Some commodities are bulky or heavy thus difficult to transport
It may not be easy to establish exchange rates of commodities/value
Perishable goods are likely to go to waste if negotiations are not done in time
It requires coincidence of demand and supply
Indivisibility of some trade commodities
It consumes time and energy

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Give two advantages of using a motorcycle as a means of transport. (2 marks)

They are cheap to acquire and maintain
They are flexible
They are readily available
They are convenient for short distances

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Identify the person who invented the first aeroplane. (1 mark)

The Wright brothers/Wilbur Wright/Orville Wright

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

Name two early metals used in industrial development. (2 marks)

Iron
Steel
Bronze
Copper
Gold

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Give two advantages of metal tools over stone tools. (2 marks)

They were durable.
They could not break easily.
They could be re- sharpened when blunt.
Molten metals could be cast into a variety of shapes with patterns and designs on
Broken objects could be re- worked.

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Identify one early urban centre in Europe. (1 mark)

Athens
London

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

Give the main reason for the development of Kilwa as an early urban centre. (1 mark)

(i) The control of Sofala gold trade

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

Identify two communities that took part in the Maji Maji rebellion. (2 marks)

Matumbi
Pogoro
Ngindo
Mbunga
Ngoni
Zaramo
Luguru
Sangu
Wamakonde
Wamwere
Ndendeule
Bena

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Give the main reason why Europeans used scorched earth policy against African (1 mark)

To weaken them economically, socially and politically

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

Name two communes in Senegal where the policy of assimilation was applied (2 marks)

Louis
Goree
Dakar
Rufisque

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Name the policy adopted by France and Britain to avoid the outbreak of another war after the First World War. (1 mark)

Appeasement policy

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

Identify the immediate cause of the Second World War. (1 mark)

German invasion of neutral Belgium

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

Section B (45 marks)

(a) Identify five hunting methods used by early man. (5 marks)

Digging pits for them to fall into them
Using traps/snares
Chasing them and throwing weapons at them
Driving animals towards swampy/muddy/water bodies
Driving animals over cliffs
Using other animals like dogs
Chasing animals until they get tired
Poisoning/drugging the animals

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Describe the culture of man in the Middle Stone Age period. (10 marks)

Man continued hunting and gathering especially big animals
Man-made tools like hand axes using levallois method.
Man did fishing on rivers and lakes
They lived in groups and camps for protection purposes
They made shelters and also lived in caves.
They used simple hunting methods of chasing animals and throwing stones at them as well as using traps
They started wearing animal skins as clothing
They painted themselves using red ochre and oil
Distinct language developed to enhance communication
Rock painting was done on cave walls and rocks.
They decorated themselves with necklaces made from seeds and animal bones
Fire was made during this period and was used for a number of purposes like providing warmth during cold seasons

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

(a) Identify five methods used to acquire slaves during the Trans-Atlantic slave (5 marks)
- Raids organized by chiefs
- Sale of war captives
- Leaders sold their subjects to enrich themselves/ slaves were exchanged with European products
- They were obtained through kidnapping
- Social misfits were sold
- Through enticement /trickery
- Selling of debtors/ panyarring

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Explain five factors responsible for the decline of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. (10 marks)

The rise of humanitarian movement in Britain which viewed slave trade as unjust and inhuman e.g. William Wilberforce, James Fox and Thomas Clarkson.
Leading economists like Adams Smith argued that free people were more productive than slave labour.
The development of industrial revolution in Britain shifted the demand of slaves to agricultural produce.
Resistance by Africans both in West Africa and in the new world made the Europeans to abandon the activity.
The need to discourage mass migration of population from Africa so as to retain market for European manufactured goods.
The result of American civil war of 1865 won by those opposed to slavery led ending the crucial slave trading/ closure of the slave market in the United States of America
The coming of Christian missionaries who condemned the activity as unchristian.
The attainment of independence by the USA in 1776 left Britain without colonies where they could take slaves to work.
The use of machines in farms and industries rendered slave labour unnecessary.
Effects from the French revolution of 1789 spread liberty and equality among all thus discouraged slave trade.
Development of legitimate trade which was more profitable and less costly replaced slave trade and slavery.
Britain influenced other European countries to stop the slave trade by signing anti slave trade treaties.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

(a) List five traditional forms of communication. (5 marks)

Drum beats
Horn blowing
Messengers/human beings/runners/birds/animals
Fire and smoke signals
Gestures and signals/body movements
Flags
Bells
Whistles
Screams and cries/whistles
Semaphores

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Explain five negative impacts of modern means of communication. (10 marks)

Some have promoted immorality through watching of pornographic films.
They have promoted international crime and drug abuse.
It has encouraged idleness and addiction to programmes by viewers.
They have created unemployment
Some are expensive to buy and install
Some like radios and televisions cause noise pollution
Some programmes on televisions promote violence
Prolonged exposure to computer screens cause eye problems
Mobile phones can cause illnesses through exposure to radioactive rays

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

(a) Give five economic activities of the Shona Empire during the pre-colonial (5 marks)
- They grew crops/ agriculture
- They kept livestock
- They traded with Arabs and Swahili traders/ took part in long distance trade/ trade
- They hunted elephants for ivory
- They were iron worked/ blacksmiths
- They made clothes from wild cotton/ bark fibres
- They mined gold
- They were fishermen
- They gathered/ gathering

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Discuss the social organization of the Asante Empire in the pre-colonial period. (10 marks)

The kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke Akan or Twi
The Asante were organized in clans.
Marriage between members of the same clan was prohibited. They practiced exogamy and polygamy.
Inheritance of property was matrilineal.
The community was bound together by the golden stool.
There was an annual cultural festival (Odwira) held at Kumasi to honour the
The society was divided into social classes (social stratification).
The Asante worshipped many gods and goddesses/polytheists.
The King, chiefs and Omanhenes were religious leaders (semi divine).
The ancestors mediated between god and the people.
They believed in a supreme god called Onyame.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

Section C (30 marks)

(a) Give three methods used by African nationalist in South Africa in their struggle for independence. (3 marks)

Formation of trade unions to fight for workers’ rights.
Formation of political parties to air their grievances e.g. ANC
The use of mass media e.g. radios and newspapers
Leaders engaged in direct negotiation with the government.
Many detained nationalists went on hunger strike
Imposition of economic sanctions by international organizations like U.N.O
The churches took part in protest demonstrations e.g. the Anglican Church
Through armed resistance e.g. the armed wing of ANC
Use of boycotts and strikes against the regime.
They also organized protests and demonstrations.

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b) Explain six problems encountered by nationalists in Ghana in their struggle for independence. (12 marks)

The nationalists were arrested/ detained
The political parties were banned
The government enacted pass laws which restricted movement thus
They lacked adequate funds to finance the struggle thus slowing their
They lacked press freedom making it difficult for them to spread their
They lacked advanced weapons thereby making them less effective in their armed struggle.
They had different approaches in their struggle (moderate/radical wings) thus creating a loophole which was exploited by the government.
Use of divide and rule policy to divide the Africans.
Rivalry between political parties e.g. CPP and NLDtowards o

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

(a) Give three terms of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. (3 marks)

African territories were partitioned thus effective sphere of influence.
The Niger, Congo, Nile and Zambezi rivers were declared free areas for European navigation.
The Congo basin was given to Leopold’s (II)’s International African Association..
The European nations vowed to protect missionaries and traders in their areas irrespective of their nationalities.
It was unanimously agreed that slave trade be stopped in favour of legitimate
European powers reasserted their occupation and control of the African
Nations were encouraged to use peaceful means in solving their differences.
Any state laying claim of any part of Africa must inform other interested groups.
The European countries with coastal possessions in Africa could have the immediate hinterland as their sphere of influence.

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b) Explain six results of Buganda collaboration. (12 marks)

It led to loss of independence.
It led to introduction of Christianity and European influence in Buganda.
Islamic influence declined.
Buganda got protection from external enemies like Bunyoro.
Kabaka gained recognition and was referred to as His highness.
Kabakas power was gradually eroded as British administrators gave authority to his officers.
Buganda was given an advantageous position in the colonial administration and was helped to conquer other communities.
Buganda advanced more economically than other communities as it acquired European manufactured goods like clothes.
Buganda benefited from western education and medicine.

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

(a) Outline the structure of the League of Nations. (3 marks)

The Council
The Secretariat
The International Court Of Justice
The International Labour Organization
The Mandates Commission
The Assembly
The Minorities Committee

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b) Explain six causes of the Second World War. (12 marks)

The rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his determination to restore Germany’s lost
Unfavourable conditions imposed on Germany by the treaty of Versailles humiliated and made her nurse a grudge against the allied powers.
The growths of nationalism made countries to be inward looking and therefore were reluctant to participate in international issues.
The great depression of the 1930s intensified economic instability and forced some countries to practice economic protectionism.
The inability of the League of Nations to implement its resolutions and punish those who violated them encouraged the aggressors to pursue their objectives/ ambitions and this intensified tension in the world.
The policy of appeasement practiced by France and Britain encouraged the dictators to carry on with their acts of aggression
Establishment of alliances between major powers encouraged acts of aggression because of the feeling of mutual support
The rise of dictators in the 1920’s and 1930’s destroyed democratic rights
Armament and increased armed forces increased tension contrary to the wishes of the Versailles treaty
The Spanish civil war (1936 – 1939).
Territorial violations e.g. in 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia,

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

By Editorial Team

The Education News Hub Editorial Team is made up of vibrant and experienced editors. Brian Yano is an accomplished longtime Digital Media Journalist at Educationnewshub.co.ke with a great passion for research and fact-checking. He delivers engaging content across diverse topics, with a special interest in Education matters. On her part, Yvonne Kemunto is a journalist, dedicated to unraveling stories that matter. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, she brings a fresh perspective to the world of media. Her commitment to detail and excellence shines through in every piece she crafts. Our newest member of the Editorial Team is Jennifer Mumbo. She is a Seasoned Multimedia Journalist with several years' experience; dating back to 2018. Jennifer has a passion for education, sports, tech, politics and entertainment. You can reach the editors at educationnewshub3@gmail.com.