12.Give the main reason why the British were able to conquer Kenyan communities during the
19th century.
Military superiority of the British (1 x 1 =1 mark)
13. Give two reasons why the Africans were opposed to British colonial rule.
Loss of independence
Land alienation
Imposition of taxes
Disruption of African culture
Disruption of coastal trade by the British
Introduction of the kipande system
Racial segretarion
Lack of African representation in the Leg-co
Low wages
Brutal treatment
( Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
14. Give one reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities with other races during the colonial period.
Europeans wanted to maintain semi-skilled labour for the colony.
Fear of competition from educated Africans
(Any 1 x 1 =1 mark)
State two terms of the Anglo-German agreement of 1880.
1km coastal strip was awarded to the sultan of Zanzibar (10 miles)
The islands of pembe, pate, Zanzibar and Lamu and River Ruvuma were given to the Germans.
Witu and territory between River Umba and Ruvuma were given to the Germans.
The territory between river Umba and Jumba were given to the British.
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
ANS 10,11,12,13,14,15. DIST 1.
5.State two limitations of the Anglo-German agreement of 1886 (2mks)
It left the western boundary (Uganda) undefined
It created pockets of German territories in British E. Africa. 2 points x 1mk = 2mks
ANS 5 DIST 2
Two factors that contributed to the Portuguese success in their conquest of Kenyan coast
They had superior weapons/arms
They had well trained soldiers
The rivalry/disunity among the coastal towns
Ruthless attacks by the Portuguese
Reinforcements of the Portuguese from Goa
Weaknesses of the Turkish/Persia navies in the Indian ocean
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
Two African communities which portrayed mixed reactions to the establishment of
colonial rule in Kenya
Agikuyu
Akamba
The luo
2 x 1 = 2mks
Main reasons why the British were able to congure Kenya during the 19th century
– Military superiority of the British
1 x 1 = 1mk
(a) Five reasons why some African communities resisted the establishment of British rule in
Kenya
They were against the alienation of their land
They were opposed to the payment of taxes e.g. hut tax and poll tax
They were opposed to the Kipande system
They were opposed to lack of political representation
They were opposed to forced labour on European farms
They were opposed to the government policy of destocking
Imposition of unpopular leaders by the British
Racial discrimination
Some of the communities were encouraged by their religious leaders to resist
They wanted to protect their independence against foreign invadene
Those communities which were militarily superior to their neighbors believed that no other race/community could defeat them and thus resisted
Any 5 x 1 = 5mks
(b) The results of the Agiriama resistance to the establishment of British colonial rule in Kenya
The Agiriama lost their independence as they become part to the British protectorate
The leaders of the resistance i.e. Mekatilili wa Menza and Wanje were arrested and deported to Kisii
They lost a lot of property like cattle and foodstuffs which were either destroyed or confiscated by British soldiers
They lost their land which the British used for white settlement
There was loss of life due to the use of explosives/gun fire
They were disrupted from their trading activities as they fought against the British.
They were prohibited from brewing traditional liquid which had been an important social/ a source of livelihood
The Kayas were destroyed by British forces thereby forcing the Agiriama to sue for peace.
Any 5 x 2 = 10mks
ANS 6,7,8,20 DIST 3
6.Two special interest groups that participated in the scramble of Kenya
Missionaries
Traders / imperialists
Explorers 1 x 2 = 2 Marks
7.Two ways in which colonial land policies promoted settler farming / agriculture
Land was acquired for farming
Africans were available labour
Settlers were issued with title deeds which ensured their land ownership 1 x 2 = 2 Marks
8.Two argument advanced by the colonial government to deny Africans academic education
Africans would be aware of their rights
Africans were assumed not to have the mental capacity to pursue academic education 1 x 2 = 2 Marks
ANS 6,7,8 DIST 4
Identify one method of colonial administration applied by the British in Kenya(2mks)
– Direct in Kenya
– Indirect rule
ANS 6 DIST 6
Give two reasons why Nabongo Mumia collaborated with the British ( 2 mks)
i) He wanted British protection in order to securely be accepted as king of the Wanga
to be paramount chief.
ii) He wanted their assistance against his hostile neighbors e.g the Luo of Ugenya.
iii) He needed their support to expand his territory.
iv) He needed European goods for prestige and fame. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
a) What were the activities of imperial British East Africa ( IBEA CO) between
1888 and 1895. ( 5 mks)
i) It traded with the local communities promoted legitimate trade.
ii) It established administrative posts / maintained law and order / levying and collecting
taxes.
iii) It discouraged slave trading.
iv) It provided information about the interior of East Africa.
v) It built the Uganda
vi) It secured the British sphere of influence / promoted the spread of western civilization.
vii) It secured the British sphere of western civilization.
viii) If suppressed African resistance against the British .
ix) It pioneered the construction of roads / improved infrastructure.
ANS 8,18 DIST 7
Identify two communities which offered mixed reaction to the British during the scramble and partition of Kenya. (2mks)
-Akamba
-Agikuyu
-Luo
a) State five reasons why the British used indirect rule in the administration of colonial Kenya
-Inadequate means of transport and communication
-Lack of sufficient personnel to effectively run the colony
-Lack of enough financial resources to be used in the administration of the colony
-The British used the local rulers under indirect role so as to effectively recruit labour and collect taxes as a source of revenue
-The British personnel were not willing to move into the interior to administer
-Lack of adequate resources in the colony worth direct rule for effective exploitation (5×1=5mks)
b) Factors which promoted the growth of African nationalism in Kenya between 1945 and 1963
-Experience gained by ex-servicemen enabled them to spear head the struggle for independence
-Acquisition of independence by India and Pakistan (1947) and Ghana (1957) inspired African nationalist
-The role of trade unions
-The Mau-Mau activities
-Formation of UNO (1945) which advocated for granting of independence
-Formation of political parties e.g. KANU helped to mobilize Kenyans against colonial rule
-The labour party in Britain was in favoured of decolonization. (5×2=10mks) well – explained
22.a) Explain the results of Wanga collaboration with the British
-It led to colonization of western Kenya
-Some of Wanga people were appointed into administration
-Mumia of Wanga was made a paramount chief
-The British used the kingdom as a base in the administration of western Kenya.
-Mumia lost his independence to the British
-Wanga was assisted by the British to subdue their enemies
-British helped him to expand his kingdom (7×1=7mks)
b) How did the Agiriama resist the British during the colonial period?
-They objected to conscription into KAR in 1914
-They barred young men from providing labour
-They caused some to migrate to marginal areas (Taru desert) in order to escape tax payment
-They disobey the British administrators
-They denounced all appointed puppet rulers in support of the council of elders.
-They attacked European missionaries and administrators
-They attacked villages of converts and loyal chiefs and headmen
-They disrupted economic activities Any (4×2 =8mks)
ANS 7,21,22 DIST 8
State two terms of Anglo –Germany Agreement of 1886 (2mks)
i) The sultan of Zanzibar was given a ten -, mile coastal strip which included Islands of
Pate, Merca and Lamu.
ii) Wiu and the territory between River Umba and Ruvuma came under German sphere of influence .
iii) The British were to take the land between river Umba and Juba in the North.
iv) Western boundary g Uganda was left open for any interested power. 2 x 1 = 2mks
Identify two responsibilities granted to the Imperial British East Africa Company by the
Royal Charter of 1888 (2mks)
i) To establish political authority in British East Africa and maintain law and order
and security in the area .
To develop and regulate trade by facilitating the movement of goods and people between the coast and the interior.
To collect taxes / institute custom duty in the area.
To develop and civilize the indigenous people under the close monitoring of the Imperial Consul based in Zanzibar. 2×1 = 2mks
State two problems which faced Africans in reserves during the colonial period. (2mks)
Disruption of economic activities such grazing, farming.
Poverty/insecurity.
Congestion / Overcrowding / Outbreak of diseases/Overgrazing /soil erosion.
Restriction in movements
Men abandoned their families in search of employment. 2×1 = 2mks
20a) Identify three factors which facilitated the establishment of British rule in Kenya
during the nineteenth century (3mks)
Missionaries pacified Africans to accept colonial rule.
Presence of the trading company(IBEACO)
The British had superior weapons for conquest.
Collaboration of African communities with the British.
The British got financial assistance from London.
Construction of the Kenya- Uganda railway which speeded up the movement of troops to the interior.
Signing up of treaties with Africans and the British.
The British used divide and rule strategy
The Africans had been weakened by Natural calamities e.g. famine /drought/locusts.
Disunity among the Africans Any 3×1 =3mks
b) Explain six reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British. (12mks)
i) They had been weakened by human and the cattle diseases.
ii) Natural calamities such as drought, locust invasion.
Severe famine which made them look for food from the British.
The Nandi raided Maasai reduced their economic and military power.
Succession disputes between Lenana and Sendayo.
The Kedong massacre made the Maasai to fear fighting back as about 100 Maasai were killed.
Lenana wanted to protect his position as a chief.
The maasai wanted back their women & children from Kikuyu who they kept custody after the 1891 famine
The Maasai wer engaged in civil wars 6×2 = 12mks.
ANS 8,9,10,20 DIST 9
Give one term of the Anglo-German agreement of 1890 (1mk)
German officials recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence
Germany abandoned her claim over the Witu enclave in exchange for Heligoland with the British
The Sultan of Zanzibar retained the 16 km Coastal strip Any 1×1 = 1mark
a) Give three reasons why the British used direct rule in administering most parts of Kenya (3mks)
To ensure effective control over the Africans
Britian desired to control the economy of Kenya to maximize profits
The indigenous institutions / political institutions based on local chiefs had been destroyed during the British occupation of Kenya
Most Kenyan communities had resisted British occupation of Kenya hence the British feared results
Direct rule was one of the most effective ways of exercising the Berlin Conference stipulations Any 3×1 = 3marks
b) Why did the Imperial British East Africa Company rule come to an end in 1895? (12mks)
Lack of funds to undertake its tasks
Rivalry from the German company for the control of the region
Hostility and attacks by the local people
Lack of enough personnel to administer the colony / lack of experienced administrators
Lack of proper co-ordination between the headquarters and the company representatives in Kenya
Lack of good means of transport to facilitate the co-ordination of their activities
Tropical diseases and unfavorable climate
ANS 8,19 DIST 10
– Resistance from the local communities. (1×1=1mk)
ANS 5 DIST 12
10.State problems which the imperial British East Africa had in administering the Kenya protectorate.
i) Corruption of official of the company led to misappropriation of funds
ii) Lack of knowledge or experience needed to accomplish their duties
Lack of navigable rivers making transport slow and expensive.
iii) The company agencies encountered resistance from the African communities while carrying out their activities
iv) The region though vast, lacked strategic natural resources for exploit
v) There were no proper channels of communication between the head office in vi) Europe and offices in colony. Any 2×1=2mks
v) Inadequate personnel to administer the vast area one.
11.Name two Kenyan communities who offered mixed reaction to British colonization.
i) The Agikuyu
ii) The Luo
iii) The Akamba Any 2×1=2mks
18.(a) Three reasons why the Wanga collaborated with the British
i) Need for protection against their neighbours like Nandi, Bukusu and Luo of
ii) Need to protect their independence and position f the king
iii)Need for European goods such as guns
iv) Nabongo wanted to use the British to expand his territory
v) Nabongo saw no need to resist having seen how the British dealt with resisting
vi) Nabongo wanted his people to acquire western education and Christianity. Any 3 one mark (3×1=3mks)
ANS 10,11,18 DIST13
5.Mention one method used to occupy Kenya by the British during the colonial period. (1mk)
Signing of treaties
Collaboration
Military expedition
Operational bases
1 x 1 = 1 mark
6.Give one term of the second Anglo-German Treaty (Heligoland Treaty) of 1890. (1mk)
Uganda was recognized as an area within the British sphere of interest.
Germany abandoned her claim over Witu in exchange of the island of Heligoland.
The British laid claim over Kenya and the sultan’s dominions.
Germany acquired a strip on Lake Tanganyika and also bought the coastal strip from the sultan of Zanzibar.
The Heligoland completed the process of scramble and partition of East Africa.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
7.What was the duty of the colonial secretary during the colonial period? (1mk)
He was the overall co-ordinator of the colonial policies. He was based in London.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
8.Give one reason why the British used indirect rule in Kenya. (1mk)
Inadequate personnel
Insufficient funds
Fear of resistance by African communities
1 x 1 = 1 mark
ANS 5,6,7,8 DIST 14
3.Main methods of used by the British in the occupation of Kenya. (2 mks
military conquest
signing of treaties
2 x1 = 2mk
18.(a) Why did Nabongo Mumia of Wanga collaborate with the British (5 mks)
Wanted to consolidate his position and that of his kingdom.
Wanted to secure military support against his enemies e.g. the Luo and Abagusii.
Wanted to obtain material benefit from the British.
Wanted to acquire military support to expand his kingdom.
Wanted to gain fame and prestige by associating with the British.
(5 x 1 = 5 mks)
What were the consequences of Maasai collaboration with the British? (10mks)
Maasai were accorded favours. favoured status. They were rewarded with cattle acquired from uncooperative communities.
The maasai were used to pacify the resisting communities e.g. the Nandis, the luo and the Bukusu.
Lenana was recognized as the paramount chief of the Maasai.
The maasai lost their land.
They lost their independence. (2 x 5 = 10mks)
ANS 3,18 DIST 15
The maasai were shifted from laikipia and pushed to southern Ngong reserve. 1×1 = 1mk
To cater for European interests such as roads, electrification and schools in different areas of the colony. 1×1 = 1mk
(a) Reasons why Nabongo mumia of the wanga collaborated with the British during the colonial period
To boast his personal image/prestige
To be made paramount chief
To get protection against the luo, nandi etc
To get modern fire arms.
To achieve territorial expansion.
Had realized his weakness as compared to the British.
Western civilization. (1 x 7 = 7
(b) How wanga collaboration benefited them.
Mumia was made paramount chief over other communities
Wanga served as missionaries
An administrative centres was built in w
The wanga people benefited from trade since wanga became a trade terminus.
The wanga acquired firearms
The wanga people and other abaluya developed enemity.
They were employed as social agents in wastern kenya.
His Head quarter became an administrative centre.
They benefited from western education. (8 x 1 = 8mks)
ANS 10,11,20 DIST 16
– To spread Christianity
– To abolish slave trade
– To settle surplus population from Europe
– Social Darwinism (To civilize Africans)
– Missionaries appealed for protection. (2 x 1=2mks)
– 1920 (1 x 1=1mk)
– Luhya (1 x 1=1mk)
ANS 6,7,8 DIST 17
To administer territories (colonies) on behalf of the British (1 x 1 = 1mk)
i) Fort Hall (Muranga)
ii) Fort Smith (Kabete)
Mumias
Fort Ternan(2×1=2mks)
ANS 5,8 DIST 18
8.Give two reasons why the colonial government denied Africans in Kenya equal educational opportunities with other races.
Europeans did not want competition for job from educated Africans.
The colonial government wanted to produce a semi skilled labour force from Africans for the colony.
Higher education enlightened Africans about European oppression.
Racial discrimination against Africa was extended to education.
2 x 1 = 2 marks)
9.Identify the main factor which made all forms of resistance to Europeans invasion in Kenya fail.
The British had superior weapons.
1 x 1 = 1marks
19.a) List three communities in Kenya that resisted British invasion.
Nandi
Pokot
Bukusu
Turkana
Gusii
Luo
Taita
Somali
(3 x 1 = 3mrks)
b) Explain the reasons why Kenyan communities were defeated by the British during the establishment of colonial rule.
The communities were not united hence they were easily defeated.
They had inferior weapons as compared to the superior British weapons.
The soldiers had little knowledge about the British militia techniques.
Their population had been weakened by catastrophes such as famine and civil strikes.
Their leaders lacked adequate organizational skills to mobilize the people.
Some African communities collaborated.
Some African communities collaborated.
The soldiers were demoralized when many warriors were captured and killed.
The economic base of the communities was destroyed by the British making them weak
(6pts x 2 = 12mrks)
ANS 8,9,19 DIST 19
8 State two accomplishment of the IBEAC rule in colonial Kenya. (2mks)
–Pacified resisting communities e.g. Nandi, Massai and Akamba
– Laid the basis for colonial administration by establishing forts e.g. at
Kibwezi, Machakos, smith and Dagoretti
9 Give two communities in Kenya that had mixed reaction to colonial occupation (2mks)
– Akamba
– Agikuyu
– Luo
10 Identify two problems faced by the local Government during the colonial period (2mks)
– Shortage of trained and experience personnel
-Poor transport and communication
– Lack of mineral resources leading to inadequate of funds
-Rivalry between the settlers and the local people
– European officials e.g DC’s had a lot of powers in the councils
17 (a) Explain five reasons why Lenana collaborated with the British during
the colonial period (5mks)
Natural calamities e.g. outbreaks of small pox, rinderpest and pneumonia affected both people and livestock
They feared the power of the guns used by the whites in the Kedong Massacre
The rise of the Nandi as a political power weakened the Maasai because they kept raiding them
Civil war between the two Maasai subgroups i.e the Purko led by Laibon Mbatian and the Kwavi led by Supet
Succession disputed between Lenana and Sendeyo after Mbatian’s death
Severe famine due to natural calamities made Lenana seek assistance in terms of food from the British forts and Kikuyu land.
Maasai wanted assistance from the British to get back their women and children who had been left in the custody of the Agikuyu during the 1891 famine
(1 x 5 )
(b) What were the consequences of the Wanga collaboration with the British in Kenya during the colonial period (10 mks)
(i) British rule was established over western Kenya
(ii) Mumias (Elureko) became an administrative centre for the British]
(iii) Nabongo was declared a paramount chief
Wanga chiefs relatives (sons) were used to rule various parts of Western
Kenya e.g. Idakho, Maragoli
Nabongo Mumia was consulted by the British in the appointment of headmen and chiefs in western Kenya
Wanga Kingdom gained more territories e.g. samia, Busoga, Bunyala
Wanga lost her independence
Wanga gained material benefits through trade, western education and religion.
ANS 8,9,10 DIST 20.
By Editorial Team
The Education News Hub Editorial Team is made up of vibrant and experienced editors. Brian Yano is an accomplished longtime Digital Media Journalist at Educationnewshub.co.ke with a great passion for research and fact-checking. He delivers engaging content across diverse topics, with a special interest in Education matters. On her part, Yvonne Kemunto is a journalist, dedicated to unraveling stories that matter. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, she brings a fresh perspective to the world of media. Her commitment to detail and excellence shines through in every piece she crafts. Our newest member of the Editorial Team is Jennifer Mumbo. She is a Seasoned Multimedia Journalist with several years' experience; dating back to 2018. Jennifer has a passion for education, sports, tech, politics and entertainment. You can reach the editors at educationnewshub3@gmail.com.
