics:-

(a) Gross domestic product (GDP)

(b) Per capita income

Explain the various ways in which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties
(a) The table below represents the yield of maize in 90kg bags in response to application of

different quantities of planting fertilizer

(i) Fill in the blank spaces

Input 50kg bag fertilizer

Out put 90kg bag maize

Average product (AP)

Marginal product (MP)

–

(ii) Suggest the best level of production in relation to the inputs and output

(b) A farmer is considering undertaking the production of either maize or beans. Study the

following information about the two crops then answer the questions that follow:

(i) Maize

Yield per hectare 5,500 kg

Price 15 per kg

Cost of cultivation / ha Kshs. 3000

Amount of seeds/ha 25kgs

Cost of DAP fertilizer/bag Kshs.1,500

Amount of DAP fertilizer/ha 3bags

Cost of seeds/kg Kshs.100

Labour requirements/ha 50 man days

Cost of labour Kshs.150 per man day

Amount of CAN fertilizer/bag 3 bags

Cost of CAN fertilizer/bag Kshs.1000

(ii) Beans

Yield per hectare 5000kg

Price 50per kg

Cost of cultivation / ha KShs.3600

Labour requirements/ha 75 man days

Cost of labour Kshs. 200 per man day

Cost of DAP fertilizer/bag Kshs. 1500

Amount of DAP fertilizer/ha 2bags

Cost of seeds/kg Kshs.800

Amount of seed/ha 20kg

Amount of CAN fertilizer/bag 1bag

Cost of CAN fertilizer/bag Kshs.1,000

Cost of sprays Kshs.3,000

(i) Calculate the gross margins for each crop (14mks)

(ii) From your calculation, which crop is profitable to grow?

Below is a graphical representation of the law of diminishing returns.

NPK fertilizer input (in 50kg bags)

(a) Explain what happens in each of the three zones marked I and III in relation to the output

of maize and the NPK fertilizer input

(b) Which of the three is a rational zone of production

Give four variable costs in maize production
A farmer has the following yield from a two hectare millet crop enterprise at Oluch irrigation schemes.

Study it and prepare his gross margin. is it profitable to grow millet? He spent the following in

his operations

Weed 800/=

Seeds 20kg/ha

Irrigation 600/=/ha

Ploughing 500/=/ha

Clearing the land 1200/=

Cost of seeds 300/= /10kg bag

Planting 400/= /ha

Harvesting 1200/= /ha

Yield 32bags

DAP fertilizer 2 bags at 10 000/= /50kg bags

CAN fertilizer 2 bags at 700/= /50kg bags

Gunny bags 40/= /bag

Transport to market 2000/=

A farmer has the following yield from a two hectare millet crop enterprise at Oluch irrigation schemes. Study it and prepare his gross margin. is it profitable to grow millet? He spent the following in his operations

Weed 800/=

Seeds 20kg/ha

Irrigation 600/=/ha

Ploughing 500/=/ha

Clearing the land 1200/=

Cost of seeds 300/= /10kg bag

Planting 400/= /ha

Harvesting 1200/= /ha

Yield 32bags

DAP fertilizer 2 bags at 10 000/= /50kg bags

CAN fertilizer 2 bags at 700/= /50kg bags

Gunny bags 40/= /bag

Transport to market 2000/= (20mks)

What is profit maximization in Agricultural Economics
a) A farmer is considering undertaking the production of either maize or beans. Study the

following information about the two crops and then answer the questions that follow:

Maize
Yield per hectare	5500kg
Price	Kshs.15 per kg
Cost of cultivation/ ha	Kshs. 3000/=
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1500/=
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ ha	3 bags
Cost of seed/ Kg	Kshs.100
Labour requirements / ha	50 man days
Cost of labour	Kshs.150 per man day
Amount of CAN fertilizer	3 bags
Cost of CAN fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1000

Beans
Yield per hectare	Kshs.5000
Price	Kshs.50 per kg
Cost of cultivation/ ha	Kshs.3600
Labour requirements/ ha	75 man- days
Cost of labour	Kshs.200 per man day
Cost of DAP fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1500
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ ha	2 bags
Cost of seed/ kg	Kshs.80
Amount of seed/ ha	20kg
Amount of CAN fertilizer/	1 bag
Cost of CAN fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1000
Cost of sprays	Kshs.3000

i) Calculate the gross margin for each crop
ii) From your calculation which crop is profitable to grow
b) Discuss five factors considered when planning a farm
Using the data provided in the table below, make an interpretation and advice the farmer on which

crop to grow ;

Type of crop	Gross margin (Ksh)
Cotton	18,400
Ground nuts	20,050

Outline three advantages of budgeting in farm business
A farmer has 1 Ha piece of land on which he grows maize. His farm record on maize

production for nine years is as shown in the table below:

Year	Fertilizer applied (bags)	Total output of maize (bags)
1995	0	4
1996	2	10
1997	4	28
1998	6	42
1999	8	52
2000	10	60
2001	12	66
2002	14	66
2003	16	64

(a) i) Using an appropriate scale, with input on the X-axis draw a graph to show the relationship

between inputs and total output

(ii) From the graph you have drawn, how many bags of maize would the farmer produce if

he applied 9bags of fertilizer?

Calculate the farmers marginal products and average products for the years (i) From the data given, what rate of fertilizer application would the farmer choose if he

wanted to grow maize in 2004?

(ii) Give an explanation for your choice in (c) (i) above

(b) Assuming that the average price of fertilizer over the years recorded was shs. 1,200/= per bag

and the price of maize was ksh.1000/= per bag :

Calculate the gross income for the years 2002 and 2003

Calculate the net income for the year 1999. (Assume no other costs were incurred)

Name five types of costs incurred in a farming business
List any four sources of credit to farmers.
List three ways in which labour peaks can be overcome in the farm (1½ mks)
State four ways of improving farm labour productivity
A farmer had a plot of land measuring 5 hectares in which be intended to plant maize.

He was advised to apply 150 kg of P₂0 per hectare at planting and 200kg N per hectare during

top dressing. The fertilizer available in the market was Calcium Ammonium Nitrate containing

20% N and Di-ammonium phosphate 46% P₂0₅. Calculate.

(a) (i) The amount of Di—ammonium phosphate required

(ii) The amount of calcium ammonium nitrate required

(b) Baraka farm manager plans to grow Irish potatoes or maize for grains. Study the information

below and answer the questions that follow:

Irish potatoes

Cost of fertilizers/ha____________________________ Ksbs 10,000.

Labour requirements/ha ______________________ Kshs 50 man – days

Yield /ha ___________________________________ 10,000kg

Seed potato/ha ________________________________Kshs20, 000

Cost of labour ___________________________ Kshs 200 per man day

Cost of fungicides___________________________ Kshs 5000

Cost of ploughing____________________________ Kshs 4000

Selling price of potatoes per kg __________________ Kshs 30.

Maize

Yield per hectare ______________Kshs.7,500kg

Selling price of maize per kg _____________Kshs 20.

Cost of ploughing /ha ________________Kshs.4000

Seed maize/ha _____________________Kshs.3000

Labour requirement /ha _________________________ 200 man days.

Cost of fertilizers /ha ____________________Kshs 10,000

Cost of top dressing fertilizers __________________Kshs 4,800

Cost of labour _____________Kshs 150 per man – day

(i) What is gross margin?

(ii) Calculate the gross margin of each of the crops

(iii) From the calculation above which crop should the farm grow?

(d) Describe the environmental factors that may lead to poor yields in crop production

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV

This topic entails the following:

Importance of farm accounts
Financial documents and their uses
Analysis of financial statements
Books of accounts and their uses.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Name three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

2 a) The following transactions were extracted from Mr. Tembo’s financial books for the year

ending 31^st Dec 2003.study and answer the questions that follow:

Particulars cost (ksh)

Milk sale 8 000

Goat sale 500

Purchase of farm tools 1 000

Construction of zero grazing unit 10 000

Depreciation of machinery 800

Closing stock 16 000

Veterinary bills 400

Interest payable 750

Wages 4 800

Sales of cabbages 750

Sales of tea 4 700

Opening stock 12 000

Sales of heifers 9 400

Purchase of pesticides 300

(a) i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec. 2003

ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm
b) i) Give five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

State four reasons for using certified seeds for planting
List any two financial statements which may be prepared on a farm
The following information was obtained from Lang’at’s farm records for the year ending

December, 2004. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

Goats 4,000

Poultry 15,000

Causal workers 12,000

Opening valuation 150,000

His sales and receipts are as follows:

Mohair 75,000

Rabbits 3,600

Eggs to hotel 15,000

Closing valuation 200,000

(a) Prepare the profit and loss A/C of Lang’at’s farm

(b) State the benefit of a profit and loss A/C to Mr. Lang’at

(a) List any four financial documents used in the farm

(b) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Rob’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec. 2009, given

the following information:-

Sale of milk Kshs.10,000

Sold two heifers kshs.10,000

Cabbage sold Kshs. 20,000

Debts payable Ksh.4,200

Sold tomatoes Kshs. 3,000

Veterinary bills Kshs.2,500

Bought livestock feeds Kshs.2,500

Purchase fertilizers Kshs.5,000

Bought seeds Kshs. 4,000

Debts receivable Kshs.20,000

Opening valuation Kshs.150,000

Closing valuation Kshs.200,000

(d) Explain the various ways in which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties

a) The following transactions were extracted from Mr. Tembo’s financial books for the year

ending 31^st Dec 2003.study and answer the questions that follow:

Particulars cost (ksh)

Milk sale 8 000

Goat sale 500

Purchase of farm tools 1 000

Construction of zero grazing unit 10 000

Depreciation of machinery 800

Closing stock 16 000

Veterinary bills 400

Interest payable 750

Wages 4 800

Sales of cabbages 750

Sales of tea 4 700

Opening stock 12 000

Sales of heifers 9 400

Purchase of pesticides 300

i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec 2003
ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm
b) i) Give five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

At the end year ended 31/12/2005 Bidii farm recorded the following:

Perennial crops 250,000

Bank loans 30,000

Cash at hand 5,000

Bank overdrafts 15,000

Land 350,000

Unpaid wages 3,000

Debts receivable 20,000

Stocks in store 25,000

Livestock 200,000

Bank balances 100,000

(a) Prepare a balance sheet as at 31/12/2005

(b) Did Bidii farm qualify for a loan and why?

State one condition in which each of the following documents is used.
i) Invoice
ii) Delivery note

iii) Receipt

Below is a transaction showing Mrs.Okello’s financial position in her business for the year 2009

-Purchase of pesticides 3,000 00

-Milk sales 8,000 00

-Sales of goats 5,000 00

-Construction of store 10,000 00

-Closing valuation 16,000 00

-Depreciation of machinery 3,000 00

-Interest payable 1,750 00

-Purchase of farm tools 800 00

-Veterinary bills 1,400 00

-Sales of tomatoes 1,750 00

-Wages 10,000 00

-Sales of heifer 10,000 00

-Opening valuation 12,000 00

-Sales of coffee 5,000 00

i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Okello’s farm
ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss that Mrs. Okello made during the year 2009

iii) Explain six ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties in farming

Name two examples of liabilities in a balance sheet

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)

This topic entails the following:

Market and marketing
Types of markets
Supply and demand
Marketing functions
Problems of marketing
Agricultural organizations

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

a) Explain the principle that govern the operations of farmers’ co-operative societies
b) Explain the role of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya
c) Explain various functions of agricultural marketing
a) Give four marketing functions
b) Outline four problems associated with marketing of agricultural products
State two roles of agricultural society of Kenya
(a) What is elasticity of demand for a commodity

(b) Given that at a price of shs.1000 per bag, 20 bags of maize are demanded but when the price

changes to shs.800 per bag, 22 bags are demanded. Calculate the elasticity of demand. Show

your working

(c)Outline six problems of marketing maize as an agricultural product

(d) Determine nine principles governing cooperatives in Kenya

Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
(a) Explain marketing activities in Agriculture

(b) Discuss problems experienced in marketing of Agricultural products

What is elasticity of supply

How do the governments control prices of essential farm produce
b) Explain the roles of Agricultural co-operatives in Kenya
State the law of demand and supply.
What do the following initials stand for?

(i) K.N.F.U – Kenya National Farmers Union

(ii) H.C.D.A – Horticultural Crops Development Authority

(a) What is a co-operative society

(b) List two functions of co-operatives

Give four factors which influenced the demand of tomatoes in the market

AGROFORESTRY

This topic entails the following:

Definition of agro forestry
Importance of agro forestry
Forms of agro forestry
Importance of trees
Selection f trees to plant
Routine management practices on trees
Methods of tree harvesting.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

State two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting
State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
List four advantages of agro-forestry
The illustrations below are techniques of harvesting agroforestry trees. Study them carefully and

then answer the questions below:-

(a) Identify the harvesting techniques represented by techniques A and B

(b) Give an example of a tree species suitable for technique B and C as a method of harvesting

State four factors considered when choosing trees for Agroforestry
(a) Five characteristics of trees used in agroforestry are;

(b) The benefits of agroforestry are:

Name four forms of agro- forestry
Give four characteristics that good agro-forestry tree should posses

ANSWERS SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

two factors which characterize intensive farming

Small farms
Huge capital
Skilled labour
Produce for sale

Mechanization done

three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming

Cheap
Environmental friendly

No chemical residues in produce

two ways in which Agriculture contributes to industrial development.

– Provide raw materials for industries.

– Provide market for industrial goods.

– Is a source of capital for starting industries.

four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops.

– Causes physical damage to crops.

– Cause rapid spread of diseases/ pests/ weeds.

– Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation.

– Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds.

– Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake.

Agriculture – rearing of fish in fish ponds

One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is:

Colour,
Texture,
Structure

Four advantages of organic farming

Environmental friendly
Products do not have organic farming
Products do not have organic chemical residue
Improve soil structure
Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure
Enhances soil water retention
Provides food for soil microbes
Enhances soil water infiltration

Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced are:

Can only be practiced where land is abundant
Practiced where population is sparse
Practiced where number of livestock per units low (2 ½mks)

Four factors that determine the time of planting a crop

(a) Olericulture – production of vegetables

Floriculture – production of flowers

(b) Apiculture – bee keeping

Agriculture – rearing of fish in fish ponds

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE

two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops

Provide nutrients
Increase water holding capacity
Increase soil temperature

Neutral soil PH

a) five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming

Mulching
Apply manure
Use medicinal plants to control parasites and diseases
Crop rotation
Rear livestock on natural organically grown pasture
Physical/ cultural/ biological/ pests, weeds and disease control

four effects of temperature on crop growth

Low temp-slow growth rate

-increase incidence of negative infection e.g. CBD

-improve quality of some crop

High temp-cause wilting

-increase growth rate

-improve quality of some crops

-increase pest and disease incidences (1/2×4=2mks)

four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops.

– Causes physical damage to crops.

– Cause rapid spread of diseases/ pests/ weeds.

– Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation.

– Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds.

– Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake.

Two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya:-

Light intensity
Light duration

– Light wavelength

The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

Poor soil fertility /infertile soil
Damage by hailstorms
Less rainfall/unreliable/drought
Poor soil type resulting into leaching or water logging
Inappropriate soil PH
Inappropriate temperature (too low or high)
Excessive wind leading to increase in water loss from the soil
Extreme relative humidity
Extreme of light intensity
Topography / some attitudes e.g. very high may limit crop growth ( 1mk x any 7pts = 7mks)

– Rainfall

Soil
Topography
Light
Wind

One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is:

Colour,
Texture,
Structure

Four advantages of organic farming

Environmental friendly
Products do not have organic farming
Products do not have organic chemical residue
Improve soil structure
Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure
Enhances soil water retention
Provides food for soil microbes
Enhances soil water infiltration ( 4x ½ = 2mks)

(a) The aim of the experiment was:- to show presence of living organisms in the soil

(b) observations were:

Flask D – Limewater turns milky/turbid (1mk)
Flask E – Lime water remains clear (1mk)

Carbon dioxide which turns water milky in flask D would have been produced only during the respiration of living organisms present in fresh soil

– It may have hard pan which interfere with water infiltration
a) – Light duration

Light intensity
Light wave length ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

b) Evapotranspiration

Presence of pest

a) – E – Single grained structure

– F – Granular structure (1×1=1 mk)

b) i) Humus with clay (1×1=1 mk)
ii) Air space (1×1=1 mk)

c)- Colour affects soil texture and hence micro- organisms in the soil Ö

– Texture – affects drainage, aeration and capillary

– Structure – affects aeration and root penetration

three physical characteristics of soil (1 1/2mks)

Soil structure
Soil texture
Soil colour

a) State merits of horizon A

source of plant nutrients
support/anchor the crops
store of water for the crops
sources of soil micro organism

b) State distinct features of horizon B

deficient of humus(nutrients)
contain leached nutrients
contains more compact soil particles
presence of hard pans in some soils

c) Transitional zone-this is a zone bordering two adjacent layer of soil profile

i)Weathered rock

Importance

Give rise to sub soil
Source of minerals
Determine mineral content of soil and type of soil

Low temperatures encourages crop diseases such as leaf rust
Low temperatures may increase or lower the quality of farm produce
High temperatures hastens maturity/ improves the quality/ lower the quality
Increases the rate of evapo transpiration which may result loss plant moisture/ leading to wilting of crops

Movement of animals in large numbers
Decomposition of plant and animal remains by soil micro- organisms
Physical breaking of rocks by roots of higher plants
Man’s activities e.g. cultivation, mining and road construction
Mixing up of soil by animals e.g. earth worms and

– Temperature/ Altitude

– Soil type;

– Prevailing winds;

– Rainfall; (4x ½ =2mks)

– It influences the movement of the weathered materials hence affecting the depth of soil development;
two importance of parent’s material in soil profile

Determine soil characteristics
Determine soil depth

Determine soil nutrients

four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production

Mulching
Pruning
Shading of crops
Irrigation (4x ½ mks)

a) two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides

Stage of plants growth
Plants morphology and anatomy
Mode of action
Environmental factors (2×1=2mks)

b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
four factors that influence soil formation

Parents rock material
Climate
Topography
Biotic/organic/living organism

– Drainage

-Aeration

-Water-holding capacity

-capillary

-large animals e.g. Buffaloes

-Man activities e.g. farming

-Root pressure of plants

-Burrowing animals e.g moles, termites

CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)

three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation

Crop to be planted
Implement available

Type of soil

Four reasons for cultivating land before planting.

– To improve soil aeration.

– To improve germination.

– Destroy weeds.

– Incorporate organic matter in the soil.

– Increase water infiltration.

(a)Is a situation in which least possible cultivation operations are carried out in crop

production.

(b) – Clearing the land / bush clearing.

– Using appropriate chemicals to kill the existing vegetation.

– Weeding using herbicides.

– Planting / drilling seeds directly into the stubble of previous crop.

(a) – Harrow the land to a fine filth;

– Harrow during the dry or before the rains;

– Make the seed be weed – free / ensure clean seed bed;

– Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing;

– Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,;

– Sow seeds at the onset rains/ early planting;

– Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 – 300 kgs/ ha at planting time;

– Drill or broadcast the seeds evenly;

– Use a recommended seed rate for the variety / seed rate of 1.5 – 2.0 kh/ha pure seeds;

– Bury seeds at 2 ½ times their diameter;

– Control weeds by uprooting/ apply a suitable herbicide;

– Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application.

– Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young.

– Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment. (10 x 1 = 10 mk)

(b) – Select seeds of the same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases.

– Plant seeds at the same time.

– Prepare the whole field to required uniform tilth.

– Plant at the right moisture content of the soil / irrigation uniformly.

– Treat seeds before planting i.e. break dormancy.

– Plant at the correct depth. (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

– Type of soil.

– Cost of operation.

– Size of seed/ type of planting material/ type of crop.

– Type of machinery available / use of tractors.

– Topography / gradient of the land/ liability of soil erosion.

– Skills of the operator.

– Initial conditions of the land/ the cropping history of the land.

– Time available to carry out the operation before planting.

Four physical conditions of the seedbed that need to be changed to facilitate

Germination

Size of soil clods (clods (made small or medium size
Appropriate soil depth
Soil looseness
Should be weed free

– Soil moisture content improved

Four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation

Brings leached nutrients to the surface
Breaks hard pans
Promotes aeration of the soil
Promotes water infiltration

– Ensures better root penetration

Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are:

Press the seeds against the soil moisture
Controls soil erosion
Ensure uniform germination
Controls removal of small seeds by wind
Breaks large soil cods

four disadvantages of minimum tillage

The less porous surface increased soil erosion especially in heavily sols
Difficulty in weed control
Speed of planting to reduce due to large amount of residues in the soil and big clods

Leads to accumulating of soil borne pests and diseases

a) – ridging
b) (i) Encourage tuber expansion

Allow easy harvesting of crop roots

(ii) Rolling

Leveling

Leads to timely planting
Weeds are appropriately controlled especially the perennial such as couch grass
Farmers take advantage of availability of labour reducing the cost of labour
Control of soil borne pests

Gives time for better organic decomposition

– By repeated cultivation at the same depth;

– Cultivating the soil when wet using heavy machinery;

– Type and size of planting material;

– Topography/slope f land;

– Soil moisture content;

– (Initial) condition of land/amount of vegetation on the land;

-Capital available

– Type of implement used;

It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or

during the management of the crops.

14.

Market demand
Type of crop to be planted
Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern
Prevalence of pests and diseases
Prevalence of weeds

two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting

purpose of crop
moisture content
concentration of desired chemical
weather
market demand

– Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture

-Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time

-Crops fetch high market prices

-Crops escape from pests and diseases

-There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases

-Ensures timely harvesting

– type of crop to be planted

-Implements available

-Type of soil

-Climatic conditions

WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm

Remove chemical impurities
Remove foreign material
Remove disease earning organisms

Remove bad smell & taste

State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops

Increase soil volume
Improve aeration
Increases activities of micro organisms
Control erosion

Reduce toxic substance in soil

3 . a )Sprinkle irrigation

b) four advantages of the above irrigation system

Little water required
Done on nay topography
Control weeds between rows
Water under low pressure
Prevent fungal diseases

c) three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm

Where tree crops are planted
Little water supply
Enough capital for the method is available
Slope land 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks

d) two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation

Difficult to carry field mechanization
Require a lot of capital
Require clean water
Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes

Applicable where tree plants are grown

a) Artificial√ application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough

moisture√ for plants growth(mark whole)

b) Surface,

overhead,

subsurface,

drip/trickle

a) four use of water on the farm

Irrigation
Domestic use
Diluting chemicals
Construction work
Watering livestock and washing buildings
Processing farm produce(1/2×4=2mks)

b) four methods of harvesting water on the farm (2mks)

roof cantonment
weirs
rock cantonment
dams
ponds

c) the stages involved in water treatment process

filtration of water intake
softening
coagulation and sedimentation
filtration in tanks
chlorination storage (1/2×6=3mks)

four uses of water in the farm.

– For diluting chemicals used to control pests.

– For watering livestock.

– For watering plants e.g. irrigation.

– For washing utensils, calf pen bully sheds.

– For domestic use e.g. drinking, cooking.

– For rearing fish.

– For recreation

– Processing of farm produce.

– In construction of buildings.

two types of irrigation used in Kenya.

– Overhead / sprinkler.

– Surface / Flood / furrow/ basin.

– Drip/ trickle.

Four disadvantages cambered beds

High cost of maintenance
Provides breeding ground for vectors of malaria
Prevents proper mechanization of the farm

– Labour intensive

– Water from source river is made to pass through a series of sieves.

– Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves.

– Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber.

Stage II: Softening of the water.

Water circulates in the mixing chamber and doses of soda ash to soften the water.

Stage III: Coagulation and sedimentation

Water is passed through coagulation tank where fresh air enters to remove bad smell/ chloride of lime used.

Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed.
Alum added to coagulated solid particles which settle at the bottom.

Stage IV: Filtration

Water is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it.
Water leaving the filtration tank is clean.

Stage V: Chlorination

Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added.
Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine.

Stage VI: Storage

– The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.

– Improves soil aeration

Raises soil temperature
Increases activities of micro- organisms
Increases soil volume

– Prevent accumulation of poisonous substances in the soil

– Semi-rotary

Hydram
Piston/ reciprocating
Centrifugal
Rotary

Four examples of working capital in maize production are;

Seeds
fertilizer
Herbicides
Pesticides
Fuel fragticides
Casual labour (4x ½ = 2mks)

four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm

Centrifugal/rotadynathic pumps
Piston/reciprocating pump
Semi-Rotan pump
Hydram pump

four methods of drainage

Open ditches

Under ground drain pipes
French drains
Cambered beds
Pumping
Planting of trees/planting of trees such as Eucalyptus

A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level

to form a reservoir or lake

A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it

– Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs

Fixes prices of the related products

– Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force;

17.

To facilitate the action of soil living organisms
To check or reduce leaching
To moderate or increase soil temperature
To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts
To reduce erosion rate of top soil
To improve soil structure
To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen
As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables
In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle.

18.

Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways.
Fertilizer application
Pesticides
Over grazing
Irrigation
Over cultivation
Use of farm machinery

a) i) A – Drop/ trickle irrigation
ii) B – Sprinkler/ overhead irrigation
b) Two advantages of method A over method B

Conserves water
Does not damage flowers, leaves
Does not cause splash/ splatter irrigation
Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop
Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field
Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop

c) i) Cotton wool
ii) Rough sand
four reasons for practicing irrigation

Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture
To reclaim dry areas
To meet moisture requirement of crops
To produce and benefit from off season crops
Growing of paddy vice

– to prevent rotting

-For processing

– For long storage

– Prevent pest and disease attack

(a) Kill germs

(b) For sedimentation

S- French drainage T- Vambedred peds M – soil- stones

SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)

two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops

Provide nutrients
Increase water holding capacity
Increase soil temperature

Neutral soil PH

four characteristic of fertile soil (2mks)

Well drained
Correct PH
Good water holding capacity
Adequate plant nutrients
Free from pest and diseases
Correct soil nutrients

a) Q-stick√

Function-checking temperature√ and other conditions within the heap

b) i) Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition√
ii) Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium√

iii) Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism√

The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer

the questions that follow.

a) use of arrows indicate how the decomposing material should be transferred from one heap

to another till the manure is applied in the field.

b)- 3 – 6 wks

c) one reason for turning the material in the heap regularly.

– Proper decomposition.

– Facilitate air circulation.

– Microbial activities.

d) two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap.

– To regulate the internal temperatures in the heap.

– Create moist environment for microbial activity.

Four indicators of well-decomposed manure

Absence of bad odour and instead the smell of forest soil
Light weight
Brown colour
Moist but not wet
– Original nature of material not noticeable (½ x 4pts = 2mks)

(a) Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are:-

Accessibility
Drainage
Direction of prevailing wind
Size of the farm/proximity

(b) Five advantages of rotation grazing are: (5mks)

Livestock with maximum use of pastures
Reduces build up of parasites and diseases
Animal waste evenly distributed
Pasture area given time to regenerate
Excess pasture conserved
Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use (5×1=5mks)

It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming

Unravel able to crops

Improves soil structure
Adds nutrients
Increases cation exchange capacity
Increases microbial activity in the soil
Improves water holding capacity/ reduces leaching
Buffers soil PH

Moderates soil temperature

(a) (i) Preparation of farm yard manure:-

Collect animal waste/refuse/dung and urine;
Collect animal bedding/litter and other rotten plant residues;
Store collected materials under roof/shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients;
Turnover the materials regularly;
Sprinkle water if dry;
leave the material to rote completely before use; (6×1=6mks)

(ii) Preparation of Hay

Cut the grass /legume in the field when 50% of it is starting to flower;
The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days (sunny days)
The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying;
Gather the dried material in a central spot;
Bale the material;
Properly store the baled hay (6×1=6mks)

(b) Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

Escape from serious weed competition;
Utilization of early rainfall;
Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season;
Escape from serious pest + disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize;
Fetch high market prices when harvested early;
Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period;
For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities; (8×1=8mks)

i) A ration containing 18% protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed (3mks)

ii) two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration (2mks)

Linear programming
Trial and error

Graphical method.

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS

(BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)

(a) – Help to determine the value of the farm/ determine assets and liabilities.

– Provide history of the farm.

– Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields.

– Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm.

– Assists when sharing losses or profits (dividends)for communal owned farms/ partnership.

– Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs.

– Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft.

– Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.

– Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.

– Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation.

– Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information

helps in obtaining credit. (10 x 1 = 10 mks)

(a)Health record

(b) Next date of treatment /vaccination

– Occurrence of the disease
– Response to treatment ( ½ x 2 =1mk)

Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health
Know the prevalent disease

– Calculate cost of treatment

3 Four uses of farm records are;

Used to compare the performance of different enterprise
Shows history of the farm
Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations
Assessment of income tax
Calculation of profits and losses
Securing loans
Settling disputes where no will is left

four uses of farm records

Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms
Shows the history of the farm
Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations
Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm
Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation
Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities
Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership
Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will
Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses
Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets
Provide labour information

Understanding the technical language used in agriculture
Application of the right amounts of inputs
Correct/ appropriate measurements in farming

Uses of appropriate technology

(a) Milk production record (1×1=1mk)

(b) Determine prevalent diseases;

– Establish treatment of diseases;

– Establish disease control method;

– Determine cost of medication/health care;

– Determine the health status of different animals; (4×1=4mks)

– Production techniques

– Labour trends

– Breeds of dairy cattle

– Production constraints/risks and certainties

Field
Area of the land
Season
Crop planted
Crop variety
Land preparation date
Type of fertilizer at planting
Type of fertilizer at top dressing
Seed rate used
Type of weed and date of weed control
Type of pest and date of pest control
Date of harvesting
Remarks (Any 4)

List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. (1mk)

Piston moves down from TDC
Exhaust valve is closed
Inlet valve is open
Air / fuel mixture get into combustion chamber
Piston reaches BDC. (4x ½ = 2mks)

– Where the resources are free

– where there is no alternative

– where the alternatives are very many.

SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)

four advantages of applying lime in clay soil

Lower soil acidity
Increase calcium content
Hastens decomposition of organic matter
Improve soil structure/ improve drainage
Facilitates availability and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorous
Improve legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation

Increase multiplication of micro- organisms

a) i) Sulphur- SO₄²⁻,SO₂
ii) Nitrogen-NO₃⁻,NH₄

iii) Carbon-CO₂

iv) Magnesium-mg²⁺
b) three effects of nitrogen to plants (1 1/2mks)

delayed maturity
excessive succulence
excessive vegetative growth
weak stems
lodging

a) The quality of sulphate ammonia fertilizer the farmer will need for 10 hectares (1mk)

100kg SA supplies 21kg N

1ha requires 150kg SA

10ha requires (150×10) kg SA

= 1500kg SA in 10ha

b) The number of 50kg bags of fertilizer he will purchase (1mk)

50kg fill 1 bag

1 x 1500=30bags (1)

two disadvantages of using farm yard manure

– It’s bulky hence difficult to apply by one laborer.

– It may spread weeds.

– It may spread diseases.

– It releases nutrients slowly.

four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested.

– Purpose of the crop / maturity.

– Moisture content.

– Concentration of certain chemicals.

– Water condition.

– Market demand.

a) – Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN.

b)- Knee high

– 30 – 45 cm height.

c) Calculate the amount of K₂O contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25 : 10 : 5.

5 kg of K₂O is in 100 kg of 25 : 10: 5

∴ 400 kg of compound fertilizer

400 x 5 = 20 kg of K₂O

100

Two pieces of information that soil sample should have before being taken to the laboratory

for testing are:-

– Name of the farmer

Address of the farmer
The type of test to be carried out

– Date of sampling

A compound fertilizer bag has the labels 20-20-10. What do the figures stand for

20 – 20% Nitrogen (N)
20 – 20% Phosphorous Pentoxide (P₂O₅)

– 0- 0% Potassium Oxide (K₂O)

Four functions of sulphur in crops are:-

Amino acids/protein synthesis
Formulating enzymes and hormones
Increase oil content and hormones
Needed for formation of chlorophyll

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

– Improves soil PH hence microbial activities

Allows wide production of different crop varieties
Improves soil aeration
Improves drainage

Improves soil structure

-Liming

use of alkaline fertilizer (2 ½ = 1mk)

a) -Type of crop

Fertilizer characters
Type of soil
Environmental condition ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

b) – Avoid unique sites e.g. compost, along fence

Remove all vegetation parts
Mix the samples thoroughly

Make as many samples as possible

three functions of nitrogen in crops (1 1//2mks)

Protein synthesis/formation
Forms part of chlorophyll molecule
Encourages vegetative growth
Regulate availability of phosphorus and potassium in plant
Increase to size of grains and protein content increases

Fertilizer ratio is the proportion of various nutrients in a fertilizer grade is the percentage of

nutrients in a fertilizer;

(b)- Nitrogen

– Calcium

– Potassium

– Magnesium

– Sulphur

(a) Diagonal/transverse method; (1×1=1mk)

(b) – Avoid contamination/use sterilized container;

– Avoid sampling soil from unusual sites e,g ant hills

– Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil; (3×1=3mks)

– To determine the soil PH/type of fertilizer to add to the soil/lime to add to the soil;

– To determine the type of crop to grow;

– May help in diagnosing low crop yield/mineral deficiency;

Area – 10×20 =200m² (1mk)

100,000m² require 80kgs of 20-20-10

200m² will require

200 x 80

10,000

═ 1.6kgs (1mk)

a) A compound of fertilizer has a fertilizer grade of 25:10:5.calculate the a mount

of phosphorus fore sent in 400kg of this fertilizer

N:P:K

25:10:5

If 10kg P₂O₅√1 = 100kg NPK

? = 400kg NPK√1

= 400 x 10

100

= 40kg P₂O₅√1 (3 steps x 1=3mks)

b) i) – zigzag method
ii) xx –traverse/diagonal

iii) State three importance of carrying out soil sampling and testing

determine the type of crop to grow
determine the type of fertilizer to be used
determine type of nutrients in the soil (3×1=3mks)

(a) Lacks one of the major fertilizer NPK elements

(b) – The soils could be very acidic

– Too much rainfall.

(a) Random/zigzag soil sampling

(b) – old manure heaps

– Ant hills

-Dead furors

-Fence lines

-Cattle bomas

– Mark points using pegs

Collect top soil and sap soil n different paper bag.

– Dry the soil and mix thoroughly

– Sent dispatch to laboratory for fasting

CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)

two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting

Break dormancy

Control pests and diseases

three factors that determine spacing of beans

Type of soil
Moisture in soil
Species/ size of bean plant
Machinery to be used
Purpose of beans

Stand in the field

four reasons for using certified seeds for planting

High yielding
Quality produce
High germination percentage
Grow faster

a) A Banana sucker

B Stem tubes

C Bulb

D Stem cutting

b) Chitting
c) four advantages of vegetative propagation on crop production

Grow faster
True copy of mother plant
Have no dormancy period
Easy to obtain 4x ½ = 2 mks

Differentiate between hybrid and composite

Hybrid

composite

Seeds produced by

crossing inbreedlines

and controlled pollination√

Seeds produced by growing different

varieties together under uncontrolled

pollination√ 2//

a) Germinated seed x100√

Total seeds planted

=90 x100 (2)

100 = 90%√

b) Given that maize is planted at a spacing of 75cm by 25cm, calculate the plant population in a plot measuring 4m by 3m

plant ppl = land area√

Spacing

4mx3m

75x25cm

400cmx300cm

75cmx25cm = 64plants√ (2)

four qualities of a mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative

material for propagation.

High quality.
High yielding.
Disease resistance / healthy/ disease tree.

Fast growth/ fast maturity.

– Select seeds of the same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases.

– Plant seeds at the same time.

– Prepare the whole field to required uniform tilth.

– Plant at the right moisture content of the soil / irrigation uniformly.

– Treat seeds before planting i.e. break dormancy.

– Plant at the correct depth. (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

two factors which determine the depth of planting

– Soil type

Size of seed
Soil moisture content

– The type of germination

– Reduces leaching

Improves water holding capacity
Improves soil structure
Suffer soil pH
Moderate soil temperature
Increases microbial activities
Increases cation exchange capacity

– Improve fertility of the soil after decomposition

Area

Spacing

Tea population (10,000×2

1.5mx 0.75) 1

20,000m²

1.125m² 1

= 17,777 plants

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

Four reasons why training is important in some crops

Facilitate field practices of spraying and harvesting
Improves crop quality by preventing solving
Enable crop grow in the required direction
Improve yield
Control pest and diseases

Four factors that influence the depth of planting are:

The size of the seed
Soil moisture content
Type of soil /soil texture
Type of germination

14.

Avoid mixing with foreign materials
Harvesting during the dry weather
During harvesting separate grade A and B

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

Four reasons why training is important in some crops

Facilitate field practices of spraying and harvesting
Improves crop quality by preventing solving
Enable crop grow in the required direction
Improve yield
Control pest and diseases

Four factors that influence the depth of planting are:

The size of the seed
Soil moisture content
Type of soil /soil texture
Type of germination

Avoid mixing with foreign materials
Harvesting during the dry weather
During harvesting separate grade A and B

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

– Moisture content of soil

Use of which the crop is to be put
Number of seeds per hole
Prevalence of certain diseases/ pests
Machinery to be used in subsequent operations
Fertility status of the soil

Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are:

Press the seeds against the soil moisture
Controls soil erosion
Ensure uniform germination
Controls removal of small seeds by wind
Breaks large soil cods

two factors that effect rooting of cuttings in crop production

Temperature
Relative humidity
Light intensity
Oxygen supply
Chemical treatment
Leaf area

Breaking seed dormancy
Seed dressing

Seed inoculation

Breaking seed dormancy
Seed dressing

Seed inoculation

Under sowing is the establishment of pasture under a cover crop usually maize while over sowing is the establishment of pasture legume in an existing grains pasture
a) Stem cutting

High yielding
High quality
Good rooting ability
Adaptable to the ecological zone

Make top cut near the auxiliary bud as close as possible and sloping away from it
Lower cut must be sloping at an angle and be 2.5 – 4cm below the leaf
Single leaf internodes cuttings must be kept shaded and wet floating in water from the time of cutting to planting

25 a) (30 X 15) cm² / 30cm X 15cm

4M – 0.6 M + 1

0.3M

3.4 + 1

0.3= 12 raws

c) Plant population

3M – 0.6 +1

0.15

= 2.4 + 1

0.15

= 16 plants X 12 raws = 192 plants

– Temperature;

– Relative humidity;

– Light intensity;

– Oxygen supply;

– Leaf area;

– Chemical treatment;

Selection of mother plants (tea);

– Select healthy bushes/free of pests and diseases;

– Select high quality bushes;

– Select those which are high yielding;

– Select those with good rooting ability;

– select those which adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions; (4×1=4mks)

Preparation of planting materials

Prune the selected tea bushes and leave unchecked for six months;
Select and cut good branches for making cuttings
Obtain the cuttings form the middle of the branches/discard the brown and the hard bottom part/ the green soft top part
Make single leaf internodes cutting carefully 2.5-4cm long;
Make slant cut with the use of scalpel/sharp knife taking away from the node;
Make top cutting near the auxiliary bud as much as ossible;
Keep the cuttings wet in the water to avoid dehydration until they are planted;
Keep the cutting under the nursery;

Raising of tea seedlings in the nursery

Plant cuttings on rooting medium in polythene sleeves/sleeves measure 25 x 7.5-10cm and sealed
Rooting medium consists of fertile sub-soil and phosphate fertilizer;
Plant single leaf internodes per polythene sleeve,
Place the sleeves in the vegetative propagation units,
Erect wooden hoops over the sleeves cuttings, then place polythene sheet over it/erect shade over the nursery;
Water sleeved seedlings every 3weeks/main high humidity;
Uproot weeds when they appear;
Hardening off done 4 months after raising (9×1=9mks)

Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

Escape from serious weed competition;
Utilization of early rainfall;
Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season;
Escape from serious pest + disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize;
Fetch high market prices when harvested early;
Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period;
For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities; (8×1=8mks)

29.

It is wasteful because a higher seed rate is used.
It is not possible to use machines.
It is not possible to establish plant population.
Lack of uniformity in seed establishment.

(i) Seed inoculation;

It is the treatment of legume seeds with Nitro-culture/artificial bacteria to increase their Nitrogen fixation in the soil ,if grown in Nitrogen deficie soils.

(ii)Chitting;- Breaking of dormancy in Irish potatoes before planting

(iii) Tipping;- Removal of three leaves and a bud from each shoot above the required height of the

table in tea during plucking table formation / formation of a uniform and flat plucking table in tea.

two advantages of producing crops by use of seeds over vegetative propaganda

Seed treatment is easier
Seeds can be stored for a long time
Faster and uniform germination
Mechanization of farm operation is easy/possible

Application of fertilizer/manure is easy and can also be mechanized

four ways of preparing planting materials before planting

Breaking seed dormancy
Seed dressing
Chitting
Seed cleaning
Seed inoculation

Root trimming as in banana or tree seedlings

CROP PRODUCTION III

NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

Whip are tongue grafting
Side grafting
Approach grafting
Bark grafting

Notch grafting

two practices done during hardening-off of seedlings in a nursery bed.

Gradual removal of shade

Gradual reduce of watering

two methods of budding used in crop propagation (1mk)

T-budding
Top budding
Paten budding

four management practices carried out on a nursery bed (2mks)

Watering
Shading
Pest an disease control
Weed control
Mulching
Hardening off
Pricking out (1/2×4=2mks)

Two importance of tissue culture in crop propagation

Propagate pathogen free plants
Appropriate soil depth
Soil looseness
Should be weed free

– Soil moisture content improved

– A nursery bed is a portion of land specially prepared to raise seedlings before transplanting while a seedling bed is a specially prepared portion of land for receiving pricked out seedlings from the nursery bed Mark as a whole (1 mk)
Four advantages of under sowing in pasture production

Amino acids/protein synthesis
Formulation of enzymes and hormones
Increase oil content and hormones
Needed for formation of chlorophyll
Aid in nitrogen fixation in legumes

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

Four advantages of under sowing in pasture production

Amino acids/protein synthesis
Formulation of enzymes and hormones
Increase oil content and hormones
Needed for formation of chlorophyll
Aid in nitrogen fixation in legumes

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

(a) The structure is a nursery

(b) Reason for carrying out each of the following practices in the structure shown above is:-

Pricking out – to avoid overcrowding /allow seedling to grow strong and healthy transfer seedlings from one nursery to another
Hardening off – To prepare seedlings to ecological conditions in the main field/reduce transplanting shock

To reduce the amount of water through vaporization
To modify nursery temperature
To reduce the impact of raindrops/hailstones hence minimizing damage on seedlings
Reduce splash erosion
Reduce the scorching effect in the seedlings
Reduce the scorching effect in the seedlings

a) – Sitting crop nursery

Good soil fertility
Security against destruction
Accessibility
Should be near source of water
Topography should discourage water logging (1×5=5 mks)

b)- Establishment

Prepare fine filth
Add manure or fertilizers to the nursery
Sterilize soil against soil borne pests/ diseases
Shade the nursery bed
Ensure nursery is 1m wide
Plant seeds in drills and cover with light soil layer (1×5=5 mks)

b) Management practices

Mulch to conserve moisture and suppress weeds
Water regularly in the morning and afternoon
Pricking – remove excess seedlings and transfer to another nursery or use polythene sleeves
Weed control – done by hand uprooting
Pest and disease control – use clean seeds and apply chemicals as recommended
Hardening off – Done by removal of shade
1 week to transplanting to make seedlings survive after transplanting

State four importance of thinning seedlings in the nursery bed

To control spread of pests and diseases
To create space far other seedlings
To avoid competition for light, nutrients
Allow rapid growth of seedlings/vigorous(1/2×4=2mks)

Seedling bed is where overcrowded seedlings from the nursery bed are transferred while

seedbed is the final land where planting materials are raised until they are ready for harvesting.

a) two advantages of having the part labeled J

To reduce the amount of water loss through evapo- transpiration
To modify the temperature
To reduce the impact of the raindrops thereby minimize the damage of seedlings/ reduce splash
Retaining water

b) Management practices carried out on the nursery from the time the seedlings emerge to stage of transplanting

Proper watering
Controlling weeds
Hardening off
Pricking out

CROP PRODUCTION IV

(FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)

Staking is supporting tall varieties of tomatoes using a stick fixed next to the plant and tied with

sisal string while propping is supporting banana plant with sticks Mark as a whole= 1 mk

five advantages of crop rotation

Improves soil fertility: where legumes are included nitrogen is fixed/ added in the soil
Control pests and diseases: disrupts the life cycle of certain pests and diseases
Control weeds: control weeds which are specific to certain crops e.g. striga in cereals/ cover crops in a rotation will smother certain weeds
Better use of the soil nutrients: different crops (due to differing root systems) draw nutrients from varying soils horizons/ different crops require different nutrients
Control of soil erosion: cover crops included reduce soil erosion
Improve soil structure: When grass lays are included which during the period organic matter will accumulate to enrich the soil and improve soil structure

four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested.

– Purpose of the crop / maturity.

– Moisture content.

– Concentration of certain chemicals.

– Water condition.

– Market demand.

a) B. – Single stem pruning system. (1×1=1mk)
b) Identify the system of pruning in C.

– Multiple stem pruning system. (1×1=1mk)

c) Outline how pruning in diagram C is carries out.

– Main stem of the seedling is capped/ cut stem at 38 – 60 cm high.

– Two or three suckers are selected and allowed to grow while the rest are removed

Two functions of earthling up in crop production

To influence tuber expansion
To retain water between the ridges which increases water conservation/infiltration
Reduces soil erosion

– To prevent the greening effect in potatoes

(a) The factors which determine the stage of harvesting of crops

Stage maturity of the crops
Use of the crop
Tastes and preferences of consumers
Weather conditions
Chemical conditions
Chemical concentration of the chemical
Moisture content ( 1mk x any 6pts = 6mks)

– Reduces runoff thus increasing amount of water into the soil

Reduces evaporation thus increasing the amount of water retained

– Moisture content of soil

Use of which the crop is to be put
Number of seeds per hole
Prevalence of certain diseases/ pests
Machinery to be used in subsequent operations
Fertility status of the soil

i) To acclimatized the seedlings to direct light/ conditions in the seedbed
ii) To avoid overcrowding and reduce competition for light.

iii) Produce healthy and strong seedling

iv) To obtain correct plant population
Two factors that determine the stage of harvesting crops are:-

Purpose of crop
concentration of required chemical

11 a) – Weather condition

Use/ purpose
Stage of growth
Concentration of the required chemicals (i.e. tea) ( ½ x4=2 mks)

b) – Proper drying of produce

Keeping storage facility/ structure clean
Use of pesticides on storage structure
Treating produce with pesticides e.g. cereals

Use of rodent guards

Enable controlling over bearing by ensuring required leave ratio

Open up canopy for air and light penetration
Reduce chemical waste
Control pests and diseases
Allow other field operation

Give crop desired shape

a) -Removing of chaffs by use of wind

b)i)- Prevent erosion

Add organic matter
Conserve soil moisture
Raise soil temperature ( ½ mk)

ii) – improve quality of grains by separating them from rest of plant (½ x1= ½ mks)
c) – Root systems of crops

Botanical relation of crops
Nutrient absorption by plant

Susceptibility to pests, diseases or weeds

a)This is support given to crops with weak stem. So as to grow in the desired direction
b) -Makes the plant to get enough sunlight to manufacture food i.e. prevent shading

-leads to more productivity

-reduced infections of diseases from the grounds

(a) Some crops are harvested earlier e.g. maize for silage at silking stage while maize for grains when the grains are dry;

(b) A crop can be harvested earlier when the market demand is high;

It is a farming practice that involves the removal and destruction of crop plants which are heavily

infested with pests and diseases from the field.

It is the replacement of old bearing stems by suckers. The cycle is usually changed

after 4 – 6 years.

a)- Earthening up
b) Importance of the above practice
i) Maize – provides support to prevent lodging
ii) Irish potatoes – Improves tuber formation
c) During second weeding
Four factors which determine the stage at which crops are harvested

Original conditions of land
Soil type
Cost
Size of planting materials
Soil moisture type of implement

Two limitation of using polythene sheets as mulching materials in a field of tomatoes Expensive

Requires skilled labour
Does not decompose

May overheat soil around crop roots

– suckering

-Pruning of leaves

-Propping

-Mulching

-Earthing up

– Smothers weeds

-Regulate soil temperature

-Conserve moisture

-passion fruits

-Deep rooted

-Nitrogen fixing

-Good by-products

– Friendly too crops / not affent crop

CROP PRODUCTION V

(VEGETABLES)

a)three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above

Pruning
Staking
Weed control 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks

b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried out

Pruning
Staking – prevents lying on ground where fruits are soiled and get diseases

Easy movement in field 1x ½ = ½ mk

Weeding – reduce competition for nutrients, water and space 1x ½ =1/2 mk

c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field

Tomato blight
Bacterial wilt

Blossom – end rot

the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
a) Varieties

fresh market e.g. money maker, beef eater, marglobe supermande
processing varieties-cal –j, marzano, Kenya beauty (1/2×4=2mks)

b) Nursery establishment

select site and clear
dig to remove weeds and narrow to fine tithe
mark out nursery beds I wide with convenient length and level it
make drills 10cm apart and crop seeds singly in furrows
cover with thin layer of soil, mulching, water (1/2×4=2mks)

c) Field management practices

gabbing-to reduce dad seeds and maintain optimum plant population
weed control-remove weeds mechanically to prevent competition avoid during flowering
top dressing-use fertilizers at 20kg/ha when plants are 25-30cm tall
staking-train plants to grow in desired shape; to produce clean fruits, control pests and disease
pruning-to remove unwanted braches to input micro climate facilitate spraying
pest control-use pesticides and other appropriate methods to control pests e.g. aneucal ball worm, leaf hopper
disease control-use fungicides, legislative methods ,etc to control early blight, damping off, bacterial wilt (7×2=14mks)

two symptoms of late blight in tomatoes.

– Rapid drying of leaves.

– Brownish dry rots of fruits.

– Destruction / drying of the whole plant.

four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market.

– Size i.e. large, medium, small.

– Degree of ripeness of fruit.

– Damage of tomatoes e.g. bruises on skin.

– Shape of the fruit.

Two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions

Crop rotation

– Application of fungicides

(a) The disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration

.Bacterial with (Pseudomonas solana cerum). ( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

(b) Any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above

Irish potatoes( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

Nematode attack
Lack of water
Physical damage on the roots/male attack ( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

(d) Two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above

Crop rotation
Regueing /field hygiene

– Use of certified seeds

-Enables efficient coverage of plant with chemicals

Creates unfavorable micro climate for disease causing organism
Diseased branches are removed hence reduced incidences of disease spread

Remove branches touching the ground to avoid infection

– Altitude – 900-2900 meters above sea level

– Rainfall – well distributed throughout the growing period

– 750mm – 2000 mm per annum

– practice irrigation

– Soils – well drained

– Deep rich

– Slightly acidic PH of 6.5

American boll worm
Cut worm
Red spider mite
Nematodes

b) Lack of calcium

Irregular watering
Excessive application of Nitrogen in early stages of the plants growth

Altitude 0 – 2100m above sea level.
Temperature range 18 – 29º C
Sunlight is important during ripening to give the tomatoes a bright red or yellow colour depending on the variety
Rainfall – well distributed during the growing season. (760 – 1300mm pa)
Soils – warm and well drained soils with a PH of 5.5 – 7.0

LIVESTOCK HEALTH

(INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)

four physical appearances to be observed in a sick animal

Behaviour of animal-over excitement, aggression, abnormal sores
General appearance-dull eyes, restlessness
Movement of animals -limping/straining when walking
Posture (4x ½ =2mks)

two reasons why tsetse fly control is considered to be a land reclamation method

Allows livestock rearing
Enables human settlement

a) Siting a fish pond
i) Soil type- clay soil is the best
ii) Topography – requires gentle slope not Lilly and flat

iii) Source of water – near reliable source

iv) Marketing centre should be close
v) Accessibility from the homestead
vi) Security – protected against predators

vii) far from natural source of fish

General farm hygiene, cleanliness of houses, equipment proper carcass disposal by burning/ burying/
Disinfection to destroy pathogens e.g. Anthrax and calf diseases
Isolation of sick animals – separated from healthy ones to avoid spread of diseases e.g. foot mouth
Drenching/ deworming to control internal parasites e.g. tapeworms and roundworms
Treatment of the sick animal – to prevent spread of diseases
Vaccination to create resistance to diseases on regular basis e.g. foot and mouth, anthrax, new castle
Control vectors – to avoid disease transmission e.g. ECF, nagana/ specific method
Prophylactic approach/ use of drugs to avoid injection e.g dry cow therapy against mastitis
Trypanocidal drugs to control trypanosomiasis
Proper breeding to control breeding diseases e.g. brucellosis
Proper feeding to prevent nutritional disorders e.g. milk fever, anaemia
Slaughtering/ killing – to prevent spread of contagious diseases e.g. anthrax
Quarantine – to avoid spread of diseases
– prevent introduction of diseases
Proper housing to avoid predisposing the animal to diseases e.g. ventilation, spacing
Foot trimming to minimize occurrence foot rot

a) four notifiable diseases in livestock (4mks)

Lumpy skin disease
Newcastle
Anthrax
African swine fever
Rinderpest
Rabbies (4×1 = 4 mks)

b) Discuss four ways in which livestock disease are spread in the farm (4mks)

Ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
By carrying agents /vectors
Through wounds
Through inhalation of pathogens
By abrasion in the body
Through contact with the disease causing organisms. (4×1 = 4mks )

c) the methods of controlling livestock disease giving an example of different disease in each case

Use of prophylactic drugs e.g.coccidiostat to control coccidiosis
Use of antiseptics / disinfectants to maintain farm hygiene to control calf scours
Quarantine to control foot and mouth disease
Isolation to control infectious diseases e.g. foul pox
Mass slaughter to control zoonotic diseases e.g. anthrax
Vaccination to control black quarter
Control vectors like tsetse flies to control nagana.
Use of healthy breeding stock / to prevent breeding diseases
Proper nutrition to control bloat and milk fever.
Treat sick animals to prevent spread e.g. mastitis
Drenching /control of internal parasites like flascioliasis , ascariosis
Keep resistant breeds e.g. zebu to control ECF
Foot trimming to reduce occurrence of foot rot
Proper housing to control pneumonia. (12×1 =12mks)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II

(LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

Four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

Add organic matter from falling leaves
Recycles soil erosion
Control soil erosion
Improve drainage of swampy areas

Play part in hydrological cycle

three objectives of land reforms that are taking place in Kenya

Increase output from land
To meet changing national and market demands
To achieve increasing productivity of both land and labour
Proper utilization of national land resources and arid lands
Increases commercial farming

Increase land conservation and improvement

two causes of land fragmentation in Kenya since independence.

– People buying pieces of land elsewhere.

– Compensation when the government takes pat of ones land for public use.

– Inheritance of land.

4 – Establishment of land ownership.

– Measurement of land size.

– Description of the land.

– Recording and mapping of the surveyed land.

– Solving objections if any.

– Submission of the maps and records to the district land office registration

Four benefits of a farmer having land title deed

As security to get a loan
As security of land ownership
Minimizes land disputes
Acts as an encouragement to the farmer to carry out long term investment on the land

Four reasons for practicing land consolidation are

To save time and transport
Make supervision of land easier and more effective
To facilitate mechanization of farm
To make it easy for long term investments in the farm
To have sound farm planning

four advantages of communal land tenure system

Problems of landlessness does not exist
Land cannot be easily fragmented
The system allows free merchant of livestock
The land is left rest for a while so s to allow pasture regeneration
No land dispute

four advantages of landlordism and tenancy

Enables landlords who cannot use land to get income from tenants
Idle land can be put into good agriculture use increasing agricultural production
The landless c an rent land to earn a living
Ensure equitable distribution of land as a natural resource
It reduces land dispute since the land lord or the state control its allocation

To achieve flexibility in farming patterns to meet changing national and market demands
Achieve effective utilization of National land and introduction of irrigation schemes
Encourages measures on the land and general improvement of land
To achieve increasing productivity of both land and labour
Encourage commercial instead of subsistence production in order to ensure meaningful self employment in rural areas
Encourages farmers to invest more through offering security of tenure

– Freedom to us eland by all members

– Promotes unity among members

– Promotes use of land according to general requirements of the community

11.

The number of the title deed
Size of the land
The name and identity of the owner
Date of registration
Type of land ownership
Seal of the government
Issuing officer’s signature

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Three human activities that may influence soil erosion

Ploughing up and down slope
Over cultivation
Planting annual crops on slopes
Overstocking/ burning vegetation/ clean weeding

Over irrigation

a)Cut off drain 1×1=1 mk

b)Collect water from uncultivated land and drain it into a water bay 1×1=1 mk

c)Will be washed by water back to the trench, filling it then to cultivated land

d) four effects if water was allowed into the cultivated land

Will wash top fertile soil away
Will uproot planted crops
Expose unproductive soil

Soil washed will cover crops on the lower end of the farm

two roles played by Grassley in soil erosion control (1mk)

Improves soil structure by holding loose particles together
Provides ground cover to prevent exposure of soil to agents of soil erosion
Reduce movement of surface run off

three materials that may be used for constructing a gabion.

– Wires.

– Stones.

– Concrete/ sand/ cement/ water/ ballast.

– Wood/ poles/ metal pegs/ rods.

one factor that would determine the width and depth of a cut off drain.

– Expected volume of run – off.

– Bed rock / soil type.

(a) – Reducing the speed of surface run-off – hence reducing the runoffs water erosive power.

– Trap soil from surface run-off/ filter out soil.

– Reduce the impact of rain drops on the soil thus reducing splash erosion.

– Grass holds soil particles together hence reducing soil erosion.

– Soil structure is improved by organic matter from grass thus rate of water infiltration increases.

Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed.
Alum added to coagulated solid particles which settle at the bottom.

Stage IV: Filtration

Water is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it.
Water leaving the filtration tank is clean.

Stage V: Chlorination

Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added.
Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine.

Stage VI: Storage

– The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.

Four farming practices that help in reducing the effects of water shortage in crop production are:- -Mulching

Early planting
Planting early maturing crops
Practice land fallowing

– Contour cropping/Contour farming

– Fanya juu terraces

Broad base terraces
Bench terraces
Narrow based terraces

– Fanya chini terraces

The cultural methods of soil erosion control are:

Planting cover crops – The more the soil is covered by a crop or grass, the less erosion will occur
Early planting- Established an early ground cover by crops thus reducing the risk of soil erosion
Inter-cropping – Increases the ground cover protecting the soil from erosion
Crop rotation – improves soil structure where the rotation includes a grass
Strip cropping/contour/field strip cropping – This is the growing of alternate strips of different crops in the same field with the purpose of interrupting the continuous flow of water or wind
Weed or disease and pest control – This ensures a good crop stand that covers the soil more
Harvesting procedures that leave crop residues on the field
Mulching- The covering of the soil with organic or inorganic materials
Contour farming follows the contours during ploughing, ridging and planting which reduces surface run off
Grass strips formed by either leaving narrow strips of land un ploughed or planting grass on strips along the contour
Afforestation and reafforestation
Fallowing – leave the land uncultivated for same time (any 10×2=20mks)

– Construction of dams

Construction of dykes
Planting trees along river bank to hold soil together

Observing government regulation on leaving a sizeable strip of an uncultivated land along

the river bank

a) Bund
b) It is constructed along the contours

A channel is dug with the upper width (y) 1.5cm and bottom width (x) 90cm
Excavated soil is put on the lower part of the channel leaving the part (W) the ledge
The steeper the slope the closer the bunds

a) It is the process by which top soil is detached, removed and carried away from one place to

another place where it is not useful

b) four types of water erosion

rain drop/splash erosion
sheet erosion
rill erosion
gully erosion

c) factors which influence soil erosion

- Amount and intensity of the rainfall
- Excess water run off take with it loose soil articles
- Slope of the land (topography)
- Sped of water as it flows to determine by the slope of the land .the steeper
- The slope the higher the rate of erosion
- Type of soil
- Some soils drain water faster than the other as sandy soil is easily eroded than sandy soil
- Soil depth
- Shallow soil become saturated with water quickly than deep soils
- Vegetation cover
- Forests protect soil against erosion than bare soil
- Overstocking
- Overstocking increase soil erosion
- Deforestation
- Cutting down of trees expose soil to agents of erosion leading tom soil erosion
- Planting annual crops in steep slope
- It leads to frequent cultivation hence exposure soil to erosion
- Indiscriminate burning of vegetation before cultivation
- The land is exposed to erosive forest of rain and wind
- Clear weeding
- This leaves the soil less protected against water erosion
- Pruning up and down the slope
- Increase soil erosion

d) seven cultural ways of controlling weeds

i)matching-matching smother weeds

ii)cover cropping-cover crop smother weeds

iii) Crop rotation-some weed only grow well when in association with certain crops

e.g. Striga grow only where some cereal crops and sugar cane are growing .when

these crops are rotated with dicots, striga does not germinate

iv) Timely planting-crops establish early before weeds thus smothering them
v) use of clean seed/planting material-prevents the introduction of weeds to the form land
vi) Proper spacing-helps to create little space for weed growth

vii) Clean seedbed-this starts off the crops on a clean bed so that they effectively compete

with weeds

viii) flooding-mainly practiced in rice fields

-Slow down surface run – off

-Filter soil particles from surface run off

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Oxalis (sorrel)

-(oxalis latifolia)

b)- The weed contain builbs i.e Elaborate & extensive root system that support the plant.

– Because it has rhizomes.

c) State the economic importance of the weed shown.

– Reduces yields of crops.

– Increases cost of production.

– It’s a livestock feed.

– Fixation of nitrogen.

(a)Couch grass Digetaria Scalarum ( ½mk)

(b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

It has got underground rhizomes which grow deep in the soil ( ½ x 1pt = 1mk)

Competes with crops for nutrients/soil moisture and space resulting to low yields
Increases the cost of production when controlling it

(d) Two measures used to control the wed

Use of appropriate herbicides

– Physical removal of rhizomes

i)- A-Double thorn (oxygonium sinuatum)

– B- Coach grass (Digiteria scalarum)

ii) – Lower the quality of produce

Lower yields
Compete with intended plants for nutrients and water

iii) Weed B is difficult to control as it has underground rhizomes

iv) Can be effectively controlled by use of chemicals
Four methods of propagation which make weeds to have a high competitive ability over crops

Availability to produce many viable seeds
Ability to propagate vegetative –with bulbs, rhizomes
Ability to regenerate woody stems-quickly
Efficient means of propagation

Ability to remain viable in the soil for a long period of time

Weed C – Nutgrass (Cyprus rotundus)

Weed D – Sow thistle (sonchus oleraceous)

a) – Thorn apple

Sodom apple
Oxalis
Tick berry ( ½ x4=2 mks)

b) – Before flowering to avoid spread through seeds

– Early stage before spreading underground organs

Requires skilled labour
Have long residual effect which interferes with future crops

It is not environmental friendly/ pollutes the environment

MCPA
2 – 4 – D
Bentazon
Bromoxynil
Linuron
Loxyyril
Atrazine
Metrubuzin

b) – 10 – 15cm high

– 2 – 4 weeks after emergence

Complete for nutrients/ light/ space
ACD as alternate host of insect pests
Some produce poisonous substances
Blocks water cords
Lowers the quality of pasture
Poisonous to man and livestock
Parasites of desired crops
Aquatic weeds affect navigation and water animals
Increase the cost of production
Cause irritation to workers
Some have medicinal value
Eaten by man and livestock
Acts as soil cover
Add organic matter in the soil

– Some are legumes

a) two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides

Stage of plants growth
Plants morphology and anatomy
Mode of action
Environmental factors (2×1=2mks)

specific examples of weeds describe their harmful effects in agricultural production

Compete with crops for nutrients spacing ,light, moisture lowering yield e.g. MacDonald’s eye etc
Some are parasitic e.g. wihhweed
Low quality of produce e.g. Mexican marigold lowering quality of milk/pigweed seeds in finger millet
Poisonous to both man and livestock e.g. Dahira stramonium, Bracken fern
Allirnate hosts for pests and diseases e.g. mallow weed –for cotton strainer
Some are allelopallic/hinder germination e.g. Mexican marigold
Block irrigation channel e.g. salvinia/water hyacinth
Affect fishing and navigation-salvinia and water hyacinth
Lower quality of pasture e.g. manyatta grass
Reduce workers efficiency/irritate e.g. double thorn, shnging nelthe, devil’s horse whip

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

two possible causes of swelling on the roots of legume crops

Infection by nematodes

Nodulation/ nitrogen fixing bacteria

the various cultural methods of controlling pests in crops

Timely planting-done early e.g. maize escape stalk borer
proper tillage-to expose soil boring pest i.e. white grubs
Timely harvesting-enables crops i.e. maize to escape weevil attacks
close season-avoids growing susceptible crops for some period to control pink worms in cotton
trap cropping-plant crops together with main crop to trap/attract pests before they attack e.g. sorghum round the maize plantation
trap rotation-rotate crops preferred by certain pests with those which are not e.g. groundnuts and potatoes rotated with maize and beans to starve pests
establishing resistance crop varieties-this enables crops to resist pest using natural mechanism e.g. goose neck sorghum against birds ,tiltering sorghum against shoot fly
field/farm hygiene-keep the field free from any plant material harboring pests by rouging ,removal of crop residues
Alteration of environmental conditions by creating microclimates that are not conducive to some pests e.g. open pruning, mulching for traps
Destruction of alternative host especially weeds that host pests e.g. Removal of mallow weeds help control cotton strainers. Use of clean planting material e.g. seeds, suckers, crown bananas weevils are controlled
Proper spacing-makes it difficult for pests to move from one plant to another through close spacing in ground nuts controls aphids
Using organic manure which discourages eelworms
Irrigation-overhead irrigation in cabbages controls aphids(any 10×2 must be discussed)

What does the term close season mean in crop production?

– A period during when a particular crop is not supposed to grown in a given areas so as to

control diseases and pests built up.

– Use of clean planting materials.

– Timely planting.

– Proper seed bed preparation.

– Use of resistant crop varieties.

– Proper weed control/ destruction of alternate host.

– Observing field hygiene.

– Mulching.

– Use of close season.

– Use of trap crops.

– Proper spacing.

– Timely harvesting.

– Use of crop rotation.

Four symptoms of viral infections in plants

– Leaf curling

– Mosaics

– Malformation/distortions

– resetting (short internodes)

– Leaf chlorosis

(a) B – American bollworm ½mk

C – Weaver bird ½mk

D – Mongoose bird ½mk

(b)- Flooding with water

– Fumigation of the soil with furadan
– Physical killing ( ½ x1 = ½mk)

(b) The various practices carried out in the field to help control crop diseases

Crop rotation
Rugueing/destroy infected plants
Plant disease-free plant/use certified seeds
Closed season
Early planting /timely planting
Proper spacing
Timely weed control
Use of resistant varieties
Application of appropriate chemicals
Use of clean equipment
Quarantine
Heat treatment to kill pathogens
Pruning to create unfavorable micro-climate for diseases

– Proper nutrition to prevent deficiency

– Some pesticides cause suffocation of pests by blocking respiratory surfaces

Some pesticides are stomach poisons that kill pests by damaging the cells/ tissues
Some pesticides damage the pests nervous system

– Some pesticides kill pests by destroying digestive system

a) Cutworm
b) – Cuts the stem causing lodging

– Reduce plant population

c) – Use of appropriate insecticides

Removing and killing it

i) This is a situation in which pest population caused damage beyond tolerance
ii) This is the use of combination of both chemical and cultural pest control methods
four harmful effects of crop pests

Some e.g. nematodes damage crop roots causing wilting and death of the plant
Some like squeals unearth planted seeds leading to low plant population some destroy crop leaves lowering photosynthetic area-result to reduced yield
Sucking pest deprive plants of food by sucking plants sap
Some pests attack fruits berries and flowers lowering their quality and quantity
Some pests destroy embryo seeds lowering their germination potential
Some transmit crop diseases
Some e.g. stalk borer eat the growing points causing retarded growth
They lower mansetabills of crops produce by lowing quality
Where the leaf is the major product pest damage lower the quality and quantity through defoliation

a)Potato blight
b) (i) Pythophthora infestants
ii) dry patches i.e. necrotic lessiory on leaves and fruits

affected fruits appear rotten and fall off prematurely

c) spraying with copper fungicides

rogueing the affected crop

(a) – Anthracnose of Bananas / Banane anthrancnose;(1×1=1mk)

(b) – Spray with (appropriate) fungicide

– Plant resistant varieties

a)- Mouse bird
b) – Destroys grains in records

– Destroys fruits e.g. tomatoes

16.

Cause swellings called galls on the roots.
Leads to blockage of the vascular vessels which transport materials within plants leading to wilting and stunting growth of the crops.

four cultural practices used in controlling crop pests

Timely planting
Proper tillage
Close season
Trap cropping
Timely harvesting
Crop rotation
Planting resistant varieties

Field hygiene

three symptoms of coffee berry disease.

Fungal disease
Favoured by high rainfall
Flowers have dark brown blotch /stred on brown petals
Green servier have small dark sunken parches/lessions
Barry (dip in the ground/dry up on the in the black mummified condition and when squeezed they are empty

(a) M – hedgehog N- Squirrel P – Rat

(b) M – Use dogs

N- eat germinating maize/bean seedling

– timely planting

Early planting
Timely harvesting
Early harvesting
Proper tillage
Close season- period when that crop is not grown anywhere trap cropping
Crop rotation
Planting resistant carieties
Field hygiene
Alteration of environmental
Crop nutrition
Destroying alternative host
Use of clean planting material
Proper spacing
Lose of organic manure
Irrigation.

CROP PRODUCTION VI

FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA

four management practices carried out in maize field at 45cm high

Weed control
Thinning
Farthing up
Top dressing
Pest and disease control
Rouging (1/2×4=2mks)

To prevent contamination of the cotton by the sisal strings
(i) (a) Land preparation

Land is plaughed /dug
Ploughs/jembes used for primary cultivation
The land is leveled
Bunds are constructed around the plots to control water
The land is flooded up to a depth of 5cm
The soil-water mixture should be worked on until a fine mud is produced

(b) Water control

Bunds are constructed around the plots to control the water level
The land is flooded with water to a depth of 5cm before transplanting
The level of water is gradually increased to a height of 15cm by the time the rice crop is fully grown
Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the field
Old water should be drained and fresh one added where the flow of water is not possible
Old water should be drained every 2-3weeks
The field should be drained off 3weeks before harvesting ( 1mk x any 4pts = 4mks)

Sulphate of Ammonia is applied in the nursery before sowing

Sulphate of Ammonia s applied at the rate of 25kg for each nursery unit of 18.5m x 18.5m
Sulphate of Ammonia is applied in two splits before transplanting and 40days after transplanting
Sulphate of ammonia is applied at the rate of 125kg/ha before transplanting and 125kg/ha about 40days after transplanting
Double super phosphate is broadcasted in the field before transplanting
DSP is applied at the rate of 120kg/ha ( 1mk x any3pts = 3mks)

(d) Weed control

Flooding
Uprooting
Use of herbicides such as propanil against aquatic weeds ( 1 x any 3pts = 3mks)

(ii) The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

Poor soil fertility /infertile soil
Damage by hailstorms
Less rainfall/unreliable/drought
Poor soil type resulting into leaching or water logging
Inappropriate soil PH
Inappropriate temperature (too low or high)
Excessive wind leading to increase in water loss from the soil
Extreme relative humidity
Extreme of light intensity
Topography / some attitudes e.g. very high may limit crop growth ( 1mk x any 7pts = 7mks)

Seedbed preparation

Prepare land in dry period/ early/ before onset of rains
Clear the land
Remove stumps/ perennial weeds
Plough/ primary cultivation
Harrow/ carry out secondary cultivation (1×5=5 mks)

Planting – Early planting/ plant at onset of rains

Select suitable variety/ certified seed
Depth of planting 2.5 cm-10 cm
Plant with 1-2 seeds per hole
Plant with DAP/ SSP/ DSP at rate of 120kg/ ha DAP/100-150kg/ha/DSP
Plant 1-2 seeds per hole
Spacing 75-90cmx23-30 cm

Weeding- Uproot weeds

Tillage
Use herbicides

Pest control

Use chemicals/ pesticides
Early planting
Planting certify seeds
Rogueing/ field hygiene

Disease control- Uprooting and burning affected crop/rogueing

-Use appropriate chemicals

-Crop rotation

-Field hygiene

Harvesting –Harvested after 4-6 months depending on variety and ecological time

– Harvested when dry 14-20 % moisture content

– Stalk, are cut and stoked in the field

– Cabs are removed by hand

Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton

Avoid mixing with foreign materials
Harvesting during the dry weather
During harvesting separate grade A and B

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

a) – Maize varieties

Different varieties are developed for different ecological zones
Example: Hybrids and composites available
Kitale hybrids e.g. 612, 622 for high and medium altitudes
Embu hybrids 511, 513 e.t.c. for medium altitudes
Composites for lower altitudes like katumani composite, coast composite e.t.c. (1×5=5 mks

b) Planting

Plant early at the onset of rains
Dry planting is encouraged in low rainfall areas
Depth of planting 3 – 10 cm
One – two (1-2) seeds per hole
Spacing vary with variety (i.e. 20-30cm x 75-90cm)
Plant either manually or use planters (1×5=5 mks)

c) Pest and pest control

Maize stalk borer – early planting, rogueing, destroy crop remains, apply appropriate pesticides (placed in cone)
Army warm – use of recommended pesticides
Aphid – spray with appropriate pesticides
Maize weevil – proper drying and dusting with pesticides
Red flour beetle – good storage
Rats – use rat proof stores, cats, traps or poison

Pests 5x ½ = 2 ½

Control 5x ½ = 2 ½

d) – Harvesting and storage

Storing in cool areas can be practiced
Carry out direct delusking in other warm areas
Store in bulk (grains)
Stored on cobs

Can be stored in bags

a) Ecological requirement (3mks)
i) Altitude 0-2200m above sea level
ii) SOU- fertile alluvial or loam soil well drained

iii) temperature-moderate

iv) rainfall-moderate

v)PH-neutral or alkaline

b) Varieties (3mks)

Kenya flat complex
Double comb variety
Kitale hybrids
Embu hybrids
Coast composites
Katumani composite

c) Seedbed preparation (5mks)

early land preparation to allow rotting of vegetation
clearing of land using appropriate tools
Ploughing done using appropriate implementing e.g. disc or mould board plough
harrowing ids done where the seedbed is rough to a medium tilth
does not require a very fine tilth
eradicate perennial weeds

d) Pests and diseases (3mks)

PEST	CONTROL
Maize stalk borer	Early planting rogueing Burning infected maize crops Use of pesticides
Army warm	Dusting with appropriate chemicals
aphids	Spraying using suitable insecticides
birds	Scared away
Maize weevil	Dusting maize comb or shelled maize with appropriate chemical Proper storage hygiene
rats	Use of rat proof stores, cats, traps Bush clearing around stores
(1×4=4mks)
DISEASES	CONTROL
White leaf blight	Planting resistant variety
Maize streak	Early planting Use of resistant varieties rogueing
rust	Planting resistant variety
smut	Crop rotation
(2×1=2mks)

e) Harvesting

Period varies from one variety to anther
In some cases stalks are cut and stocked in the field to allow combs to dry

Properly followed by removal of the combs which are stoked in the store

De-husking directly in the field
Use of the combined harvesters

a) Harvesting of cotton

Harvesting is the picking of the cotton lint
Harvesting is done 4 – 5 months after planting
Cotton picking is done at weekly interval
Picked lint is placed clean containers/ never use sisal bags whose fibres may mix with the lint
Never pick wet lint
Grade lint as it is picked in the field
Place clean lint AR (safi) in one container and BR(fifi) in another container
Pick lint which is exposed/ fully opened and the lint dry
Harvesting is done in dry season
Avoid picking lint with contamination such as twigs, dry leaves or soil

b) The role of Agricultural Co-operatives in Kenya

Co-operators pool their resources together to buy expensive machinery e.g. tractor for use by the members
Provide education/ technical information to members
Provide loans to members in form of inputs and cash
Negotiate for higher prices for members
Reduce overhead costs e.g. transportation, storage and use of machinery
Bargain with supplier to give discount on seed, fertilizers and other farm inputs/ provide inputs at lower prices
Provide employment for their members
Benefit members from lower taxes charged
Provide strong bargaining power for members on policy issues
Market farmers produce
Invest and pay out returns to members in form of dividends
Help to negotiate for loans for members without security
Some provide banking services to members

Field production of maize under the following sub-headings
a) Ecological requirements

– Altitude (0 – 2200) m above sea level

– Temperatures 23 – 27c

– Rainfall 750mm-1250mm

– Soils, fertile, well drained PH 7 -8

b) Field preparations

– Done during the dry season

– Disc, mold board ploughing to a depth of 20cm

– Disk harrowing to break the soil clods to a medium tilth

– Ridging done at spacing of 75cm apart

c) Planting and field management

– Seeds placed in the ferrous at a spacing of 30cm and covered with soil mixed with DAP

– Gapping, thinning done depending on germination percentage

– Clean weeding done after every 4 weeks interval.

– Top dressing done at interval i.e. 1^st done with CAN when the crop is knee high, 2^nd when the

crop is tussling

d) Pests and disease control

– Spraying the crop with fungicides (head smut control)

– Uprooting fully infected crops and burning them

– Spraying the crop with insecticides and dusty the base of the leaves (control stalk borer)

– Field hygiene

e) Harvesting and marketing

– Hand harvested by plucking the cobs/ or machine harvested

– Shelled, dusted for storage pests and packed

– Delivered to millers consumers

– Delivered to national cereals and produce board

Give two precautions measures a farmer should put into consideration when harvesting *RCH*

Lint should not e mixed with foreign matter
Use different containers for different cotton grades
Avoid picking during wet weather

Avoid using gunning bags

(a) – Rainfall that is well distributed

Well drained fertile soils

Neutral soils

Warm temperatures

(b) Clear the land/vegetation plought to appropriate tilth

Levelise for uniform planting

– put in 1 teas spoonful of DAP and cover with soils lightly

– Put I seed per hole and cover with soil when soils are moist

(d)pests – Been aphids

Been brachids

American ball worm

Golden ring month

Hens at flowering stage

Control – spray using appropriate pesticide e.g diazinol

FORAGE CROPS

three factors which affects the quality of standing forage given to livestock

Forage species

Stage of harvesting

Mode of feeding

i) Seedbed preparation

Done during dry period/ done early
Clear vegetation/ remove stumps
Carry primary cultivation/ harrowing to
Make furrows/ holes
Spacing 90cm x 50cm for cutting and 90cm x 50cm for splits

ii) Planting

At on set of rains/ early planting/ irrigate if necessary
Select variety for ecological condition of the area
Use health planting material
Place the planting material in holes/ furrows
Cover the planting material with soil to an appropriate depth
Use cuttings or splits
Select cutting from mature cane/ stems
Cutting should have 3-5 nodes

iii) Fertilizer application

Apply phosphatic fertilizer at planting 200kg/ha
Apply manure before planting, 7-10 tonnes/ha
Top dress phosphorous fertilizer after 8 weeks after planting
Apply manure after harvesting and dig it

iv) Weed control

Cultivation/ tillage/ mechanical
Uprooting
Slashing
Suitable herbicide application
Interplanting legumes as cover crops e.g. Desmodium,

v) Utilization

Cut and take to animals when proportion of leaf is higher than the stem/ 3-5 months after planting/ frequency 8 weeks
Cut down excess foliage to conserve as silage or hay
Cut and sold
Cut when mature to get stem cuttings for planting
Cut stems at 2.5 – 5cm above the ground surface
Use a sharp panga for harvesting
Chop forage into small pieces before feeding
Na[pier grass is cut, dried and used as mulching material

to reduce moisture content √ which can lead to rotting instead of formation during ensiling
(a) – Harrow the land to a fine filth;

– Harrow during the dry or before the rains;

– Make the seed be weed – free / ensure clean seed bed;

– Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing;

– Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,;

– Sow seeds at the onset rains/ early planting;

– Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 – 300 kgs/ ha at planting time;

– Drill or broadcast the seeds evenly;

– Use a recommended seed rate for the variety / seed rate of 1.5 – 2.0 kh/ha pure seeds;

– Bury seeds at 2 ½ times their diameter;

– Control weeds by uprooting/ apply a suitable herbicide;

– Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application.

– Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young.

– Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment. (10 x 1 = 10 mk)

Two causes of failure in pasture establishment

Poor seed germination due to wrong placement of seeds
Poor inoculation of legume seeds
Lack f nutrients in the soil
Unfavourable chemical conditions in the soil
Poor drainage

– Pest and disease attacks

– High nutritive value

relieve bloat
Higher yields of forage per unit area
Improve soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation

Economy in use of nitrogen fertilizers

four factors that determine the quality of hay

Forage species used
Stage of harvesting i.e. leaf-stem ratio
Length of drying period
Weather condition during process
Conditions of storage structure

a) Altitude – High altitude

– 2000 m above sea level

Soils – well drained

– deep fertile

Rainfall High rainfall above 900mm per annum

Well distributed throughout the growing period

Prepare land early enough/ during dry season/ before onset of rains
Carry out primary cultivation appropriately
Harrow to a medium tilth
Remove all perennial weeds

– Establishment from stem cutting or splits or seeds makes furrows at a spacing 1m apart. Plant the grass 0.5m apart within the rows. Holes may also be used

Planting is done on the onset of long rains

Phosphate fertilizers are used as planting fertilizers

DAP fertilizer is applied at the rate of 100 – 150kg/ ha

Organic manure is applied at the rate 10 tones/ ha

Utilization – chopped and fed to livestock as green fodder

Detoliation – can be harvested when it is over 8 – 12 weeks

ii)

Forage has high DM content hence high DM yield
High cellulose content hence it is woody and fibrous
High lignin cuten lannin and silia content which are all indigestible
It has low crude protein content
It has low leaf stem – ratio
It has low dry matter digestibility

– Weather conditions during dry process;

-Length of the drying period

– Stage of growth at harvesting time/leaf-stem ratio of the plant species;

– Species of the hay crop;

– Storage facilities/method of storage;

– Period of storage

– Disease and pest attack on the crop;

– Fertility of the soil;

(a) (i) Preparation of farm yard manure:-

Collect animal waste/refuse/dung and urine;
Collect animal bedding/litter and other rotten plant residues;
Store collected materials under roof/shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients;
Turnover the materials regularly;
Sprinkle water if dry;
leave the material to rote completely before use; (6×1=6mks)

(ii) Preparation of Hay

Cut the grass /legume in the field when 50% of it is starting to flower;
The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days (sunny days)
The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying;
Gather the dried material in a central spot;
Bale the material;
Properly store the baled hay (6×1=6mks)

(b) Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

Escape from serious weed competition;
Utilization of early rainfall;
Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season;
Escape from serious pest + disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize;
Fetch high market prices when harvested early;
Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period;
For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities; (8×1=8mks)

(a)It is the constant removal of the steruny fibrous material left behind after continuous grazing

(b) -Done by slashing the whole pasture to the base, leaving only the maintenance forage.

– Burning is also done.

two advantages of grass-legume pasture over pure grass pasture

More nutritious to livestock
Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation
More total yield per unit area
Security against total pasture lose (2×1=2mks)

-to feed animals during the dry seasons

– forage species used

-Stage of harvesting / leaf to stem ratio

-Length of drying period

-Weather conditions

-Storage conditions

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III

(PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

four ways of increasing labour efficiency on the farm

Training them
Giving incentives
Supervision
Good operator – worker relationship
Farm mechanization
Assigning tasks according to skills & specialization
Proper remuneration : Attractive salaries

a) graph representing the total egg production per week.

b) – Increasing returns production function.
(a) – Help to determine the value of the farm/ determine assets and liabilities.

– Provide history of the farm.

– Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields.

– Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm.

– Assists when sharing losses or profits (dividends)for communal owned farms/ partnership.

– Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs.

– Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft.

– Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.

– Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.

– Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation.

– Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information

helps in obtaining credit. (10 x 1 = 10 mks)

(b) – Training worker e.g. in F.T.C’s, during field days, Agricultural shows, through

demonstrations and workshops.

Measuring farm operations to supplement the labour force.
Providing incentives to workers such as attractive wages, free protective wear, housing, medical facilities, proper feeding, rewarding good workers. Et.c
Supervising and counseling workers.
Creating good operator – worker relationships.
Assigning specific tasks to the labor force.

– Measurement of land size.

– Description of the land.

– Recording and mapping of the surveyed land.

– Solving objections if any.

– Submission of the maps and records to the district land office registration

Three types of agricultural services available to the farmer

Credit
Extension and training
Agricultural research
Banking
Artificial insemination

– Veterinary

Four management guideline questions which assist a farm manager in making accurate

farm decisions

What product to produce?
How much to produce?
What to produce?

– For whom to produce?

– Training

Farm mechanization
Labor supervision
Giving incentives and improving terms and conditions of service

Assign specific tasks

– Fertilizers – Seeds

Pesticides -Casual labor

– Banking

Extension and training
Credit facility
Agricultural research
Marketing
Farm input supplies

Tractor hire service

(a) Is the sum total of goods and services produced by a country within a period of one year (b) -Per capital income: Is the gross national income divided by the number of people living

in a country

-Diversification- Setting up several and different enterprises on the farm. If one fails the

farmer cannot incur total loss.

Contracting- farmers can enter into contract with consumers. It guarantees a constant fixed market for goods/services
Insurance- Taking an insurance cover to compensate them incase of loss
Input rationing- Farmers can control the quantities of inputs used in various enterprises to reduce losses
Flexibility in production methods- Ability to change from one enterprise to another in response to demand changes
Adopting modern methods of production e.g. disease control, irrigation, mechanization e.t.c.

Application of fertilizer

Input 50kg bag fertilizer

Out put 90kg bag maize

Average product (AP)

Marginal product (MP)

–

10.33

7.18

6.14

-3

(ii) The best level of production in relation to the inputs and out put is level 3

(b) (i) Gross margins for the crops

(i) Maize

Value of maize/incomve	5,500 x 15 = 82,500/= (1mk)
Cost of labour	50x 150 = 7,500/= (1mk)
Cost of cultivation /ha	1 x 3,000 = 3,000/= (1mk)
Cost of seed	25 x 100 = 2,500/= (1mk)
Cost of DAP fertilizer	3 x 1,500 = 4,500/= (1mk)
Cost of C.AN fertilizer	3 x 1000 = 3,000/= (1mk)
Total variable costs	20,500/= (1mk)
GM for maize	82,500 – 20,500 = 62,000 (1mk)

(ii) Beans

Value of beans/income	5,000 x 500 = 250,000/= (1mk)
Cost of labour	75 x 200 = 15,000/= (1mk)
Cost of cultivation /ha	1 x 3,600 = 3,600/= (1mk)
Cost of seed	20 x 80 = 1,600/= (1mk)
Cost of DAP fertilizer	2 x 1,500 = 3,000/= (1mk)
Cost of C.AN fertilizer	1 x 1000 = 1,000/= (1mk)
Total variable costs	27,200/= (1mk)
GM for beans	250,000 – 27,200 = 222,800 (1mk)

(b) (ii) The crop which is profitable from the calculation is that : (1mk)

It is more profitable to grow beans than maize

a) ZONE I

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize increased at an increasing

rate because the fertilizer resources are underutilized Ö1 (1×2=2 mks)

ZONE II

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize increased at a decreasing

rate because the resources are used to the maximumÖ1 (1×2=2 mks)

ZONE III

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize decreases because

the fertilizer/ resources are excessively appliedÖ1 (1×2=2 mks)

b) ZONE II
Give four variable costs in maize production

Cost of fertilizer
Cost of seeds
Cost of pesticide
Cost of weeding
Cost of harvesting
Cost of casual labour
Cost of fuel

ITEM	QUANTITY	NO. OF UNITS	COST PER UNIT	TOTAL VARIABLES COST
Weeding Seeds Irrigation Ploughing Clearing land Planting Harvesting DAP fertilizer DAN fertilizer Gunning bags transport	– 20kg – – – – – 2bags 2bags 32 –	– 2 2ha 2ha – 2ha 2ha 2 2 32 –	– 300 600 500 – 400 1 200 10 000 700 40 –	800 00 600 00 1200 00 1000 00 1200 00 800 00 2400 00 20 000 00 1400 00 1280 00 2000 00
Total variable cost				32 680 00
income		32bags	1200	38 400 00

Gross margin=total revenue-total variable cost

= 38400-32680 = 5720.00

Profit maximization is the profit in a production process where the highest net returns (Net revenue) on invested capital is realized/ when the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC) is the highest point in a production process/ where profit is highest
Is where marginal revenue (MR) is equal to or almost equal to marginal costs

a) i) Gross margins for the crops

Value of maize/ income	55000 X 15 = 82500	1 mark
Cost of labour	50 X 150 = 7500	1 mark
Cost of cultivation/ ha	1 X 3000 = 3000	1 mark
Cost of seed	25 X 100 = 2500	1 mark
Cost of DAP fertilizer	3 X 1500 = 4500	1 mark
Cost of CAN fertilizer	3 X 1000 = 3000	1 mark
Total variable costs	20500	1 mark
GM for maize	82500- 20500 = 62000	1 mark

ii) Beans

Value of beans/ income	5000 X 500 = 250000	1 mark
Cost of labour	75 X 200 = 15000	1 mark
Cost of cultivation/ ha	1 X 3600 = 3600	1 mark
Cost of seed	20 X 80 = 1600	1 mark
Cost of DAP fertilizer	2 X 1500 = 3000	1 mark
Cost of CAN fertilizer	1 X 1000 = 1000	1 mark
Cost of sprays	3000	1 mark
Total variable costs	27200	1 mark
GM for beans	250000 – 27200 = 222800	1 mark

iii) It is more profitable to grow beans than maize 1 mark

Size of the farm
Climatic conditions
Fairness objectives and preferences
Existing market conditions
Available resources
Expected returns

– The farmer should grow groundnuts;

– The crop has a higher gross margin than cotton;

– The farmer may be able to estimate the required production resource e.g labour capital e.t.c

– Assists farmer when e.g. labour capital etc

– Assists farmer in making management decisions;

– Helps to reduce uncertainties in the production process;

– Shows progress or lock of progress in farm business;

(a) (i) See the graph paper

(ii) 56 bags; (1×1=1mk)

(b) Table – ( 16x ½ =8mks)

Year

Fertilizer applied (bags)

Maize output (bgs)

Marginal product

Average product

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

202

2003

–

-2

–

6.5

5.5

4.7

(ii) MP is maximum; AP is maximum; (2×1=2mks)

(d) Gross income = Total output x price per unit

in 2002 66 x 1000 = 66000/= (1×1=1mk

in 2003: 64 x 1000 = 64000/= (1×1=1mk)

(ii) Net income = Total income – Total cost

in 1999: Total income was 52 x 1000 = 52000/=

total cost was 8 x 1200 = 9,600/=

Hence 5200/= – 9600; (1mk)

= Shs. 42,400/= (1mk)

21.

Flood costs (F.C)
Variable costs (V.C)
Total costs (T.C)
Average costs (A.C)
Marginal costs (M.C)

22.

Co-operative societies
Crop boards
Commercial banks
Agricultural finance corporation (A.F.C)
Settlement fund trustees
Hire purchase companies
Insurance companies. (Any 4 )

three ways in which labour peaks can be overcome in the farm

Overtime working for casual labourers
Greater use of casual workers
Mechanization
Use of contractors who may be engaged to do some work at a fee
Cropping system devised such that ripening of crops could be at different times

Work study to devise new techniques of doing work more quickly and efficient

24 . – training

-giving incentives/motivation

-farm mechanization

-labour

(a) 1000kg of NAP con 46kg P₂O₅S

150 x 100 – 150

300kg of DAP per hectar

1ha = 300kg of DAP

5ha x 300

1 = 1500g of DAP

1 bag = 50kg

1500 x 1 = 1500kg

50 = 30bags pf DAP

N/B Approximation = 3obags

CAN

100kg contain 20kg of price N

200x 100 = 200kg

30 = 1000kg

I ha = 1000kg

5ha = 1000 x 5 = 5000kg

1bag = 50kg

5000 x 1 = 5000kg

= 100bags of CAN

(b) (i) – cross margin is variable cost – total revenue

Gross margin of irish potatoes

Cost of fert = shs 10000 x 5 = 50000

Cost labour requirement = 50 x 200 x 5 = 50,000

Cost of seed potatoes 20,000 x 5 = 100000

Cost of fungicides 5000 x 5 = 25000

Cost of ploughing 400 x 5 = 50,000

Total variable cost shs.145,000

Total revenue = shs.50,000 x 50 = shs.1,500,00

Gross margin shs. 1,500,000 – shs.145,000 =shs.1,255,100

(i) Maize

Cost of fert. shs 10000 x 5 = shs.50000

Cost of fert. shs. 4800 x 5 = shs.24000

Cost of maize seed shs.3000 x 5 = shs.15000

Cost f labour shs.200 x 150x 5 = shs.150000

Cost of ploughing shs.4000 x 5 = shs.20000

Total cost = shs.259000

Revenue 750000 X 5 X 20= Shs.750000

Gross margin = 750000

– 259000

Shs.481000

(ii)He should grow potatoes

– pests

Diseases

Unreliable rainfall

Change in temperature

Strong wind

Light aspect

Infertile soils

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV

three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

Whip are tongue grafting
Side grafting
Approach grafting
Bark grafting

Notch grafting

a) i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending

31^st December 2003 (9mks)

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR MR. TEMBO√

FARM FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31^ST DEC 2003

		Sales and receipts
sh cts
Opening stock√ Purchase of farm tools√ Zero grazing unit construction√ Machinery depreciation√ Interest payable √ Pesticide purchase√ Veterinary bills √ wages √ TOTAL net profits √	12000 00 1000 00 10000 00 800 00 750 00 300 00 400 00 4800 00 30050 00 9300 00	Milk sale√ Sale of goats√ Cabbage sale√ Sale of heifers√ Sale of tea√ Closing valuation√	8000 00 500 00 750 00 9400 00 4700 00 16000 00 39350 00
	39 350 00		39 350√ 00

ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm (1mk)

%profit=profit x 100

Total income

=9300 x 100

39350 = 23.6%

b) five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies

function of farmers cooperative societies
marketing farmers produce

negotiating fair prices for produce and input
keeping records of the cooperative activities and in forming the members accordingly
paying dividends to members
giving loans in kind to members
educating members on matters relevant to cooperative(5×1=5mks)

ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

risks and uncertainties
pest and diseases outbreak
price fluctuation
sickness and injury
natural catastrophes e.g. floods, earth quakes ,storm ,strong wind
new technologies of production
ownership uncertainty
physical yield on what is expected

four reasons for using certified seeds for planting

High yielding
Quality produce
High germination percentage
Grow faster

two financial statements which may be prepared on a farm.

– Balance sheet.

– Cash analysis.

– Profit and Loss Account.

(a) Profit and loss A/C for Langat’s farm for the year ending 31^st December, 2004

Purchases & Expenses

Shs.

Cts

Sales & receipts

Shs.

Cts

Opening valuation

Goats

Poultry

Casual worker

Subtotal

Net profit

150000

4000

15000

12000

181000

112600

Mohair

Rabbits

Eggs to hotel

Closing valuation

75000

3600

15000

200000

Total

293,600

Awarding:-

– Title (½mk)

– (Purchases & expenses and sales & receipts) ½mk

– Entries each ½ x 10 (5mks)

(b) State the benefit of a profit and loss A/C to Mr. Lang’at

Helps the farmer to detect whether he has loss or profit
Helps in tax assessment to avoid over taxation

– Acts as evidence when a farmer requires a loan

a) – Invoice

Receipt
Delivery note
Purchase order
Statement of account (4×1=4 mks)

b) ROBS,

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

AS AT 31^ST DEC, 2009

Purchases and expenses√ ½ mk

Sales and receipt√ ½ mk

Opening stock 150,000

Vetenary bills 2500

Livestock feeds 2500

Fertilizer 5000

Seeds 4000

Debts payable 4200

TOTAL √ ½ mk 168000 Profit √ 1 mk 94,800

263000

Sale of milk 10,000

Sale of cabbages 20,000

Sale of two heifers 10,000

Sale of tomatoes 3000

Debts available 20,000

Closing valuation 200,000

√ ½ mk 263,000

√ 1 mk 263,000

( ½ mk each entry 6 mks)

Total 10 mks

c) It made profit

Profit ksh. 94,800√ 1 mk

% profit= profit x 100

Opening Valuation

94,800×100

150,000

= 63.2%√ 1 mk

d) -Diversification- Setting up several and different enterprises on the farm. If one fails the

farmer cannot incur total loss.

Contracting- farmers can enter into contract with consumers. It guarantees a constant fixed market for goods/services
Insurance- Taking an insurance cover to compensate them incase of loss
Input rationing- Farmers can control the quantities of inputs used in various enterprises to reduce losses
Flexibility in production methods- Ability to change from one enterprise to another in response to demand changes
Adopting modern methods of production e.g. disease control, irrigation, mechanization e.t.c.

a) i) profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec. 2003

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR MR. TEMBO√

FARM FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31^ST DEC 2003

Purchases and expenses		Sales and receipts
sh cts
Opening stock√ Purchase of farm tools√ Zero grazing unit construction√ Machinery depreciation√ Interest payable √ Pesticide purchase√ Veterinary bills √ wages √ TOTAL net profits √	12000 00 1001 00 10000 00 801 00 751 00 301 00 401 00 4801 00 30050 00 9300 00	Milk sale√ Sale of goats√ Cabbage sale√ Sale of heifers√ Sale of tea√ Closing valuation√	8001 00 501 00 751 00 9401 00 4701 00 16000 00 39350 00
	39 350 00		39 350√ 00

ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm (1mk)

%profit=profit x 100

Total income

=9300 x 100

39350

= 23.6%

b) five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies

- - Function of farmers cooperative societies
  - marketing farmers produce
  - negotiating fair prices for produce and input
  - keeping records of the cooperative activities and in forming the members accordingly
  - paying dividends to members
  - giving loans in kind to members
  - educating members on matters relevant to cooperative(5×1=5mks)

ii) five common risks and uncertainties in farming
- Risks and uncertainties
- pest and diseases outbreak
- price fluctuation
- sickness and injury
- natural catastrophes e.g. Floods, earth quakes ,storm ,strong wind
- new technologies of production
- ownership uncertainty
- physical yield on what is expected

a) Prepare a balance sheet s at 31.12.2005

BIDII FARM BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31.12.2005

LIABILITIES SHS CTS

Current liabilities

Overdraft 15000 00

Unpaid wage 3000 00

Long term liabilities

Bank l 30000 00

Net worth 897000 00

945000 00

ASSETS SHS CTS

Current assets

Debt receivable 20000 0

Stocks 25000 00

Bank balance 100000 00

Fixed assets

Perennial crops 250000 00

Land 350000 00

Livestock 200000 00

945000 00

b) Yes it qualified for a loan because it was solvent i.e. has more assets than liabilities
one condition in which each of the following documents is used.
i) Invoice –when goods //services are sold /bought on credit
ii) Delivery note-when goods are physically delivered to the buyer

iii) Receipt-when goods/services are bought or rendered on cash

i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Okello’s farm

profit and loss A/C for Mrs.Okello’s farm for the year ending 31/12/2009

Purchase and expenses

Sales and receipts

Opening valuation 12000 00

Pesticides 3000 00

Construction of store 10000 00

Depreciation of machines 3000 00

Interest payable 1750 00

Purchase of tools 800 00

Veterinary bills 1 400

Wages 10,000

Net profit 3800

Milk sales 8000

Sales of goats 5000

Sales of tomatoes 1750

Sales of heifer 10 000

Sales of coffee 5000

Closing valuation 16000

45750

Award of marks Title -1mk

Purchases and expenses side -1mk

Sales and receipt sales-1mk

Net profit – 1mk

Both totals-1mk (5×1=5mks)

Each of the correct entries in purchase and expenses and sales and receipt sides (14x ½ =7mks)

ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss that Mrs. Okello made during the year 2009

3800 x100√1

45750

= 8.3%√1

iii) six ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties in farming

diversification-production of services products at the same time to avoid risks due to weather, fluctuation in price and disease
contracting-make contracts with dealers to supply or buy certain commodities at fixed prices thus transfer the risk of drop in demand and supply
insurance-purchase security by payment of small sum of money for compensation in case of failure
input rationing-use of inputs sparingly to avoid wastage
flexibility in production-combination and substitution of inputs and techniques of products for each other use the cheapest
use of government price stabilization policies
adapting modern methods of farming-use of researched varieties, breeds better adapted to local conditions

selecting more certain enterprises-engage in enterprises with more surerity of success i.e. artificial insemination as opposed to natural insernimation (any 6×1=6mks)

– Bank overdraft

-Bank loans

-Debts payable

-Tax payable

-rent

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)

a) the principle that govern the operations of farmers’ co-operative societies

Open membership
Equal rights
Share limit
Neutrality
Non- profit motive
Loyalty
Withdrawal of membership

b) the role of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya

Provide education/ technical information to members
Negotiate for higher prices for members products
Market farmers produce
Help to negotiate for loans for members without security
Provide inputs to members at lower prices
Invest and pay out returns to members in form of dividends
Provide transportation, storage and use of machinery to farmers

c) various functions of agricultural marketing

Advertising: They advertise farm products in order to increase demand
Financing: Provide capital to carry out agricultural activities
Transportation: Provide transport to farm produce to the areas of consumption
Storage: store farm produce after harvest in order to minimize losses
Selling: Sell on behalf of the farmer
Packing: pack the farm produce to reduce storage space and make transportation easy
Processing: process the farm produce in order to provide a variety, increase value and prolongs shelf life
Grading: putting into grades to provide uniform standards
Assembling: gathering the farm produce for bulking and transportation
Insurance: Bearing risks by protecting farm damage

d) Explain five problems farmers face in marketing agricultural products

Perishability: detoxation of quality
Seasonability: affect price and storage problems
Bulkiness: occupy large space hence problems of handling and storage
Storage: lack of storage facilities on farms
Poor transport system: Lead to spoilage of farm produce
Change in market demand: time between planning and actual production create lack of market
Lack of market information: concerning prices, how much to produce, where to sell goods; farmers end up disposing of the surplus at throw away prices
Fluctuation in market price due to seasonality in nature of agricultural products
Poor marketing systems for some produce: Result in lack of market

a) four marketing functions (4mks)

Buying and assembling
Transportation and distributing
Storage
Packing
Processing
Grading
Marketing research
Selling
Financing
Bearing risk (4×1=4mks)

b) Outline four problems associated with marketing of agricultural products. (4mks)

perishability
seasoning
bulkiness
poor storage facilities
poor transport system
lack of market information
limited elasticity of demand

Two roles of agricultural society of Kenya

– Promotes the agricultural industry

Organizes national ploughing competitions
Publish the Kenya farmer magazine
Improve useful indigenous animals
Publish a ‘stud’ book
Hold competitive shows
Hold trade fairs on livestock
Demonstration on how to use agricultural machinery

– Encourage breeding and importation of pure breed stock

(a) Elasticity of demand for a commodity is the degree of responsiveness of demand to price

OR – The sensitivity of demand to change in price (1mk) (mark as a whole)

Pmk

(b) Calculation of the elasticity of demand:- (4mks)

Elasticity of demand = % D Quantity

% D price

% DQuantity = Change in quantity x 100

Pmk

Quantity

= (1000 – 800 ) x 100 = 25%

800

% DPrice= Change in price x 100

Pmk

price

= (20- 22) x 100 = 9%

Pmk

Ed = 25 = 2.8

Bulkiness
Poor storage
Seasonality of crops hence demand
Perishability of farm produce
Poor transport system
Delayed payments
Competition from cheap imports ( 1mk x any6pts = 6mks)

(d) Nine principles governing cooperatives in Kenya

Open membership- voluntarily joining on payment of membership fees
Equal rights – One man one vote run democratically
Share limit – A member buys shares up to a specific maximum limit.
Interest on shares – Any money distributed according to shares
Withdrawal form ownership – voluntarily
Loyalty – Members to be faithful and loyal
Education – continuously educating its members
Co-operative principle- cooperative members joint cooperative movement

– Non-profit motive – cooperatives are non-profit making organizations

Four reasons why training is important in some crops

Facilitate field practices of spraying and harvesting
Improves crop quality by preventing solving
Enable crop grow in the required direction
Improve yield
Control pest and diseases

6 . a) – Buying and assembling – acquisitions from small scale farmers and accumulate

Transporting and distribution – from area of production to areas of consumption and retailers
Storage – kept to accumulate in amount before selling off or to wait for time of scarcity
Packing- to protect agent damage, theft
Processing – involve preparation of produce for consumption e.g. pasteurizing milk
Grading and sorting – placing in groups according to size, colour e.t.c.
Each group attracts different prices
Packaging – presentation of produce in a way to attract consumers e.g. labeling, good packing materials
Collecting marketing information – through media, on prices and demands of goods on markets
Selling – Final presentation of produce to consumer’s e.g. advertising, display e.t.c.
Financing – availing capital for marketing activities
Bearing risks – at each stage of marketing, apart is to bear the cost of uncertainties

b) – Marketing problems of agri products

Perishability – short life cycle
Seasonality – supply depends on the season/ vary with season
Bulkiness – demand for more space Vs value
Storage – need costly storage e,g. cold rooms, refrigeration
Poor transport system especially in rural areas
Changes in market demand – take long to produce hence cannot meet changes in market
Limited elasticity of demand – restrict supply
Lack of market information

Is the degree of responsiveness of supply to change in price
– Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs

Fixes prices of the related products

b) The role of Agricultural Co-operatives in Kenya

Co-operators pool their resources together to buy expensive machinery e.g. tractor for use by the members
Provide education/ technical information to members
Provide loans to members in form of inputs and cash
Negotiate for higher prices for members
Reduce overhead costs e.g. transportation, storage and use of machinery
Bargain with supplier to give discount on seed, fertilizers and other farm inputs/ provide inputs at lower prices
Provide employment for their members
Benefit members from lower taxes charged
Provide strong bargaining power for members on policy issues
Market farmers produce
Invest and pay out returns to members in form of dividends
Help to negotiate for loans for members without security
Some provide banking services to members

Law of demand – when the price of a good or service is low, many consumers are able and willing to

buy it and vice versa

Law of supply – when the price of commodity is high, many sellers are able to provide the commodity in market for sale. (mark as a whole )

(i) K.N.F.U – Kenya National Farmers Union

(ii) H.C.D.A – Horticultural Crops Development Authority

a)- It is an organization of people who have joined together voluntarily with a common purpose

for a mutual economic benefit

b) Two functions of co-operatives

– Marketing farmers produce

– Negotiating for fair prices for farmers produce and also for Inputs

– Keeping records of the co-operative activities and informing the members accordingly

– Paying dividends to the members

– Giving loans in hand to the members

– Educating the members on matters relevant to their co-operative through field days,

seminars, workshops and demonstrations

c) – Open and voluntary membership: Rights of anybody who fulfills the conditions set out by the

laws of co-operative society

Democratic control: All members have equal rights to say on the affairs of the co-operative
Each member is only allowed one vote regardless of shares possessed
Share limit: All members should have equal chances of buying shares
Distribution of dividends: Any profits should be distributed to members as dividends depending on their share contributions
Withdrawal of membership: Should be voluntary
Selling of produce: Only members can sell their produce through the co-operatives
Loyalty: members are bound to be loyal to their co-operative society
Non- profit motive: Co-operatives are not supposed to be profit motivated. They should sell their products to members at seasonable prices
Co-operative organization: The co-operative should join the co-operative movement from primary level to national or international level
Co-operative should sell on cash – goods sold on credit are sometimes not paid for
Continuous expansion: Co-operatives should aim at continuous expansion in terms of membership and physical facilities
Neutrality: Co-operatives should be neutral in terms of religion, politics or language

four factors which influenced the demand of tomatoes in the market

Quality of tomatoes
Price of tomatoes
Presence of other substitutes
Price of the substitute

AGROFORESTRY

two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting

Break dormancy

Control pests and diseases

four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

Add organic matter from falling leaves
Recycles soil erosion
Control soil erosion
Improve drainage of swampy areas

Play part in hydrological cycle

four advantages of agro forestry

Source of wood fuel (energy)
Source of income
Conserve environment/reduce soil erosion/improve water catmint
Source of food /fruits
Medicine/value
Aesthetic value
Feed for livestock
Labour saving

(a) A – Pollarding technique (½mk)

B – Coppicing (½mk)

(b) An example of a tree species suitable for technique B and C as a method of harvesting B

(i) Calliandra calothyrus

(ii) Markahmia lutea

(iii) Psidum guajava

(iv) Croton macrostachyus ( ½ x 1 = ½mk)

C (i) – Grevillea robusta

– Calliandra calothyrsus

– Croton cacrostachyus ( ½ x 1= ½mk)

-Deep rooted

Nitrogen fixing/ leguminous
Fast growing

Good in by product production

(a) Five characteristics of trees used in agroforestry are;

Fast growth rate
Nitrogen fixing/leguminous
Good in by product use timber, fruits etc
Deep rooted
Nutritious and palatable
easily coppiced
Non-competitive ability with main crop (5×1=5mks)

(b) The benefits of agroforestry are:

Provides food
Source of energy/fuel
Fodder for livestock
Aesthetic value
Provides shelter
Income generation
Soil and water conservation
Balancing of atmospheric gases (8×1=8mks)

four forms of agro- forestry

Alley cropping
Woodlots
Multi-storey
Source of wood fuel
Source of income
Labour saving
Aesthetic value
Reduces the carbon dioxide reducing the depletion of Ozone layer

Used as a method of soil and water conservation

– Border//edge grow

Source of wood fuel
Source of income
Labour saving
Aesthetic value
Reduces the carbon dioxide reducing the depletion of Ozone layer
Used as a method of soil and water conservation

– fast growth

-Deep rooted

-Nitrogen fixing

-Good by-products

– Friendly to crops/not affent crop

PAPER ONE AND TWO

SECTION II QUESTIONS

FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

There are five categories of farm tools and equipment namely:

Garden tools and equipment e.g. pangas, jembe, pick axe, spade e.t.c.
Workshop tools and equipment e.g. saws, hammers, planes, chisels e.t.c
Livestock production tools and equipment e.g. milking stool, strip cup, milk churn etc.
Masonry tools and equipment e.g. wood float, spirit level, plumb bob e.t.c
Plumbing tools e.g. pipe wrench spanner, stock and die e.t.c

It is very important to identify the farm tools and equipment, give the correct users and maintenance practices.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the require concepts and practices:

List four maintenance practice carried out on a cross-cut saw
Identify the following tools and state their functions

Identify A, B, C, D

Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow.

i) Identify the equipment represented by the illustration
ii) What is the use of the equipment?

iii) Name the parts labeled A and B

iv) What is the function of the part labeled A and B
What is the use of a garden fork?
Name the tool that a builder would use to check the vertical straightness of a wall during

construction

Name the farm tool that can be used when removing nails from timber
Give two examples of equipment that a livestock farmer can use in administering oral

anti helminthes

Below are farm tools, study them and answer

O………………………………………

……………………………….

the questions that follow:-

(a) Identify the tools L, M, N, O

(b) Give one functional advantage of tool M over tool N

Name a tool used to perform the following functions on the farm;

(i) Drilling of small holes on metal

(ii) Bore holes on wood

State the common faults in the operation of Knapsack spray
(a) Name the three tools in castration of livestock
Name the most appropriate set of animal handling tools that a farmer uses for the following operations:-

(i) Restraining a large bull when taking it around the show ring

(ii) Cutting tail in sheep

a) Below are illustrations of farm tools

i) State the use of the tools
ii) Name the type of hammer that may be used for driving tool K during work

b) Given below is an illustration of one of the routine management practices in livestock

Production.

Study the diagram and answer the following questions

i) Name the practice indicated in the diagram above
ii) Describe the procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named

in (i) above in piglets

Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow;

i) Identify the tools
ii) Give the use of each of the tools named above

iii) State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on tool D

List two equipments used in handling cattle during an Agricultural exhibition
Mention the use of the following tools.
i) Dibber
ii) Spokeshaves

iii) Tinsnips

iv) Burdizzo

List four precautions that should be taken when using workshop tools and equipment.
i) Below is an illustration of a farm equipment. Study it and answer questions that follow

a) Identify the farm equipment illustrated above b) What is the use of the equipment c) Name the parts labelled W, X and
d) What is the functions of Y on the equipment
Use the diagram below to answer questions which follow

i) Identify the above diagram
ii) Name the parts labelled A and B

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I

COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS

This topic entails the following:

Reasons of keeping livestock
Parts of a cow
Characteristics of indigenous and exotic cattle breeds
Dairy cattle breeds
Beef cattle breeds
Dual purpose cattle breeds
Pig breeds
Sheep breeds
Goat breeds
Rabbit breeds
Camel breeds

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the re1quired concepts and practices:

State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm
State four advantages of applying lime in clay soil
State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
Give two distinguishing features between the following breeds of rabbits; Kenya white

and California white

Give four reasons why most farmers keep livestock in Kenya
Give three ideal conformation features of beef cattle
(i) Name a dual purpose cattle breed reared in Kenya
ii) State three uses of a rotavator
Name a pig breed with the following features:

White body colour, erect ears, dished snout, big in body size

What does the term ‘epistasis’ mean in livestock improvement?
(a) Explain the role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy

(b) Outline the general characteristics of indigenous cattle

Below is a diagram of a cattle. Study it an answer the questions that follow:-

(i) What type of animal is represented above?

(ii) If you stand at a point marked X, state five characteristics that tells you that the animal belong

to type name in (i) above?

(iii) State three areas on the body of a cow where ticks are commonly found

Name four breeds of dairy goats
List two distinguishing characteristics of Californian breed of rabbit
Name the common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya
Name four dairy cattle breeds reared in Kenya.
Differentiate between ‘breed’ of animal and ‘type’ of animal.

17 Name the camel breed that is adapted to cooler regions and has a woolly body covering

State any two channels through which beef is marketed in Kenya.

(LIVESTOCK HEALTH II

(LIVESTOCK PARASITES )

This topic entails the following:

Host-parasite relationships
Effects of parasites on livestock
Life cycle of parasites
Methods of parasite control in livestock
Identify different parasites

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Name two chemical methods used in deworming cattle
a) state six effects of parasites
b) Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium species of tapeworm
c) State four control measures of the tapeworm
Give two functions of calcium in dairy cows
Give two control measures of fleas in a flock of sheep
Give two measures a poultry farmer can use to control fleas in flock
State two reasons why drenching alone is not an effective method of controlling internal parasites
Give two forms in which a tape worm is found in livestock
Below are diagrams showing different types of internal parasites. Study them carefully and

answer the questions that follow:-

a) Identify the parasites K & M
b) Identify the parts labelled
c) Name the organs where each parasites is found
d) Give the intermediate host of parasite M
Give any two effects of external parasites that are harmful to livestock
Outline the procedure followed when hand-spraying cattle to ensure effective use of acaricides

to control ticks

11 a) A boar gained 90Kg live weight after eating 360Kg pig finisher meal over a period of

time. Calculate the feed conversion ratio

b) Describe digestion in the four stomachs of the ruminant animal
c) Give the significance of lubrication system
State four ways of controlling tsetseflies
Name two types of roughages
Name the common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya
Why are the element calcium and phosphorus important in the diet of young livestock?

16 Give two parasites of cattle which are also disease vectors

17 Give three control measures of fleas in a flock of layers

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)

This topic entails the following:

Identification and classification of livestock feeds.
Digestion and digestive systems of cattle, pigs and poultry
Definition of terms used to express field values
Preparation of balanced ration for various livestock
Functions and deficiency symptoms of various nutritional elements.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices;

Give two ways by which production ration may be utilized by dairy goats
Given that the livestock reared require a ration of 18% DCP and the farmer has maize bran of

10% DCP and sunflower meal of 30% DCP. Use Pearson’s square method to calculate how

much of the feedstuffs a 150kg rations

State the importance of the following in livestock nutrition: i) Water ii) Vitamin A
Name the compartment of the ruminant stomach where microbial digestion takes place.
i) A ration containing 18% protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

method to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed

ii) A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

(a) Define the term ration as used in livestock nutrition

(b) A farmer wanted to prepare a 200kg of pig’s ration containing 16% D.C.P. Using the persons

square method, calculate the amount of maize containing 10% D.C.P and cotton seed

containing 28% D.C.P the farmer would need to prepare the ration (show your work)

Give two livestock feed additives
State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle
State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(SELECTION AND BREEDING)

This topic entails the following:

Description of reproduction
Description of reproduction systems
Selection f breeding stock
Description of breeding system.
Identification of livestock on heat
Description of methods used in serving livestock.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

State four ways of minimizing disowning of lambs by ewes
State the gestation period of the following farm animals
i) Pigs
ii) Rabbits
i) What is selection in live stock production
ii) State three methods used in selection of livestock
Give four signs of heat observed on female rabbit
Name four meat breeds of rabbits
State four reasons for cutting a breeding boar
List the methods of selection in livestock
Define the following terms as used in livestock breeding
i) Heterosis
ii) Epistasis
State three signs of heat in Does (Female Rabbits)
Give the gestation period of the following:
i) Cow
ii) Sow
State three disadvantages of natural methods of mating in cattle breeding
a) Explain the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers
b) Outline ten factors considered when selecting dairy cattle for breeding
What is upgrading as used in livestock production?
Define the word breech of birth as used in livestock production
What does the term “drift lambing’ mean in livestock production?

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV

(LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES)

This topic entails the following:

Description of livestock rearing practices
Carrying out livestock rearing practices
Livestock routine management practices i.e. feeding, de-beaking e.t.c.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Give four reasons of carrying out crutching sheep management
Name two ways a farmer can perform closed methods of castration on his male livestock
Below is a diagram of a farm animal. Study the diagram carefully and then answer the questions

that follow

a) On the drawing, mark the letters indicated in brackets the part of the animal where:
i) Branding should take place (B)
ii) Vaccination should be carried out (V)

iii) Body temperature of the animal should be taken (BT)

iv) Mastitis infection may occur (M)
b) Name three areas of the animal body where ticks are likely to be found
c) Name the parts of the animal numbered 1-4

a) What is castration as used in livestock production?
b) State four reasons why castration is done in livestock
(a) Describe the management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

(b) Discuss the preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks

Outline two reasons for raddling in sheep management
State any four reasons for castrating male piglets
What are the methods of stocking bees? Give two.
State two ways that show how good feeding help to control livestock diseases
Name any two recommended methods of docking lambs
State three disadvantages of inbreeding
State four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe
(a) Describe the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

surgical method

(b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm

(ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a

fish pond

Give three types of bees found in a bee colony
List three methods of castrating farm
Outline the routine management practices of piglets from the 1^st day to the 8^th week
List three types of calf pens
State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service
List three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production
State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm
Name three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bees
List three common methods of extracting honey from the combs
a)The illustration below shows a method of identifying pigs, study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:-

i) On the diagram A provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram

ii) What is the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be

carried out?

iii) State any three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig

production

b) Below are illustrations showing the various parts of the Kenya top bar hive. Use the illustration

to answer the question that follow

i) label the parts B ,C and D
ii) How can a farmer attract bees to colonize a new hive?

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

a) Below are illustrations of farm tools

ii) State the use of the tools

iii) Name the type of hammer that may be used for driving tool F during work b) Given below is an illustration of one of the routine management practices in livestock

production.

Study the diagram and answer the following questions

i) Name the practice indicated in the diagram above
ii) Describe the procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named

in (i) above in piglets

a) State and explain four advantages of age grouping farm animals as a management practice
b) Explain four major causes of lamb mortality from birth to weaning
c) Describe brucellosis under the following sub headings

i)Cause

ii) Transmission

iii) Symptoms

iv) Control measures
a) Explain the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers
Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
(a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

(b) State four methods of dehorning livestock

(a) What is steaming up in livestock production?

(b) Give two reasons why the practice is important in pig rearing

State four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain

maximum fish production.

List four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

Study the diagram of a cow below and answer the subsequent questions

i) Identify the livestock equipment marked E above
ii) State two uses of the equipment in 17(i) above

iii) Name the two types of identification marks applied on the animal above

iv) Show with an arrow and mark with letter P where pye-grease acaricide should be applied

on the anima1

v) Give one disadvantage for each of the identification marks made on the animal

Identification marks	Disadvantage
A
A
B
B

a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of farrowing
b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.

State four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals .
Give any two reasons why docking is an important practice in sheep management.
Why is crutching a very important management practice in sheep breeding.

Study the diagram of a sheep shown below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

(i) What operation is usually carried out on the part labelled A?

(ii) Give two reasons for carrying out the operation in (i) above

(iii) At what age should the above operation be carried out?

(v) Name routine management practice carried out on the part labelked B

FARM STRUCTURES

This topic entails the following:

Description of parts of a building
Identification of materials for construction
Description of various farm structures and their uses
Construction and maintenance of farm structures.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Mention four disadvantages of using steel materials for construction of farm structures
Give two reasons for placing a polythene sheet on a foundation of farm buildings
What is “calf crop” in beef production?
a) Outline the procedure in construction of a barbed wire fence
b) List any four wood preservatives
c) Give four factors that will determine the choice of farm building materials
i) Give four factors considered when citing a fish pond
ii) Give four features of a good laying nest

6 State two uses of a footbath in cattle dip

7 a) What is a green house

b) Name four materials used in green house construction
c) Give four maintenance practices carried out on a green house
d) Explain the importance of maintaining farm structures

8 Give two disadvantages of a barbed wire fence when used in paddocking

9 The diagram below illustrates a cross-section of a fish pond. Study it carefully and answer the

questions that follow:-

(a) Identify the parts marked A, B, C and C

(b) On the diagram the points marked X, Y and Z are possible sites where fish feeding

can be done. Which is the most appropriate point for feeding?

filling it with water (d) Why should part marked B be screened?

(e) State three maintenance practices carried out on the structure

Study the farm structure below illustrating a pass:-

(a) Identify the type of pass illustrated above

(b) Distinguish between a pass and a gate

11 State four requirements of a good maize store

12 State three factors that determine the depth and size of foundation in a farm building

13 (a) Explain the uses of various hand tools in the construction of a poultry house

(b) Describe the procedure of erecting wooden rail fence

14 State four features of a good calf pen

15 State four uses of a fence

16 Below is a diagram of a cross section of a farm structure. Study it carefully and answer the

following questions.

(i) Identify the labeled parts A, B, and C

(ii) What is the importance of the part labeled B to the structure

(b) (i) When making concrete blocks the ratio 1:3:5 may be used. What do these figures

represent?

(ii) In a concrete mixture 1:3:5, twenty four cubic metres of sand were recommended to be

used in putting up of a foundation of a building. Find the volume of the other two

17 (a) Explain the maintenance practices of a fish pond

(b) Give four ways of controlling fish predators in a fish pond

18 Mention four reasons of treating timber before roofing farm buildings

19 List four uses of crushing in the farm

20 a) Define the term fence

b) List various types of fences
c) Describe advantages of fences

21 Study the illustration of a farm structure below and answer the questions that follow

i) Name the parts labeled
ii) State the function of the parts labeled

iii) Name two chemicals preservatives used to treat the wooden parts of the structure against

insects and fungal damage

Below is a diagram of a fish pond, study it and answer the questions that follow

i) Label the parts marked K and L
ii) Give a reason why part M is usually deeper than the rest of the pond

iii) State three maintenance practices carried out in the pond

a) Explain five factors to consider when siting a fish pond
b) Explain the measures used to control livestock diseases
State four factors which influence the selection of materials for constructing a diary shed
a) State five maintenance practices of a mould board plough
b) Explain five structural and functional differences between the petrol and diesel engines c) List five uses of farm fences
State four uses of farm buildings
List four structural requirements for proper housing of farm animal to maintain good health
The diagram below is part of a farm structure. Study it and then answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name part of structure represented above

(b) Identify parts labeled P, Q, R, and S

The diagram below shows an activity of processing a farm product. Study it and answer the

questions that follow:

(a) Name the product being processed

(b) Identify the method used in processing the product names in the diagram

(d) List two factors that affect quality of the product processed in the diagram

31 (a) Describe five parts of a plunge dip

(b) Outline six uses of live fences on the farm

a) Explain the factors a farmer needs to consider before siting a farm structure on his farm
b) Outline the desirable features of a good grain store
c) Describe the uses of farm fences in promotion of agriculture
Name any two pests that attack timber used for construction in the farms
State three factors that may lead to dip wash being exhausted or weakened while in the

dip tank

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

(LIVESTOCK DISEASES)

This topic entails the following:

Description of causes and vectors of the main livestock diseases.
Signs of each stated livestock disease
Stating predisposing factors where applicable
Control measures of livestock disease

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

Name two diseases that affect female animals only
Give four pre disposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
i) Name the causative organism of contagious abortion in cattle
ii) Give four symptoms of contagious abortion in cattle

iii) State three methods of controlling contagious abortion in cattle

What is a vaccine?
(a) Discuss black quarter under the following sub-headings:-

(i) Animal affected

(ii) Casual organism

(iii)Symptoms of disease

(iv) Control measures

(b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes

(ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke

(i) Embryo transfer

(ii) Artificial insemination

(iii) Line breeding

(iv) Cross breeding

(v) Up-grading

Give four predisposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
(a) Discuss coccidiosis disease under the following headings:-

(i) Causal organism

(ii) Livestock species attacked

(iii) Symptoms of attack

(iv) Control measures

(b) (i) What are the characteristics of an effective acaricide?

(ii) Explain three methods of acaricide application

Name four ways of controlling coccidiosi in the farm
State four predisposing factors of scour in calves
Name four notifiable diseases of livestock
Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination
State three signs of anthrax injection disease observed in the carcass of a cattle
Differentiate between active immunity and acquired passive immunity
Name four systems of a tractor engine
State two adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mould board plough

in preparation for ploughing

List three causes of ruminal lympany (Bloat) in ruminant animals
(a) Give four symptoms of milk fever

(b) State two methods of controlling milk fever

(a) Describe East Coast Fever (E.C.F) under the following sub-topics:

(i) Animal attacked

(ii) Causal organisms

(iii) Symptoms of attack

(iv) Control and treatment

(b) Explain ten measures used to control livestock diseases

Name two livestock diseases that are spread through natural mating.
a) Give the method used in introducing a vaccine to poultry against fowl typhoid b) State other methods introducing vaccines to livestock

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V

(POULTRY)

This topic entails the following:

Identification of parts of an egg.
Selection of eggs for incubation
Identification of suitable sources for chicks.
Descriptions of broodiness
Description of condition for incubation
Description of rearing systems
Categories of poultry feds according to age-of birds
Stating causes of stress and vices in poultry and control measures.
Marketing of eggs and poultry meat.
Selection, sorting and grading of eggs.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

A deep little poultry house measures 9mx3m. Suppose the amount of space allowed for one

bird is 0.27m².Calculate the number of birds that can be kept comfortably in the house. Show

your working

Give two functions of isthmus in female bird
Give four features of a good laying nest
State four qualities of marketable eggs
Study the diagram showing the behaviour of chicks in a brooder and answer the questions that

follow:-

Heat source

Chicks

Heat source

Brooder guard

(a) State the behaviour of chicks in A, B and C

(b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram

Mention six characteristics of an egg selected for incubation
Describe the management of layers in deep litter system
State four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing system
Below are diagram showing condition of eggs seven days after incubation study them and answer

the questions

a) Identify the conditions of eggs
b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer
c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above
The diagram U below illustrates an activity carried by a poultry farmer keeping layers. Study the

diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow

a) Identify the activity carried out using the set up illustrated in diagram U
b) List down four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of

day old chicks

c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress

Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house
Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
(a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

(b) State four methods of dehorning livestock

State four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling.
Describe the management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation of brooder up

to eight (8)weeks old

a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of furrowing
b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.
Study the diagram of an egg be1ow and answer the questions that fol1ow:

i) Name the parts labeled N, O and P
ii) State the functions of the parts M and L

iii) Why should the egg be turned during incubation

State three reactions of chicks in a brooder which has higher temperature than normal.
Give three types of bedding material a poultry farmer may use in deep litter rearing of layers
Give two properties of good eggs for incubation

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)

This topic entails the following:

Raising young stock
Milk and milk components
Milk secretion and milk let-down
Correct milking techniques
Marketing of milk and beef.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

What is “calf crop” in beef production?
a) Describe the procedure of hand milking in a dairy cow
b) Explain the practices observed in clean milk production
Give two reasons for washing a cow’s udder with warm water before milking
Give two roles of uterus in egg formation process
The diagram below is a structure of part of a cow’s udder

(i) Name the parts labeled M, N, and O on the diagram above

(ii) State the functional difference between the following hormones which influence milk

let-down;

(a) (i) Oxytoxin

(ii) Adrenalin

(b) Mention three qualities of clean milk

Give four characteristics of clean milk
State three maintenance practices carried out on a milking machine
State four reasons for feeding Colostrums to calves immediately after calving
Give three ways of stimulating milk let down in a dairy cow
a) Describe the operational differences of a disc plough and mould board plough
b) Explain six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya
c) State four reasons for culling a boar
List three advantage of artificial method of calf rearing
State three methods that may be used to improve milk production in a breed

of indigenous goats

(a) Outline ten physical characteristics between a good layer and a poor layer in a deep

litter house

(b) Describe five factors that influence milk production in a dairy herd

a) State two reasons for washing the udder of a cow with warm water before milking.
b) Name the hormone that causes each of the following in dairy cows:.
i) milk letdown.
ii) lactogenesis
State four methods of increasing the depth of penetration of a disc harrow.
List four farm machines implements that obtain power from P.T.O shaft of a tractor
List two tractor drawn implements used for breaking hardpan in a crop field

State any three machines which are used for harvesting crops

a) describe the daily maintance and servicing of a tractor before use
b) State one function of each of the following parts of a tractor engine.
i) Fly wheel
ii) Ignition coil

iii) Thermostat

iv) Injector
v) Piston

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

This topic entails the following:

Sources of farm power
Systems of a tractor
Tractor implements, uses and maintenance
Animal drawn implements uses and maintenance
Tractor servicing and maintenance practices

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and

help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

Give four farm operations powered by engines

a) Describe the maintenance practices required on a tractor before it is put to daily use
b) Outline the factors that influence the power output by a draught animal

State two uses of gear box in a tractor
State two uses for which wind power is harnessed
Name three implements that are connected to the power take-off shaft
Below is a farm implement, study it keenly and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Name the farm implement drawn above

(b) Identify the parts labelled L and M above

(d) State the field condition under which the implement can work better than the others (½mk)

(a) Explain the factors that a farmer should consider in ensuring fast and efficient cultivation

by oxen

(b) Outline the importance of lubrication system in a tractor

State the functions of the following parts of power transmission in a tractor:

(i) Hydraulic system

(ii) Draw bar

(iii) Propeller shaft

(ii) State three sources of tractor hire service

(i) What is a tractor hires services (1mk)

(ii) State three sources of tractor hire service (1½mks)

The diagram below represents an assembled differential of a tractor. Use it to answer the

Wheel

questions that follow:-

(a) Name the parts labeled A, B, C and D

(b) State two functions of differential system of a tractor

State four sources of power in the farm

Give the four strokes of a four stroke cycle tractor engine

State four factors which ensure efficient working by oxen in the farm

Mention two sources from which farmers can hire tractors
(a) Below is a diagram of a farm implement

(i) State the use of the implement shown above

(ii) Name the parts labeled A, B, C, and D

(iii) State two methods of increasing the depth of penetration of the implement

State four ways through which a farmer would ensure maximum power output from

ploughing animals

State three advantages of a disc plough over mould board plough

a) Explain the differences between petrol and chisel engine
b) Describe components of transmission system of a tractor

Name four systems of a tractor engine

Give one function of the clutch

State two adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mould board plough

in preparation for ploughing

The diagram below illustrates a farm implement. Study it and answer the questions that follow

a) Identify the implement
b) Name the parts labeled X, Y and Z
c) State three maintenance practices that are carried out on a disc plough

a) Describe the operational differences of a disc plough and mould board plough
b) Explain six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya
c) State four reasons for culling a boar

Name the role of the following parts of a mould board plough
a) Share .
b) Mould board
c) Land side….

a) State five maintenance practices of a mould board plough
b) Explain five structural and functional differences between the petrol and diesel engines c) List five uses of farm fences

Give two uses of ox-drawn fine harrow

List four care and maintenance of a tractor battery

Study the diagram of a farm implement shown below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the farm implement illustrated above

(b) Label parts A, B and C

(d) Give two care and maintenance of the above implement

Outline six uses of live fences on the farm

List two possible causes of over heating in a tractor engine

List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine

i) the diagram below shows a tractor drawn implement.

a) Name the implement
b) Give two uses of the implement above
c) State three maintenance practices carried out on the above implement. ii) Below is an illustration of a farm equipment. Study it and answer questions that follow

a) Identify the farm equipment illustrated above b) What is the use of the equipment c) Name the parts labelled W, X and Y d) What is the functions of Y on the equipment

a) Explain the factors that influence the power output of farm animals
b) State the importance of farm fences

Study the illustration of a biogas digester plant and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the major component of biogas that is trapped in part L above
b) Give the name of the material deposited in part labeled M and its use
c) What is the component of K in the biogas production
d) Give three disadvantages of biogas as a source of farm power

Other than hydro-electricity mention two sources of electrical energy which can be available

for use in the farm

a) Describe the maintenance practices required on a tractor before it is put to daily use
b) Discuss the factors that influence the power output by a draught animal

PAPER ONE AND TWO

SECTION II ANSWERS

FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Store the saw properly after use
Oil the blade for long storage to avoid rust
Sharpen the teeth properly

Tighten the handle screw if loose

A-Tin snip – cutting thin metal sheets

B-Spokes have – smoothing curved and circular surfaces

C- Ceardeners trowel – uprooting seedlings during transplanting

D-Brace drill – boring/ drilling holes in wood

i) Stir up pump/ bucket pump
ii) Spraying livestock with acaricide

iii) A – Nozzle B – lance handle

iv) A – Atomises the acaricide into spray B – Direct the nozzle to the parts to be sprayed

Garden fork is a tool used in weeding in the nursery beds/and in carrot fields

The tool for checking the vertical straightness of a wall is Plumb bob and plumbline

A tool for removing nails from timber is a claw harmer (1mk)

Two examples of equipment that a livestock farmer can use in administering oral

anti-helminthes (1mk)

Narrow necked bottle
Drenching gun

– Dosing gun

O………………………………………

(a) L…- Pickaxe M- Adjustable spanner

N..- Ring spanner O..- Pipe wrench

(b) Give one functional advantage of tool M over tool N ( ½

Tools used to perform functions on the farm

– Hand drill

– Bit brace

– Blockage of nozzles and filters leading to uneven or no release of spray.

– Control pump may slacken or loosen, making it difficult to regulate the rate of spraying.

– Inadequate operating pressure due to leakages in the compressor pump, hoses or control valves.

(a) – Elastrator and rubber ring.

– The burdizzo.

– Sharp knife / scalpel.

(iii) Extracting blood samples for laboratory analysis

most appropriate set of animal hand tools that a farmer uses for the following operations:-

(i) Restraining large full when taking it around the show ring-bull ring and lead stick (1mk)

(ii) Cutting tail in sheep-rubber ring and elastrator (1mk)

(iii) Extracting blood samples for laboratory analysis-hypodermic needle and syringe

Provision of extra and quality feeds to sheep, two or three weeks before mating

ai) On the diagram a provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram above

ii) the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be carried out?

before wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig production

to determine growth rate i.e. weight gain
facilitate administration of drugs e.g. drenching
for feeding i.e. to know the amount of feed to give
to determine the service/breeding time (1×3=3mks)

b) i)B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top of the hive/jaggery/sheep

sorrel/saliva /sugar syrup (Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution) (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke the hive through the entrance using a smoker then light the hid to remove the top bar(the order must be considered) (1×2=2mks)

a) i) E-key hole saw/compass saw

F-wood chisel

G-cold/metal chisel

H-plumb bob (1/2×4=2mks)

ii) E-to cut or make key holes F-cutting timber

G-cutting metal H-checking whether a tall wall is vertical

iii) wooden hammer/mallet(1mk)

b)i) open castration/surgical castration (1mk)

ii) procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named in( i) above in piglets

restrain the piglets
sterilize the blade
disinfect the secretal sac
slit the secretal sac to expose the testicle
locate and hold the sperm duct
cut the sperm dust by scrapping with the slide
sew up the wound
sterilize/disinfect the wound
release the animal(piglet

i) A – Sickle

B- Pruning saw

C- Hoof cutter

D- Metal float

ii) A sickle is used in harvesting grass, rice, wheat by cutting

B Pruning saw is used for pruning tree crops, cutting hard stems in coffee

C Hoof cutter – Trimming hoofs in animals e.g. cattle, goats, sheep

D Float (wood or metal) smoothing concrete during plastering

iii) Maintenance on B

Sharpen and reset the teeth
Replace broken handle
Oil the blade for long storage

Halter
Rope
Nose ring and leading stick

Mention the use of the following tools.

-making holes for transplanting
Spoke shaves.-planning curved surface
Tin snip.-cutting metal/iron sheets
Burdizzo-castration (4x ½ =2mks)

four precautions that should be taken when using workshop tools and equipment.

Use tools for correct purpose.
Maintain them in good working conditions.
Keep them safely after use.
Handle tools correctly during use.

Use of safety devices / protective clothes

a) Bucket pump /stir – up pump (1×1 = 1mk)
b) Spraying acaricide on livestock (1×1 =1mk)
c) W – Nozzle

X – Trigger
Y – Pail /bucket

d)For holding acaricide solution during spraying. (1×1 = 1)

i) Identify the above diagram (1mk)

Artificial vagina.

ii) Name the parts labelled A and B (2mks)

A – warm water
B – collecting cap

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I

COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS

two reasons for treating water for us on the farm

Remove chemical impurities
Remove foreign material
Remove disease earning organisms

Remove bad smell & taste

four advantages of applying lime in clay soil

Lower soil acidity
Increase calcium content
Hastens decomposition of organic matter
Improve soil structure/ improve drainage
Facilitates availability and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorous
Improve legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation

Increase multiplication of micro- organisms

four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

Add organic matter from falling leaves
Recycles soil erosion
Control soil erosion
Improve drainage of swampy areas

Play part in hydrological cycle

Distinguishing feature between Kenya white and California Kenya white is white all over the body, has pink eyes California white is white with black nose and eras; has black/ brown eyes

Reasons why farmers keep livestock in Kenya

Source of food
Source of income
Cultural uses e.g. paying dowry, recreation
Provide source of power e.g. oxen

– Provides raw material to the industries

Ideal conformation features of beef cattle

Blocky/ square/ rectangular
Deep well flashed bodies
Short strong legs to support their heavy bodies

– Compact body

(i) Dual purpose cattle in Kenya.

– Sahiwal;

– Red Poll;

– Simmental;

(ii) Uses of Rotavator.

– Mixes trash and the soil;

– Cuts the furrow slices and harrows them; 92 in one pass).

– Break up large soil clods into smaller ones / performs 2⁰ tillage;

– Cut the furrows slices / primary tillage;

Large white is the pig with such characteristics

Epistasis is s combination of genes which on their own could have been inferior on undesirable(1mk)

(a) The role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy

Provision of food; various livestock products such as milk, eggs, meat and honey are used as food
Source of labour: some livestock can be used to provide power for carrying out various activities e.g. oxen, donkeys and camels
Provides employment; Several people are employed in the livestock industry ether directly of indirectly e.g. those employed by KMC
Social cultural uses: depending on the culture of the society e.g. dowry, status, symbol e.t.c
Source of income when livestock and livestock products are sold either locally or internationally: income is earned whish is used for national development which is used for national development
Industrial development, various products are processed n industries which are taxable to raise income or national development

(stating any 5pts = 1mk x 5; Explanation each 1mk x 5pts =5mks (10mks)

(b) The general characteristics of indigenous cattle

they have large thoracic humps for storing fat
they are tolerant to high temperatures
They are able to resist tropical diseases e.g East Coast fever
They have relatively long calving interval (beyond one year)
They have a slow growth rate and mature rate
They have smooth and short coat of hair
They have along and narrow head
they have a relatively short lactation period
they can walk for long distances without serious loss in condition
They are relatively small in size even when mature (1mk each for any 10pts = 10mks)

(i) Dairy cattle

(ii) five characteristics that tells you that the animal belong to type name in (i) above?

Straight top line
Large udder/well develop udder
Prominent milk vein
Large swell develop head quarter
Triangular shape
Large stomach capacity (any 5×1=5mks)

(iii) three areas on the body of a cow where ticks are commonly found (1½mk)

Base of ear/inside the ears
Neck
Flanks
Tail switch/tail
Belly
Brisket/dew lap (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

4 dairy goats

– Saanen

– Jamnapari

– Anglo- Nubian

– Toggenburg

– British Alphine

two distinguishing characteristics of Californian breed of rabbit

White body
Black ears /nose/paws/tail (2x ½ =1mk)

two common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya

British Saaren
The Toggenburg
Anglo-Nubian
Jamnapari
The British alpine ( ½ x2=1mks

four dairy cattle breeds reared goats in Kenya.

Ayrshire
Friesian
Guernsey
Jersey (4x ½ =2mks)

Differentiate between breed of animal and type of animal. (2mk)

Breed-group of animals with similar characteristics and common origin.
Type –the purpose for which the animal is kept. (2x1mk = 2mks) (mark as whole)

– smothers weeds

– Regulate soil temperature

– Conserve moisture

(LIVESTOCK HEALTH II

(LIVESTOCK PARASITES )

– Use of caustic potash stick (potassium hydroxide)

– Use of dehorning collodion

Cause anaemia
Deprive the hoof animal of food
Cause injury and damage to animal tissue and organs
Transmit diseases
Cause irritation
Cause obstruction to internal organs

Human beings drop tapeworm segments/ progloltudes together with their faeces
Eggs are released from the segment. Once outside the human body
Eggs are picked by pigs when feeding
Eggs hatch into embryos in the intestine of pigs
The embryo penetrate the intestinal wall and enter into the blood stream
Embryo localize in the liver
Embryos are disturbed throughout the muscle where they become cyst/ bladder worms
Bladder worms get into human beings through eating under cooked pork/ bacon
Once inside the human intestines the cyst wall dissolves and the bladder worm attach themselves to the wall of intestines
Bladder warm develop into adult tape worm
Adult tape worm releases segments/ progloltides containing fertilized eggs with human faeces

Use prophylactic drugs/ deworms to kill the internal parasites
Keep animal houses clean and disinfected
Practice rotational grazing
Use of clean feeding and watery equipment
Use of latrines/ proper disposal of human faeces

Proper cooking of meat

Functions of calcium in dairy cows.

– Milk and egg formation / production;

– Bones / skeleton / teeth formation;

– Blood clotting;

Control measures of fleas.

– Keep clean animals sleeping places;

– Dust animal surroundings with appropriate insecticides;

– Cover with petroleum jelly to suffocate stick fast fleas;

Control measures of fleas *NYR*

Dusting with appropriate insecticide in the pen
Ensuring cleanliness in poultry house
Dusting of the birds with correct insecticide
Applying petroleum jelly on infected parts (1mk each for any 2 pts = 2mks)

two reasons why drenching alone is not an effective method of controlling internal parasites

Cannot kill all stages of parasites
Cannot kill the eggs (2x ½ =1mk)

-Embryo

-Cyst/bladder worm (2x ½ =1mk)

a) K-tapeworm M-liver fluke
b) a-hooks b-suckers

c-mouth d-digestive glands

c) i) Small intestine
ii) the liver
d) Water snail (1×1=1mk)

– External parasites effects

– Transmit diseases

– Causes anemia/ sucks blood

– Causes irritation/ discomfort

– Causes wounds on the skin that may predispose animal to secondary infection

– Loss of hair

– Read the manufacturers instructions carefully

Mix the acaricide appropriately
Pour the chemical solution into the knapsack sprayer through the sieve/ stir up pump container
Restore in the animal
Spray along the back to loin
Spray the sides
Spray under the belly including the udder/ scrotum
Spray the rear/ hind quarters
Spray fore limbs
Spray the face, the eras last
Allow the animal to drain the chemical
Release the animal

a) Feed conversion is ^90Kg/_360Kg = ¼ = 1 : 4 *MMS*
Digestion in ruminant animal – 4 stomachs
i) Rumen (A pauch)

– Stores food temporarily

– Fermentation of food

– contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa which breaks down cellulose

– Synthesis of amino acids from ammonia gas

– Synthesis of vitamin B complex

ii) Reticulum (Honey comb)

Sieves and separates fine from coarse food particles
Retrains foreign and undigestible materials

iii) Omasum (Many plies or book)

Stores food temporarily
Grinds and sieve food particles
Absorption of water

iv) Abomasum (True stomach)

Enzymetic digestion takes place

Prevents rusting of surfaces
Reduces the rate of wear and tear of moving parts
Minimizes power loss due to friction
Acts as a cleaning agent
Reduces the heat created by the rubbing surfaces and acts as a seal between them

Bush clearing to destroy breeding places

– Spraying breeding places with insecticides

– use fly traps with impregnated nets

– use stressing agents e.g. radio isotopes on male file sand then releasing them

– Succulent

– Dry

two common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya

British Saaren
The Toggenburg
Anglo-Nubian
Jamnapari
The British alpine ( ½ x2=1mks

the element calcium and phosphorus important in the diet of young livestock?

For bone formation and development
For proper teeth development
For increased conversion of feed
Increase livestock appetite ( ½ x1=1mk)

16 two parasites of cattle which are also disease vectors

Ticks
Tsetse flies

Mosquitoes

-training

-Giving incentives/motivation

-Farm mechanization

-Labour supervison

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)

Production ration may be utilized by dairy goats in:

Milk formation
Growth

– Foetal/embryo development

Use Pearson’s square method to calculate how much of the feedstuffs a 150kg rations (5mks)

Maize bran = 12 x 150 = 90kg maize bran

Sunflower 8 x 150 = 60kg sunflower

i) Water (1mrk)

Transport medium
For metabolic processes
Regulates body temperature
Maintains shell shape
Component of livestock product
Lubricant of body joints (2x ½ = 1mk)

ii) Vitamin A (1mrk)

Bone formation
Prevents diseases / Increases disease resistance
Improves vision

Improves vigour/ for proper growth

Rumen.

i) A ration containing 18% protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed (3mks)

ii) two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

Linear programming
Trial and error

Graphical method.

(a) The daily amount of food given to an animal/ the amount of food given to an animal

per day

(b) Quantity of maize = 12 x 200Kg

18 = 133.33kg

Quantity of cotton seed = 6 x 200

18 = 66.67kg

Hormones

Antibiotics

Medicants

Qualities of roughages
Availability of the concentrates
Level of production
Physiological states of the animals
Quality of concentrates
Economic factors

Qualities of roughages
Availability of the concentrates
Level of production
Physiological states of the animals
Quality of concentrates
Economic factors

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(SELECTION AND BREEDING)

Steaming up of ewes to have milk to be suckled
Use of lambing pens
Ewes as made to recognize lambs after lambs
Blind folding ewes to activate maternal instinct
Attend/ treat inflamed udders/ painful

Pig 112 – 15 days

Rabbits 28 – 32 days

3 (i) Selection.

– It is the process of allowing certain animals to be the parents of the future generations while

culling others;

(ii) Methods used in selection.

Mass selection;
Progeny testing;
Contemporary comparison;

– Restless.

– Frequent urination.

– Swollen vulva.

– The doe throws itself on its side.

– She (does rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object.

– The doe tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch by peeping through the cage walls.

four meat breeds of rabbits

Flemish giant
California white
New Zealand white
Ear lop
chinchilla

four reasons for cutting a breeding boar

Bareness/loss of Libido
Loss of sight, limb, cannot mate
Old age
Perpetual sickness/contract
Reproductive diseases
Aggressiveness/wildness

– Mass

Progerry testing
Comparison

(i) Heterosis- Increased vigour/ performance resulting from mating two superior unrelated Breeds

(ii) Epitasis- Is a combination of genes that individually could have been both undesirable

or inferior

Heat signs in rabbits (doe)
The doe throws itself on its sides
She rubs herself against walls or solid objects
Tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch (peeping)
Restlessness
Swollen vulva
Frequent urination

Gestation periods of :- Cow 270 – 285 days

Sow – 113 117 days

Disadvantages of natural mating

A lot of semen is wasted
High chances of inbreeding
Large males can injure small females
Expensive to transport bull over long distance
May need extra pasture, extra cost

a) the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers

Higher egg production due to less energy wastage by birds
Accurate egg production records re kept
Cannibalism and egg eating are controlled
Eggs are clean
Allows for mechanization
Birds do not contaminate food and water
Makes handling easy as birds are restricted within small areas
Discourages broodiness
Increases the sticking rate
Sick birds can easily be isolated
The wire floor prevails re-infection on the parasites, worms and coccidiosi
There is no bully during feedings
There is low labour requirement (1×10=10mks)

b) Outline ten factors considered when selecting dairy cattle for breeding

age-young animals have longer productive live and are more productive and

Economical to keep than old animals

level of performance-animals with highest production level be kept
health-consider animals which are less susceptive to disease
body confirmation go for ones well people dairy characteristics
temperature/behaviour select only decline animals which are easy to handle mothering ability
adaptable under suitability to the environment
prolycacy ability to give built to many off springs at a time
physical defects
quality of products (1×10=10mks)

A type of mating where the female of low grade is mated to a pure bred sire of

superior quality (1mk)

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV

(LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES)

Reasons of carrying out crutching in sheep.

– Facilitates easy mating;

– Minimizes blowfly infestation;

– Provides hygienic conditions at lambing time;

– Allows easy access to the teats by the lambs;

– Provides hygienic suckling conditions;

Ways of performing closed castration.

– Use of elastrator and rubber ring;

– Use of the burdizzo;

B – Should take place – Hooks, cheek, rump
V – Is done – Thigh muscles and the shoulders
BT – is taken – Anus
M – May occur – Udder and teats

b) — Ears (ear lobes)

– Tail switch..

– Under the tail head.

– Both fore and head flanks.

– Between the hooves.

c) 1 – Muzzle

2 – Poll

3 – Shoulder

4 – Heart girth

(a) – The removal of the testicles in male livestock or stoppage of production of spermatozoa or

semen.

– It is the rendering of male reproductive organs non- functional.

(b) – To control breeding and inbreeding.

– To make animals, especially the bulls docile.

– To improve quality of meat by removing unpleasant smell especially in goats.

– To encourage faster growth rates of the castrated male animals.

– To control breeding diseases such as brucellosis, vaginitis trichonomiasis and others that area

transmitted through mating.

(a) The management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

Feed gilt on at least 3kg of sow and weaner meal daily/balanced diet
Provide clean drinking water
Control any external parasites by spraying with pestcides or washing
Treat the gilt next to the bear at the age 12months ready to be served/serve gilt at the right age.
Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean
Flush the gilt 3-4weeks before service by feeding high quality diet
Take the gilt to the boar’s pen for service and let it stay there for at least 12hours
Observe the return to heat, f any after three weeks, and repeat the services if necessary
Steaming up should start 1 ½ months before furrowing by giving 3-4kg of feed
7-10days furrowing, the gilt should be washed
The gilt should be moved to disinfected pen/clean en
provide guard rails or furrowing crate in a furrowing pen
Provide a source of heat
Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before furrowing and fed with bran
Observe the signs furrowing and supervise the process of furrowing
Deworm the gilt 7-10days before furrowing
Weigh the gilt regularly
Keep proper records

(b) The preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks

Ensure the brooder is ready 2-3days before arrival of chicks
Brooder should be cleaned and disinfected to reduce risk of disease infection
Spreading litter on the floor to provide warmth
Provide a functional heat source e.g. electric bulb, lantern e.t.c
Provide adequate feeding equipment
Ensure adequate floor space considering the number of chicks
Ensure the chick mash is ready before chicks arrive
Provide wire guard
Make holes on the walls of brooder for ventilation

To identify mated ewes
To indicate active rams hence help in culling

Identify the sire of each lamb

Promote docility
Improve meat quality
Control breeding diseases
Control interbreeding/ control hereditary defects

Improve growth rate

Use of swarm net
Use of catcher box

Placing the hire in a strategic position for bees to occupy

Control deficiency diseases
Impact resistance to diseases

Good physical appearance/ good coat cover

two recommended methods of docking lambs

Use elastrator and rubber ring
Sharp knife/scalpel (2x ½ =1mk)

three disadvantages of inbreeding

Loss of hybrid vigour
May lead to decline fertility leading to species extinction
May bring about reduction in performance
Leads to high rate of prenatal mortality (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe

Inadequate feeding /balance diet
Spraying/dipping to control external parasite
Drenching/deworming to control internal parasite
Provision of clean water ad-lib
Tugging
Avoid extensive movement
Provide mineral licks (any 4x ½ =2mks)

the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

surgical Method

Assemble equipment and sterilize
Restrain the animal to be castrated
Thoroughly wash hands before opening up animals skin
Artery of forces is used to close up the open blood vessel to stop excess bleeding
Cut the skin of scrotum
Remove the two tests completely, leaving on empty scrotal sac
Disinfect the wound
Animals heals faster since its castrated when young (7×1@=7mks)

(b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm

Away from homestead, pastures and road
Sheltered/quiet place
Near source of water
Nearest to flowers producing ants
Safe from predators (5×1=5mks)

(ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a fish

pond

Control stocking rate
Control water pollution
Supply enough food to fish
Aerate the water/constant in flow and out flow of water
Maintain appropriate depth of water
Control predators
Harvest fish art correct maturity stage
Fertilize the pond/adequate water plants

three types of bees found in a bee colony

The queen
The drown
The workers

List three methods of castrating farm

Closed method-use buidizzer
Open method-use surgical method
Caponization-use hormones

the routine management practices of piglets from the 1^st day to the 8^th week

Placenta disposal
Umbilical cord cutting with sharp and sterilized scalpel
Disinfecting the umbilical cord with iodine solution
Extracting needles teeth/teeth clipping/di-tusking
Keeping piglets in warm creep area
Weighing the piglets 24hrs after birth
Feeding the piglets on colostrums
Iron supplementation through the intra-muscular injection/paste
Vaccination against diseases
Feed the piglets with creep feeds
Water provision at adlibitum
Nose ringing
Putting if identification marks e.g. ear notching
Deworming /drenching with antihelminthes
Tail cutting of the piglet
Castration of the male piglet
Ensure that they are breathing
Assist the weak piglets to suckle
Changing the beddings regularly
Removing dead piglets from the pen
Providing furrowing crate to avoid crushing of piglets

Raised pers with slatted floor
Permanent calf pen with concrete floor
Movable calf pen
Temporary calf pen

Poor nutrition – infertility

Poor timing of service

three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production

Facilitate easy movement
Control foot rot disease
Prevents the ram from injuring the ewe during mating ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm

Availability of water
Availability of flowers
A sheltered place
An area free from noise/disturbance
Away from lime stead and grazing grounds
Well drained area (2×2=4mks)

three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bee

Use swarm nets
Use of a catcher box
Use of an empty hive ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

three common methods of extracting honey from the combs

Use of heat
Crushing and straining

Centrifugal extractor

a) i)
ii) before wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) -to determine growth rate i.e. weight gain

-facilitate administration of drugs e.g. drenching
-for feeding i.e. to know the amount of feed to give
-to determine the service/breeding time (1×3=3mks)

b) i) B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top of the hive/ jaggery/sheep

sorrel/salvial/sugar syrup

(Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution) (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke the hive through the entrance using a smoker then light the hid to remove the top bar(the order must be considered) (1×2=2mks)

a) i) E-key hole saw/compass saw

F-wood chisel

G-cold/metal chisel

H-plumb bob (1/2×4=2mks)

ii) E-to cut or make key holes

F-cutting timber

G-cutting metal

H-checking whether a tall wall is vertical (1/2×4=2mks)

iii) wooden hammer/mallet(1mk)

b))i) open castration/surgical castration (1mk)

ii) procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named in( i) above in piglets

restrain the piglets
sterilize the blade
disinfect the secretal sac
slit the secretal sac to expose the testicle
locate and hold the sperm duct
cut the sperm dust by scrapping with the slide
sew up the wound
sterilize/disinfect the wound
release the animal(piglet) (1/2×6=3mks)

four advantages of age grouping farm animals as a management practice
- Avoids bullying among the animals

Facilitate feeding /adequate and economic use of feed
Facilitate the administration of drugs e.g. drenching
Easy keeping of management records
Facilitate breeding/cutting of livestock (2×4=8mks)

b) four major cause of lamb mortality from birth to weaning

chilling
scours
internal parasitic infertation
loss of mother/lack of foster parents
inadequate mothers milk/malnutrition
crushing by t he mother (1×4=4mks)

c) i)cause-bacteria/brucella abortus brucells
ii) Transmission-sexually transmitted/it is a breeding diseases

iiI) Symptoms

abortion/premature birth
yellowish slimy and odourless discharge through the vulva
retained afterbirth/placenta
the cow may become barren (1×4=4mks)

iv) Control measures

vaccination
use of healthy semen/bull/Al
cull/destroy affected cattle
proper disposal of foetus and carcass (1×2=2mks)

Reasons for castrating animals when young

Less pain
Quick healing

– Little loss of blood

a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals

Reduce space occupied by animal
Making handling easier
To reduce destruction of farm structures
To make them
To reduce risk, injury to farmer and other animals 2x ½ = 1 mark

b) Methods of dehorning livestock

Use of caustic potash stick (Potassium hydroxide)
Use of dehorning iron
Use of dehorning saw or wire
Use of rubber ring and elastrator

– Use of dehorning collation

a)Is the giving of high quality seeds to a gestating animal towards end gestation period
b) Reasons for steaming up

Increase milk yield after farming
Help build up body reserves for lactation
Ensure rapid growth and development foetus

– Ensure healthy and string young at birth

four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain maximum

Fish production.(2mrk)

Control predators.
Control Water pollution.
Maintain appropriate water level.
Maintain correct stocking rate.
Supply adequate food. (4x ½ =2mks

four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

Body weight / size
Available feeds
Cost of feeds
Nutrient composition of feeds available.
Ingredients required in the ratio.
Animals level of production.
Age / stage of growth.

Type of production.

four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals. (2mk)

During treatment
When spraying or hand dressing
When milking
When performing some management practices e.g. dehorning

When inspecting animals for any signs of a disease

– Large animals e.g. buffaloes

– man activities e.g. farming

– root pressure of plants

– burrowing animals e.g. moles, termites

(a) – Random/zigzag soil sampling-Arrow roots

(b) -Old manure heaps

– Ant hills

– Dead furrows

– Rice

– Fence lines

– Cattle bomas

FARM STRUCTURES

Steel is expensive
Require high skilled labour
Heavy and difficult to transport
Rusts easily

Low workability

To prevent termites from rising up to the wall
To reduce moisture rising up the wall

A group of calves kept according to age

a) Procedure in construction of a barbed wire fence

Slash/ clear vegetation around fence line 2 m wide
Measure and mark spots for holes using pegs
Dig holes 60cm – 90cm deep depending areas where the poles are to be placed
Assemble poles and other requirement materials
Drop pole and struts at respective points
Prepare concrete mixture
Erect poles in pole holes
Align the poles and put concrete using spade or soil
Compact the concrete in holes
Allow to settle for a few days while curing
Put barbed wire around using appropriate tools
Tighten the wire using wire strainer
Mail barbed wire using fencing staple at required distance
Put droppers along the fence as required 12×1=12 mks

b) Wood preservatives

Creosote
Old engine oil
Paint/ far/ tanesc
Copper sulphate
Sodium dichromate
Arsenic pentoxide
Pentachloroplenol
Triputyl tin oxide 4×1=4 mks

c) Choice of farm building materials

Cost of materials
Availability/ strength of the material
Workability

Type of enterprise

(i) Factors considered when sitting a fish pond.

– Reliable source of water/ water source;

– Soil type / poorly drained clay soil the best;

– Topography / gently sloping;

– Security/ be secure from thieves / predators;

– Water quality / free of pollutants;

– Machine milking;

(ii) Features of a laying nest.

Dimly lit; dark;
Spacious / large enough to accommodate bird comfortably;
Dry clean beddings;
Have lockable doors;
Kept in secluded parts of the house;
Have slanting roofs to prevent birds from perching on;

Uses of footbath in cattle dip.

– To wash the foot off mud;

– Contains chemicals for controlling foot rot; CUSO₄ (blue vitriol/ formalin solution;)

(a) – A green house is a farm structure made up of glass or translucent material as wall and

roof to enhance and achieve optimum condition for valuable horticultural crop production.

(b) Material used in green house construction.

– Galvanizing iron.

– Aluminium or wooden frame.

– Glass or clear polythene sheet.

– Fibre glass or reinforced panels.

– Dirty polythene sheet should be clear.

– Blocked systems should be repaired and cleared.

– Torn polythene material should be replaced.

– Should be fenced for security.

(d) Importance of maintaining farm structures.

– Last longer/ enhance durability.

– Reduce replacement cost.

– Protect livestock from predator.

– Prevent straying animals.

– To prevent diseases brought by cold winds.

– Make them effective in their use.

Disadvantages of barbed wire fence in paddocking:-

Can remove wool from sheep
Barbs can injure the animals

– Smaller animals can pass through if the wire strands are widely spread

(a) A .Inlet

B – Spillway/ overflow.

C – Drain pipe/outlet (1 ½ mk each = 1 ½ mks)

(b) The most appropriate part for feeding is part X (1mk)

Facilitate the work of fertilizer in the pond
Maintain PH of pond water ( ½ mk each 2pts = 1mk)

(d) Why should part marked B be screened?

Prevent escape of fish
Prevent entry f foreign /unwanted organisms ( ½ x 1pt = ½mk)

(e) three maintenance practices carried out on the structure

Removing weeds
Unblocking inlet and outlets
Maintaining same water level
repairing leakages on walls, floor e.t.c

– Draining of water during harvesting

(a)Stille ( ½ mk x 1pt = ½ mk)

(b) A pass allows only human passage while gate allows for both human and livestock in and

out of the farm ( ½mk mark as a whole)

Electric

– Hedges

four requirements of a good maize store

Leak proof
Rat proof
Properly ventilated
Easy to clean
Raised off the ground properly drained
easy to load and unload/spacious (any 4x ½ =2mks)

three factors that determine the depth and size of foundation in a farm building

Function of building
Soil type
Soil depth
Drainage of area (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

(a) the uses of various hand tools in the construction of a poultry house

Jembe- levelling the ground
Spade-scooping soil
Tape-measuring distance
Wheel barrow-carrying small load
Spirit level-checking whether surface is vertical or horizontal
Rip-saw/tenor saw-cutting timber
Hand drill/bit brace-boring in wood
Claw hammer-driving in/hitting and removing nails
G-clamp-holding objects /wood when joining
Tin-snip-cutting iron sheet
Chisel
Mallet (any 10×1=10mks)

(b) the procedure of erecting wooden rail fence(7mks)

Locate the area to be fenced off
Determine the amount of material needed
Treat the post
Clear the area
Measure the distance 3-4m apart and place pegs
Dig holes up to 60cm deep
Put fencing post in hole and reinforce with concrete
Place 3-4 horizontal rails
Space at about 125mm,175mm, 225mm and 275mm from ground
Fixed them onto post using nail (10x1pt=10mks)

Purpose of building determine strength and durability of material
Availability of capital; depends on ability to purchase
Aesthetic aspect:-determine by economic status of farmers
Availability of material: easily obtained
Durability: good quality .not be repaired often
Resistant to extreme weather condition
Safely of farm animals and farmer:- not have side effects/workability
Suitability of the material.(any5pointsx2mks=10mks)

– Have adequate space

– single housing ( 1caf per pen)

– Properly lit

– Have proper drainage

-Well ventilated

– Drought free

– Demarcates boundaries of farms

– Prevents intruders, wild animals, thieves in the farms

– Facilitate mixed farming

– Enhance paddocking of farm for effective rotational grazing

– Control unnecessary movement in the farm

– Control inbreeding

– Isolate sick animal

(a) (i) A – Wall plate/team beam/lintel

B – Damp proof coarse

C- Hard core

(ii) – Prevents termite invasion

– Prevents water capillarity /dampness

(b) (i) 1 bag of cement

3 parts/wheel barrows of sand

5 parts /wheel barrows of ballasts or gravel

(ii) Sand

3 parts of sand = 24m³

1 bag = 1×24 = 8m³

ballast

parts = 24m³

5 parts = 5×24 = 40m³ (½mk)

(a) Maintenance of the fish pond

– Protection of the pond – regularly check pond walls, plant grass on the walls to help control soil erosion

– Pond bottom repair- check water seepage problems regularly, It can be done introducing an even layer of clay to seal off the bottom of pond properly

– Removal of weeds; -regularly remove all weeds that grow on the walls and around the ponds

– Maintenance of appropriate water level: Maintain the same level of water in the pond by use of inlet and outlets

– Inspection of pond: – Regularly check for cracks in the walls and seal immediately

– Cleaning the pond- once n a while to drain out the pond water, remove all stones, silt or roots that may have settled at the pond bottom, lime the water before refilling it with water

– removal of organic materials – any vegetative matter or food remains should be removed as soon as they are noticed to ensure they do not start decomposing

– Repair fence around the pond- In case of worn out posts, repair/replace immediately

(b) Ways of controlling of fish predators in a fish pond

– Put a strong wire fence around the pond

– Provide a wire screen above the pond to guard against prevatory birds

– A sire screen is put in the inlet, outlet and in the spillway

– Scare away in the binds as necessary

– occasionally drain the ponds to kill all unwanted predatora in the pond bottom

four reasons of treating timber before roofing farm buildings

Prevent attack from insects
Prevent attack from fungi (rotting)
Resist weather condition:-extreme temperature
Resist water penetration
To harden woo-make it durable and more strong
To avoid warping

four uses of crushing in the farm

Spraying livestock against external parasites
Identifying animals by use of such methods as branding ,ear-tagging and ear notching
Vaccination
Administering prophylactic drugs to the animals
Treating sick animals
Dehorning
Pregnancy test
Artificial insemination
Taking body temperature
Hoof trimming
Milking

a) A fence is a structure that encloses a designated area and forms a physical barrier for

animals and human

b) List various types of fences

live fence
electric fence
barbed wire fence
chicken wire fence
wooden fence
pole and rail fence
plain wire fence
trench fence
wall fence

c) Describe advantages of fences

keep off intruders/thieves
prevent damage of crops by animals
control grazing in paddocks
control breeding by separating male and female
acts as wind break
control pests and disease by controlling wild animals
add aesthetic value
provide livestock feed or human fruits or firewood
add value to the farm
provide security to the house stead and farm animas
they form perimeter fence along the boundary to demarcate farm land from the neighbours
used to isolate sick animals from the rest of the herd to prevent spread of diseases
separate crop field from pasture facilitating mixed farming

i) E – rafter F- Struct

G- Eaves H- Wall plate

ii) E (Rafter) – To provide support for the roofing materials

F (Strut) – To support the rafter/ holding the weight of the roof

G (Eaves) – Prevent rain from falling on the wall

H- (wall plate)- To support the roof

iii) Chemicals for treating timber

Tar
Sodium dichromate
Copper sulphate
Arsenic pentoxide
Old engine oil
Pentachlorophenox
Tributyl tin oxide
Creosote
Paint

i) K- Spill way (reject over flow pipe)

L- Drainage channel

ii) M is deeper to provide breeding place for the fish

iii) Maintenance of the pond

Cleaning the pond by removing all foreign materials
Repairing the dyke (bunds)
Maintain good level of water
Control predators
Weed control around the pond
Plant grass on dykes to prevent erosion
Remove the silt if accumulated
Regular pond fertilization
Apply lime before refilling

a) Siting a fish pond
i) Soil type- clay soil is the best
ii) Topography – requires gentle slope not Lilly and flat

iii) Source of water – near reliable source

iv) Marketing centre should be close
v) Accessibility from the homestead
vi) Security – protected against predators

vii) far from natural source of fish

General farm hygiene, cleanliness of houses, equipment proper carcass disposal by burning/ burying/
Disinfection to destroy pathogens e.g. Anthrax and calf diseases
Isolation of sick animals – separated from healthy ones to avoid spread of diseases e.g. foot mouth
Drenching/ deworming to control internal parasites e.g. tapeworms and roundworms
Treatment of the sick animal – to prevent spread of diseases
Vaccination to create resistance to diseases on regular basis e.g. foot and mouth, anthrax, new castle
Control vectors – to avoid disease transmission e.g. ECF, nagana/ specific method
Prophylactic approach/ use of drugs to avoid injection e.g dry cow therapy against mastitis
Trypanocidal drugs to control trypanosomiasis
Proper breeding to control breeding diseases e.g. brucellosis
Proper feeding to prevent nutritional disorders e.g. milk fever, anaemia
Slaughtering/ killing – to prevent spread of contagious diseases e.g. anthrax
Quarantine – to avoid spread of diseases
– prevent introduction of diseases
Proper housing to avoid predisposing the animal to diseases e.g. ventilation, spacing
Foot trimming to minimize occurrence foot rot

four factors which influence the selection of materials for constructing a diary shed

Kind of dairy shed i.e. permanent or temporary
Availability of materials
Cost of materials
Environment conditions of climate and soil type
Durability of materials a
Availability of killed labour for construction
Capital available (1/2×4=2mks)

i) On the diagram a provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram above

ii)the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be carried out?

before wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) State any three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig production

to determine growth rate i.e. weight gain
facilitate administration of drugs e.g. drenching
for feeding i.e. to know the amount of feed to give
to determine the service/breeding time (1×3=3mks)

b) i) B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top of the hive/ jaggery/sheep

sorrel/salvial/sugar syrup

(Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution) (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke the hive through the entrance using a smoker then light the hid to remove the top bar(the order must be considered) (1×2=2mks)

a) State five maintenance practice of a mould board plough

Lubricate the moving pests
Sharpen blunt share
Tighten bolts and nuts
Clean the plough after use
Coat the unpainted parts with old engine oil before any storage
Replace worn out parts (1×5=5mks)

b) Explain five structural and functional differences between the petrol and diesel engines

Petrol engine

Diesel engine

i)has a carburetor

ii)fuel and air mixed in the carburetor

iii)fuel ignited by an electric spark

iv)produces little smoke

v)is light in weight

i)Has an injector pump

ii)Fuel and air mixed within the cylinder

iii)fuel ignited by compression of air and fuel

mixture in the cylinder

iv)produces a lot of smoke

v)relatively heavy

c) List five uses of farm fences

keep of wild life ,predation and intruders
demarcates boundaries
separate crop field from pasture land
divide pasture land into paddock
control movement of animals and people within the farm and prevent formation of unnecessary pests
control disease and parasites helps in isolate sick animals
helps in controlling breeding
provide security
act as wind break (1×5=5mks)

Uses of farm buildings

Protect the farm animals from predators
Provide shelter to the farmer and livestock
Used to store farm produce and valuable inputs
Controls livestock diseases and parasites

– Enhances efficiencies in farm planning, budgeting and production

Structural requirements for proper housing

Well ventilation
Free from cold/ draught
Adequate space
Proper drainage
Leak proof roof
Well lighting
Easy to clean/ concrete floor

a) – roof
b) P- purklin Q- Rafter

R- Cross tie S- Gutter

c) P- Support roofing material/ iron sheet

Q – Collect water and safely directs it away from building

a) Honey
b) Crushing and straining
c) Procedure of harvesting the named product

Wear protective clothes
Approach hive quietly from behind
Blow smoke around hive then through entrance
Lower hive
Remove lid/ cover
Lift top bars and brush off with bees
Cut honey combs with honey leaving 3cm of wax
Put combs in container
Place back bars
Put lid
Return hive in position

d) Factors that affect quality of product harvested

Type of plant from which nectar is obtained
Maturity stage
Method of harvesting
Method of processing

i)Docking
ii) Reasons for carrying out the operation

Avoid incidences of blowfly
Make mating easy
Even distribution of fat in body
Avoid dirtifying wool

iii) Age of operation

within two weeks from lambing

iv) Methods used for operation

use of rubber ring and elastrator
cutting with sterilized docking knife
use of burdizzo
use of hot iron bar

v) Routine management practice carried out on part B

– hoof trimming

a) Five parts of plunge dip
1. Holding yard- Hold animal before dipping
2. Foot bath- Wash animal feet off dung, mud

-Prevent foot rot/ contain copper sulphur,

Jump- Narrow entrance allow single animal easily to jump in dip wash

Draining race- Animal held while dip wash drain back in dip tank
Drying yard- Animals need to dry before allowed to pasture, avoid contamination
Silt trap-raps mad, dung before dip wash flow back to dip tank, prevent siltation of dip tank

Shelter-Prevent evaporation

-Prevent dilution of dip wash with rains

b) Six uses of live fences

Thorn species prevent wild animals and other invaders into the farm
Tall varieties act as wind breakers
Add aesthetic value to the homestead
Roots holds soil firmly controlling soil erosion
Species such as lantana canara can be used to feed livestock
Provide shade to livestock and man
Trimmed branches can be used as organic manure, wood fuel
Some species have medicinal value 1×6=6 marks

c) Four factors that influence power output of drought animal
i) Training- Proper training of oxen will plough better and faster than untrained animal
ii) Feeding- Well fed animals work better than poorly fed animals

iii) Rest-Animals given enough rest work better than those that are not

iv) Honestly-Animals housed are protected from harsh condition e.g. cold thus work better
v) Disease control- Animals treated when sick, vaccinated, sprayed/ dipped against

external parasites/ dewormed against internal parasites are more efficient

vi) Age of animals- Young and very old animals give low output than averagely aged

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

(LIVESTOCK DISEASES)

-Mastitis

– Milk fever

Pre-disposing factors of foot rot.

– Overgrown / untrimmed hooves;

– Tick infestation between hooves;

– Muddy / filthy living / grazing areas;

– Presence of sharp objects e.g. stones;

(i) Causative agents of Brucellosis.

–Brucella abort – Cattle

– Brucella suis – Pigs

– Brucella malitensis – sheep and goats; (½ x 1 = ½ mk)

(ii) Symptoms of contagious abortions.

Retained after birth;
Sterility in cows;
Spontaneous abortion;
Yellowish – brown, slimy discharge, odourless discharge from the vulva after abortion;

(iii) Methods of controlling contagious abortion.

Use of artificial insemination (A.I).
Vaccination against the disease in young animals;
Avoid contact with the aborted fetus;
Blood tests of all breeding animals before mating;

Cull, slaughter infected animals;

A vaccine is an active disease pathogen reduced in strength /virulence or killed and is

introduced into an animals body to induce immunity

(a) Discuss black quarter under control predators under the following sub-headings:-

(i) animal affected-cattle, sheep, goats

(ii) casual organism-clostridium chauvei

(iii) Symptoms of disease (5mks)

Rise in body temperature
Lameness and swelling of upper part of limbs, making animals lie on side
Swollen shoulders on either side of body, chest or back, formation of gas under skin
Difficulties in breathing
Muscle appear black and spongy
Grunting and grinding of teeth
Failure to chew cud
On exposure to air, muscle of body rapidly darken

(iv) control measures (3mks)

Annual vaccination using black quarter vaccine
Burning of carcass
Carcass should not be skinned or opened
Cleaning and treating of all wounds with antiseptics (any 3×1=3mks)

(b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes (4mks)

Controlling liver flukes
Draining swampy areas
Avoid grazing animals in swamps area
Burning heavily infested pastures
Apply chemicals (copper sulphate) to kill snails
Remove and kill snails
Fencing off swampy area (any 4×1=4mks)

(ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke

Water snail (limnea sp.)

(i) Embryo transfer

Method of breeding which involve removal of ova from a superior animal, fertilize externally in a test tube then transfer to a foster mother which carry pregnancy to term

(ii) Artificial insemination

Introduction of semen in to the females reproductive system by use of a tube

(iii) Line breeding

Is mating of distantly related animals but within the same breed

(iv) Cross breeding

Mating of animals belonging to different breeds e.g. fresian bull and jersey cow

(v) Up-grading

Is the mating of high grade bull/sire to a low grade cow/dam (05×1=5mks)

– Overgrown hooves

– Presence of sharp objects/stores

– Muddy living/grazing areas

– Living infestation between hooves

(a) (i) Coccidia

(ii) Poultry, calves, young rabbits, kids, lambs

(iii) -Diarrhea

– Dysentery in the dung

– Euraciation

– Ruffled feathers

– Birds become dull with dropping wings

– sudden death in birds, rabbits and kids

(iv) Drugs such as coccidiostats mixed with food or water

– Isolation of infected animals

– Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings

– Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms

– Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses

(b) (i) – Able to kill ticks

– Harmless to both human beings and livestock

– stable – remains effective even after contamination by dung, mud or hair

(ii) – Spraying animals

dipping – involves immersing the animal into the acaricide or wetting the animal by the acaricide

– Hand dressing – involves smearing pyegrene on areas not likely to be reached by the acaricide

e.g. in the ears

four ways of controlling coccidiosis in the farm

Avoid overcrowding in poultry
Provision of coccidiostat in feeds and water
Use of portable calf pen
Practicing proper hygiene

four predisposing factors of scour in calves

Unhygienic condition in the house of the young ones
Feeding the calves on cold milk
Lack of colostrums and
Feeding at irregular intervals

four notifiable diseases of livestock

Rinderpest
Foot and mouth
Anthrax
Rift valley fever
New castle disease: mud cow disease

New castle, fowl pox, fowl typhoid, gumboro, marek – injections, pursaa disease

Signs of anthrax in carcasses
Blood does not clot
No rigormatics after death
Stomach swells/ bloat
Darkened blood oozes out through the natural opening

Differentiate

Active immunity – animal producing antibodies
Acquired/ passive immunity – external source of immunity

Fuel system
Electrical system
Cooling
Lubrication
Transmission
Ignition
Hydraulic

2 adjustment on mould board plough

Adjust the plough depth
Front furrow depth
Lowering/ raising ploughing pitch
Front furrow width

a) Disc plough reject disc alone
b) X – Disc scrapper

Y- Rear wheel/ furrow wheel

Z – Disc

c) – Replace broken discs

Clean plough after use reject wash plough
Lubricate hubs and furrow wheel bearing/ moving parts reject movable parts
Lighten loose nuts and bolts
Store in a cool dry place
Apply old engine oil to prevent rusting during long storage/ paint implement

Causes of ruminal tympany (Bloat)

Obstruction of esophagus due to bulky food e.g. potatoes
Abnormal pressure exerted on esophagus by swelling in wall of chest

Indigestion due to eating poisonous herbs, soft young green foliage

a) Symptoms of milk fever

Muscular twitching
Staggering
Animal lies down on its side most of the time
Animals lies on sternum with rock twisted on one side
General paralysis
Breathing becomes slow and weak 4x ½ =2 marks

b) Control measures of milk fever

Feed animal o diet rich in calcium
Give intramuscular injection of calcium 2-3 days before cavity
Partial milking

– Cull susceptible animal

East coast fever (ECF)
i) cattle 1×1=1 mark
ii) Theirelia parva Reject if not underlined, spellings are wrong

iii)

Fever/ high temperature
Salivation
Lachrimentim/ tears from eyes
Difficult in breathing
Haemorrhages in vulva/ mouth
Coughing
Sight impairment 6×1=6 marks

iv)

Regular spraying/ dipping/ hand dressing with acaricide
Fencing/ rotational grazing
Treatment using appropriate drugs 2×1=2 marks

b) Ten measures used to control livestock diseases
i) Proper breeding and selection

– Animals fed on balanced ration adequate in quantity and quality are strong and able to resist diseases

ii) Proper breeding and selection

– Animals selected that are free from diseases or resistant to diseases will prevent transmission of diseases

iii) Proper housing and hygiene’s

– Animals houses should be built to meet construction requirement e.g. ventilation, space, drainage, leak proof, lighting and will prevent and protect animals from contracting diseases

iv) Isolation of sick animals

– Is separation and confinement of animals from health ones while undergoing treatment, this prevents spread of the diseases

v) Imposition of quarantine

– Is restriction of movement of animals and their products from and into affected areas, thus prevents spreads of diseases

vi) Prophylactic measure and treatment

– Involves use of drugs before disease attack to prevent occurrence e.g. use of coccidiostat to control coccichosis, drenching to prevent anti helminites

– Also involve vaccination, spraying with appropriate acaricize and treatment to restore good health

vii) Slaughtering affected animla

– Highly infection and contagious diseases e.g. rinderpest, new cattle foot and mouth animals should be slaughtered and carcasses will dispose to prevent spread

viii) Use of antiseptics and disinfectants

– Applied on skin to kill germs or clean livestock to maintain hygiene

Vaginitis.
Brucellosis.
Trichomaniasis.

Vaginitis.
Brucellosis.
Trichomaniasis.
Leptospirosis. (2x ½ = 1mk)

(a) injection (b)oral

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V

(POULTRY)

One bird occupies 0.27m²

Area available 9m x 3m= 27m²

1 bird 0.27m²

? 27m²

= 27m² = 100 birds 1×2=2mis

0.27m²

Functions of isthmus.

– Shell membranes formed/ determines shape of egg;

– Water mineral salts and vitamins added;

Features of a laying nest.

Dimly lit; dark;
Spacious / large enough to accommodate bird comfortably;
Dry clean beddings;
Have lockable doors;
Kept in secluded parts of the house;
Have slanting roofs to prevent birds from perching on;

Have an appropriate height from floor;

Qualities of marketable eggs.

Smooth texture;
Right shape, colour, size and weight;
Right shell hardness;

Clean and fresh;

(a) A – Too high temperature

B- draught C chilliness from left side

C – Inadequate heat supply /low temperatures ( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mk)

(b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram

To avoid overcrowding in the corners which can lead the suffocation and death

– Fertilized

– Medium size (55-60gm)

– oval shaped

– free form abnormalities e.g. double yolk/ blood spots

– Be freshly collected (not more than 1 week)

– Have smooth shells

– Be free from cracks in the shells

– Be clean

Adequate space

– Litter to be kept dry and free form dust

– Turn the liter frequently

– Perches and rosters should be adequate and well spaced

– Adequate waterers

– Well distributed waterers

– Provide clean and adequate water

– equipment to be kept clean

– Replenish soft litter in the nest

– ensure the nest is dark

– Collect eggs regularly

– Feed the birds well

– Supply gut to assist in digestion

– Keep the birds busy by hanging greens

– Curl the birds and pool layers

– De-beak birds to prevent cannibalism

– Vaccinate birds regularly

– Check birds for disease symptoms

– control parasites

– Avoid stress factors

– Discourage broodiness

– Maintain and repair the houses

– Provide enough fed troughs

– Keep proper records

– Dispose off dead birds

four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing System Bright light in the laying boxes/over corroding/few laying boxes

Poor feeding without mineral rich feeds
Undebeaked birds
Irregular egg collection

a) a-infertile (clear)

b-fertile egg

c-damage yolk

b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer Egg b-it is fertile and will develop into a chick
c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above

Candling

a) Brooding of chicks (1×1=1mk)
b) four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of day old chicks

cleaning the house and brooder with disinfectant

dusting with chemical to kill etoparasites
placing the polythene paper on fresh and clean saw dust
fixing and setting of sources of heat and light
Fixing the feed and water troughs and putting fresh feed and water.

c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress Moving away or close to the heat source

Fighting
Cannibalism

– Litter gives comfort and warmth to the birds

– Helps in drying dropping

– keeps birds bust

Reasons for castrating animals when young

Less pain
Quick healing

– Little loss of blood

a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals

Reduce space occupied by animal
Making handling easier
To reduce destruction of farm structures
To make them
To reduce risk, injury to farmer and other animals 2x ½ = 1 mark

b) Methods of dehorning livestock

Use of caustic potash stick (Potassium hydroxide)
Use of dehorning iron
Use of dehorning saw or wire
Use of rubber ring and elastrator

– Use of dehorning collation

four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling. (2mk)

Absence of yolk.
Double / triple yolk.
Air space in wrong position.
Excessively large air space.
Cracks on egg shell.
Blood / meat spots.
Deformed / broken yolk.

The management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation

of brooder up to eight (8)weeks old (20mks)

ensure brooder is working well 2-3days before arrival of chicks
provide brooded with litter for warmth and moisture absorption
provide heat source
put wire gauze around the heat source
make holes on the brooder to provide fresh air
provide dim light to prevent cannibalism
cover litter with polythene sheet or newspaper and place feeds on them to discourage chicks from eating litter
check the temperature at above 15cm above the floor to ensure that the temperature is appropriate
from 4^th -6^th week withdraw the heat source gradually
feed chicks on chicks mash
provide plenty of clean water
vaccinate against Newcastle disease after 2-3 weeks
keep proper records
dust birds with insecticide to control external parasites
at 6 weeks introduce growers mash
isolate sick birds from healthy ewes
remove and treat sick birds
clean and disinfect the house
provide greens
remove dead chicks from the house
provide foot bath with disinfectants

(a)- Piglets are weaned at the age of 8 weeks and feet on sow and weaner meal.

– Deworming should be done to control internal parasites.

– Vaccinate to control diseases e.g African swine Fever.

– Spray to control external parasites

– Identification is done by ear notching

– Take it to pork when it shows signs of being heat

-Trim over grown hooves.

– Gestation period is 4 months

– Prepare furrowing pen by disinfecting the walls

– Sow brought to furrowing pen 3 days to.

(b) -Age

-Mothering ability be good

-Physical fitness

-Health of gut

-Body confirmation

-Temperament of behaviour

-Adaptability

-prolificacy

(i) M- Chalaza L- Space

N- Yolk O- Inner shell membrane P- Shell

(ii) M- Hold the yolk in position at centre of the egg.

L- Air trappd in this space used by developing embryo

(iii) – To avoid germinal disc sticking on the egg shell

– Move away from the source of heat to the periphery

-saw dust

Wood shavings

Crushed maize cobs

Coffee husks

Rice husks

20.

Be fertilized
Should be medium in size i.e 50-65 gm in weight
Have smooth shells
Be oval in shape
Be free of any cracks in shells
Be clean to ensure that pores are clean
Not have any fresh i.e collected withine one week
Should be fresh i.e collected within one week

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)

A group of calves kept according to age

(a) – Assemble all milking equipments such as buckets, milking can and towels.

– Put animals in milking shed and restrain appropriately.

– Wash udder and teat using warm water mixed with an appropriate sanitizing agent.

– Dry the udder using a towel.

– Use trip cup to test the first few drops of milk for mastitis.

– Carry out milking by squeezing out the milk / teats.

– Strip the udder dry.

– Dip the teats in ant-mastitis solution after milking.

– Apply milking jelly 9milk salve) on the teats.

– Release the cow.

– Weigh and record the milk.

– Strain the milk into the milking can to cover immediately.

-Cool the milk rapidly to a temperature of 4⁰c.

(b) – Keep cow healthy/ free from diseases.

– Wash cow flanks, udder and region around the udder using clean water then dry using clean

towels.

Milking shed should be clean, wash after every milking and disinfect.
Clean and sterilize milking utensils.
Keep milk in a dust free environment.
Deliver milk to collecting centres.
Don’t feed cows on feeds which may taint milk a few hours to milking e.g. Mexican marigold, silage, garlic e.t.c.
Do not expose milk to direct sun.
Milk should be carried in aluminium container.

Copper and iron containers may cause oxidation of milk fats.

Reasons for washing a cow’s udder with warm water

To remove dirt
To stimulate milk let down ( ½ mk each = 1mk)

two roles of uterus in egg formation process

Additional of calcium which harden egg shell
Additional of egg pigmentation (2x ½ =1mk)

(a) M – Alveolus N – Gland cistem O – Teat ( ½ x 3= 1½mks)

(ii) Oxytocin – Controls the muscle fibres surrounding alveoli to allow milk secretion

adrenalin – A hormone that relaxes the udder muscles to all milk let down (1×2=2mks)

(b) Free from disease causing organisms

Has no hair/dirt dust
Its of high keeping / lasting quality
Chemical composition is within the expected standards ( ½ x3=1 ½mks)

four characteristics of clean milk

Has normal taste
Free from physical materials
Free from pathogens
Free from foul smell
It is of high keeping quality
Is chemical composition is within the expected standards

three maintenance practices carried out on a milking machine

Flushing the tubes under high pressure to deblock it
Greasing/orling the rotating parts in the pump
Storing it to dry upside down after through washing

four reasons for feeding Colostrums to calves immediately after calving

Easily digested
Has high nutritive value
Contains antibodies which protect the calf from diseases
Has laxative effect

Presence of milk man/ milky parlour
Washing/ massaging udder
Feeding
Sounds associated with milking
Maintain regular milking time

a) Differences operational

Disc plough	Mould board plough
Can be used in fields with obstacles	Cannot be used in fields with obstacles
Ploughs/ cuts at varying depths	Ploughs/ cuts at constant depths or confirm depth
Requires less skills to operate	Requires more skills to operate
Works well in sticky soils	Does not work well in sticky soils
Rotates and not easily broken since rolls over obstacles	Easily broken by obstacles
Requires more harrowing	Requires fewer harrowing
Poor furrow slice inversion	Proper furrow slice inversion
Does not require constant replacement of parts	More power to pull

Poor communication network/ poor infrastructures
Lack of cooling/ handling facilities/ processing facilities
Competition with non- dairy products/ cheap imported dairy products
Prevalence of Zoonotic diseases
Inefficient/ poor management of marketing society/ dairy boards
Late/ non- payment by marketing agents/ exploitation by marketing agents/ middle men
Lack of capital to finance marketing activities
Price fluctuation due to changes in supply
Lack of market information

c) Reasons for culling livestock

Old age
Poor health
Low libido/ infertile
Physical deformities
Hereditary defects
To avoid inbreeding

three advantage of artificial method of calf rearing

Accurate records of milk yield may be kept
It is easy to regulate the amount of milk taken by the calf
Cows produce milk eve in the absence of the calf
It is easy to maintain high standard of cleanliness/sanitations
The farmer is likely to sell more milk hence maximizing profit (1/2×3=1 1/2mks)

three methods that may be used to improve milk production in a breed of indigenous goats

Proper selection/culling
Proper breeding/upgrading/ cross breeding
Maintaining good health
Proper feedings
Proper milking methods
Proper housing ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

a) Physical characteristics between good layer and poor layer

Part/feature	Good	Poor
Comb/wattle	Large warm,wavy	Small, shrunken, dry, scaly pace, cold
Eyes	Bright, orange, alert race	Dark, pace, yellow
Beak	Oval, moist, reddish, active	Yellowish
Vent	Soft, pliable, wide	Round, dry, less active
abdomen	Soft, pliable,wide	Hard, full
Space between keel and petric bone	Wide fits 3-4 fingers	Small fits 1-2 fingers
Temperate	Alert- active	Dull, less active
Moulting	Start late	Start early
Plumage	Dry,rugged, rough	Preened, glossy, smooth
Shanks	Pace	Yellowish
broodiness	rare	common

b) i) – Young animals produce with high butter fat content than older animals
ii) Pregnant, emaculated animals have lower butter fat content than normal animals

iii) early and late stage of lactation has lower butter fat content while middle phase has higher butter fat content

iv) last drawn milk from udder has more butter fat
v) – Different breeds of animals produce milk with different % composition e.g. Jersey produces milk with high butter fat content than fresian
vi) Season of the year

Fat % increases during cold season of year but decreases during dry season

vii) Animals fed roughages produce milk with high fats, protein and lactase than those fed on

grains

viii) mastitis reduces lactose composition in milk

ix) Certain drugs are known to lower milk composition if animal is under treatment

a) – Remove dirt.

– Stimulate milk letdown (2x ½ =1mk)

b) i) Milk letdown – oxytocin
ii) Lacto genesis – Prolactin (2x ½ = 1mk

four methods of increasing the depth of penetration of a disc harrow

Exert more hydraulic force.
Use fewer discs.
Increase space between discs.
Add weights.

Increase cutting angle of discs

Boom sprayer
Spray race
Rotavator
Maize Sheller

Mowers

Chisel plough

Sub soiler

Combine harvester
Forage harvester
Potato lifter

Mowers

Oil bath air cleaner – check for oil level and add more if low
Check for cleanliness in oil bath and wash bowl – replace oil if dirty
Battery – check for electrolyte level and top up if low
Fuel – check and fill if low
Radiation- check for water level and top up with clean water if low
Check for trash in tins and remove if any
Fan belt- checks for tension and tighten if loose
Engine oils – check oil level using a dip stick and add more if level is low
Tyres- check for tyre pressure and add if low
Bolts, nuts and pins- check for tightness and tighten if loose
Grease all the moving parts
Check for any physical abnormalities and rectify accordingly
Check sediment bowl and drain if dirty
Use of right type of oil 15×1=15 mks

b) i) Flywheel – maintain the rotational motion of the crankshaft
ii) Ignition coil – steps up the voltage from the battery

iii) thermostat – controls engine temperature

iv) Injector – Atomises the fuel into very fine spray/ injects fuel into cylinder
v) Piston – compresses air/ fuel mixture in the cylinder/ expels exhaust gases/ transmits power

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Farm operations powered by Engines.

– Ploughing and harrowing / land preparations;

– Transporting farm produce;

– Spraying of herbicides/ pesticides.

– Mowing the grass;

– Lighting of homes;

– Pumping water for irrigation.

– Harvesting farm produce;

– Machine milking.

(a) Maintenance practices required on a tractor before setting out to work.

– Check the engine oil daily using dip stick.

– Check fuel and add if necessary.

– Nuts and bolts are tightened whenever they loosen.

– Water level in the radiator be checked and added if necessary.

– Battery electrolyte be checked daily and if below level, top up be done using distilled water.

– Greasing be done on the bearings.

– Tyre pressure be checked and if low, should be added.

– Fan belt tension be checked.

– Break shaft bearing should be greased.

– Ensure break fluid and clutch fluid levels are maintained.

– Sediments from the sediment bowls should be removed.

– Check battery terminals and grease.

– Oil cleaner be cleaned.

(b) Factors that influence power output by a draught animal.

– Age – Mature animals produce more power output than young ones.

– Breed & Type – Indigenous animals are more hardy than exotic.

– Training Level – better trained animals have better work output.

– Body Weight – A draught animal can pull 10 – 20% of its body not for 6 – 8 hours.

(The bigger the animal, the more output).

– Harnessing of the animal – well harnesses animal is more efficient at work than poorly

harnessed work.

Condition of working equipment on well maintained equipment have higher work output with the draught animal than poorly maintained ones.
Environmental/ Ambient temperature – Cool temperatures lead to higher work output with a draught animal than high temperature.
Health Status – A healthy draught animal has higher workout put than a sick animal.

Uses of a gearbox:-

Stops the tractor without switching off engine
Provides different forward speeds
Enables reversing ( ½ x 2pts = 1mk)

Two uses for which wind power is harnessed

To pump water
To generate electricity
For processing /winnowing of grains e.g. millet, rice e.t.c

Name three implements that are connected to the power take-off shaft

Sprayers
Rotarators
Reciprocating (1mk each = 3mks)

(a) Implement identity – Disc plough

(b) L – Furrow wheel M – Beam

Forms attachment of all the other parts ( ½ x 1pt = ½ mk)

(d) Where there are hidden obstacles e.g. stumps , rocks e.t.c

– Heavy soils

(a) Factors that a farmer should consider in ensuring fast and efficient cultivation by oxen

A well trained personnel
Using well trained animals
use of efficient implement
Avoiding overworking the animals (allow them to rest
Good working environment should be created for the animals
Animals should be handled well
Feeding the animals properly
Using of males animals to do the work
Using healthy animals only to do the work (1mk x 8pts = 8mks)

(b) The importance of lubrication system in a tractor

Prevents rusting i.e when oiling is done
It pacts as a cleaning agent as it washes off the dirt, dust
Reduces the heat/cooling
Increases efficiency of the machine and reduces the rate of wear and tear on moving parts

Checking of maintenance and servicing of a tractor
Checking of engine oil by use of dip stick and add if low
The level of electrolyte in battery should be checked daily and add if low
Inspect the H2O level in radiator and add if low
Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened
Tyre pressure should be checked and added if low
Level of fuel should be checked and added if low
Removal of large sediments from the sediment bowl
Greasing should be done by use of grease on nipples of bearings
Fan belt tension should be checked to ensure that it deflects between 1.9–2.5cm when pushed
Break shaft should be greased
Maintain break fluid level (1mk each for any 9pts= 9mks)

(i) Hydraulic system-raise and lower mounted implements like plough

(ii) Draw bar-attachment of trail implement

(iii) Propeller shaft-connect gearbox to differential which has axle to drive wheel

making tractors to move backwards or forward.(@ 1mkx3=3mks

(i)Hiring of tractors and implements by farmers who do not have them(correct definition=

(ii) three sources of tractor hire service (1½mks)

Government tractors hire service
Private contractors
Individual farmers
Cooperative societies (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

(a) A-ring pinion gear

B-bevel side gear

C-wheel exle

D-drive pinion gear

(b) State two functions of differential system of a tractor (2mks)

Change direction of drive to right angle for power to be transmitted to rear wheel
Enable rear wheel to travel faster/slower than other when negotiation corner (1×2=2mks)

To make tyres last longer
To make it easy to control the tractor

Wind , water, human, animal, biogas, wood fuel, charcoal, kerosene, fossil fuel, petroleum,

ethane (natural gas), hydroelectric power, nuclear , Geothermal, storage battery

Induction, compression, power exhaust
– Keeping them healthy

– Proper feeding

– Proper handling e.g not over working /not beating them

– Proper training

– Not overloading them

Individual owners

– Government tractor hire service

– Co-operative societies

– Companies

(i) Primary cultivation

A- To link bracket

B _ scrapper

C- Standard/disc hanger

D – Rear finow wheel / thrust wheel 2mks

(ii) Adding weight on beam

exerting more hydraulic force
– Sharpen the disc blade
– Increased space between the disc
– Loosen the area of disc contact with the soil
Increase the cutting angle

four ways through which a farmer would ensure maximum power output from

Ploughing animals

Feeding and watering animals well before working
Training animals on draft techniques
Allowing animals to rest well after a day work/avoid overworking the animals
Keeping the animals in good health while working

three advantages of a disc plough over mould board plough

Tears and wear is less
Needs less power to pull
It can ride over obstacle

a) the differences between petrol and diesel engine

Diesel

Petrol

i)use diesel as fuel

ii)has injector pump

iii)has no spark plug

iv)fuel is ignites by compression

v)air and fuel first meet in cylinder before ignition

vi)specific fuel consumption is low

vii)higher air compression ratio

viii)air/fuel ratio is not constant

ix)has sediment bowls

x)operation cost is lower

xi)it is heavy in weight and suited to heavy machines

xii)produces a lot of smoke

Use petrol as fuel

Has carburetor

Has spark plug for ignition

Fuel ignites by spark plug

Air and fuel meet in carburetor before ignition

Specific fuel consumption is high

Lower air compression ratio

Air/fuel ratio is constant

No sediments bowls

Operation cost is high

Operation cost is high light in weight and suited to light machines

Produce minimal smoke

b) Describe components of transmission system of a tractor
i) Clutch- It disconnects the engine from the rest of the transmission system. It is mounted on the

flywheel and made up of pressure plates and clutch plate in the middle. The clutch

allows the driver to temporarily interrupt the power flow from the engine to the fear

box and shift from one gear to the other

ii) Gear- These are toothed wheels. They provide towards speed or reverse. The set of gears are

housed in the gear box.

iii) Differential- it is located between the wheel axial. it enables one wheel to move faster than the

other while negotiating a corner

iv) Driving axial- The final drive is brought about by driving axial which gets the power from the

differential.

When the axial rotates they rotate the wheels making the tractor to move either engorged gear

Wheels- Comprises of the tyres, tubes rims nuts and bolts. They must be inflated to the

movement of the tractor

Fuel system
Electrical system
Cooling
Lubrication
Transmission
Ignition
Hydraulic

Functions of clutch

Connects or disconnects the drive shaft to or from the engine
Facilitates smooth and gradual take off
Provides power from the engine to the P.T.O (Power Take Off)

2 adjustment on mould board plough

Adjust the plough depth
Front furrow depth
Lowering/ raising ploughing pitch
Front furrow width

a) Disc plough reject disc alone
b) X – Disc scrapper Y- Rear wheel/ furrow wheel

Z – Disc

c) – Replace broken discs

Clean plough after use reject wash plough
Lubricate hubs and furrow wheel bearing/ moving parts reject movable parts
Lighten loose nuts and bolts
Store in a cool dry place
Apply old engine oil to prevent rusting during long storage/ paint implement

a) Differences operational

Disc plough	Mould board plough
Can be used in fields with obstacles	Cannot be used in fields with obstacles
Ploughs/ cuts at varying depths	Ploughs/ cuts at constant depths or confirm depth
Requires less skills to operate	Requires more skills to operate
Works well in sticky soils	Does not work well in sticky soils
Rotates and not easily broken since rolls over obstacles	Easily broken by obstacles
Requires more harrowing	Requires fewer harrowing
Poor furrow slice inversion	Proper furrow slice inversion
Does not require constant replacement of parts	More power to pull

Poor communication network/ poor infrastructures
Lack of cooling/ handling facilities/ processing facilities
Competition with non- dairy products/ cheap imported dairy products
Prevalence of Zoonotic diseases
Inefficient/ poor management of marketing society/ dairy boards
Late/ non- payment by marketing agents/ exploitation by marketing agents/ middle men
Lack of capital to finance marketing activities
Price fluctuation due to changes in supply
Lack of market information

c) Reasons for culling livestock

Old age
Poor health
Low libido/ infertile
Physical deformities
Hereditary defects
To avoid inbreeding

a) Share-makes a horizontal cutting on the furrow slice
b) Mould board-completes the turning of the furrow slice
c) Land side-stabilizes the plough by absorbing the side pressure ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)
a) five maintenance practice of a mould board plough

Lubricate the moving pests
Sharpen blunt share
Tighten bolts and nuts
Clean the plough after use
Coat the unpainted parts with old engine oil before any storage
Replace worn out parts (1×5=5mks)

b) five structural and functional differences between the petrol and diesel engines

Petrol engine

Diesel engine

i)has a carburetor

ii)fuel and air mixed in the carburetor

iii)fuel ignited by an electric spark

iv)produces little smoke

v)is light in weight

i)Has an injector pump

ii)Fuel and air mixed within the cylinder

iii)fuel ignited by compression of air and fuel

mixture in the cylinder

iv)produces a lot of smoke

v)relatively heavy

c) List five uses of farm fences

keep of wild life ,predation and intruders
demarcates boundaries
separate crop field from pasture land
divide pasture land into paddock
control movement of animals and people within the farm and prevent formation of unnecessary pests
control disease and parasites helps in isolate sick animals
helps in controlling breeding
provide security
act as wind break (1×5=5mks)

Uses of ox-dram tine harrows

Leveling of seed bed
Breaking large soils clod
Mixing up soil with organic matter
Destroy weeds
Cover seeds

Collecting trash

Care and maintenance of tractor battery

Maintain correct level of electrolyse by topping up with distilled water
Scrap corroded terminals and smear with grease
Fix battery tightly in box to avoid spillage and damage
Charge regularly and periodically
Under storage empty battery and keep it upside down
Generator belt should always be functioned to charge

a) moulboard
b) A – Shaire B- Mouldboard C- Disc coulter
c) E- Stabilize the plough

– absorb side thrust by pressing against furrow wall

F- Scrapes of mind from disk coulter

d) Care and maintenance

Lubrication of moving parts
Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened
Clean after use/ remove trash and wet soil
For long shortage paint with old engine to prevent
Replace/ repair worn out parts

Six uses of live fences

Thorn species prevent wild animals and other invaders into the farm
Tall varieties act as wind breakers
Add aesthetic value to the homestead
Roots holds soil firmly controlling soil erosion
Species such as lantana canara can be used to feed livestock
Provide shade to livestock and man
Trimmed branches can be used as organic manure, wood fuel
Some species have medicinal value

two possible causes of over heating in a tractor engine

Slack fan belt
Low oil level

Low water level in radiator

Deformed / broken yolk.

two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. (1mk)

Piston moves down from TDC
Exhaust valve is closed
Inlet valve is open
Air / fuel mixture get into combustion chamber
Piston reaches BDC. (4x ½ = 2mks)

i) a) Spike tooth harrow (1×1 =1 m k)
b) two uses of the implement above.(2mks)

Level seed bed
Break soil clods
Stir soil
Destroy weeds
Incorporate fertilizer in the soil
Removing trash from the field. (2×1 = 2)

c) three maintenance practices carried out on the above implement.(3mk)

Replace worn out parts
Clean after work
Tighten loose bolts and nuts
Oil unpainted parts for storage. (3×1 = 3mks)

ii) a) Bucket pump /stir – up pump (1×1 = 1mk)
b) Spraying acaricide on livestock (1×1 =1mk)
c) W – Nozzle X – Trigger Y – Pail /bucket
d) For holding acaricide solution during spraying. (1×1 = 1)
a) the factors that influence the power output of farm animals (8mks)

Training
Level of nutrition
Harnessing animals properly
Body weight
Age-mature ones produce more power than young
Handling of animals

b) State the importance of farm fences (12mks)

demarcates farm land from that of neighbours
keeps wild animals and other intruders from entering the farm
separates crop field from pastures facilitating mixed cropping
used to divide pastures into paddocks facilitating controlled grazing
controls movement of animals and people preventing formation of unnecessary paths in the farm
helps control spread of diseases and parasites in the farm by keeping wild animals away
helps isolate sick animals from the rest of the herd preventing the spread of diseases
enables farmer to control breeding rearing different animals in different paddocks
provide security to the homestead
they have aesthetic value
live fences act as animal feeds
live fences act as wind breakers (1×12=12mks)

(a) Methane

(b) slurry

(d) Initial capital investment is high hence very expensive

Requires management skills that may not be available & it available expensive

Requires large number of farm animals to produce animal waste.

35 . – Solar panels

– Petrol and diesel generators

– wind mills

– steam production form boilers using organic or inorganic

(a) Check engine oil, fuel, water level, electronic in the battery

-Tighten nuts and bolts

-Apply grease

-Remove large sediments from sediment bowl

-Check the tyre pressure and inflated or deflated appropriately

-Fan belt tension should be checked to ensure it defients between 1.9cm to 2.5cm when punched

-Grease the brake shaft and maintain brake fluid level

(b) -Health of animal

-Level of feeding

-Animal slpeciesa

-Care and handling

By Editorial Team

The Education News Hub Editorial Team is made up of vibrant and experienced editors. Brian Yano is an accomplished longtime Digital Media Journalist at Educationnewshub.co.ke with a great passion for research and fact-checking. He delivers engaging content across diverse topics, with a special interest in Education matters. On her part, Yvonne Kemunto is a journalist, dedicated to unraveling stories that matter. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, she brings a fresh perspective to the world of media. Her commitment to detail and excellence shines through in every piece she crafts. Our newest member of the Editorial Team is Jennifer Mumbo. She is a Seasoned Multimedia Journalist with several years' experience; dating back to 2018. Jennifer has a passion for education, sports, tech, politics and entertainment. You can reach the editors at educationnewshub3@gmail.com.