Use disinfectant in footbath e.g. copper sulphate solution / formalin
Keep animal house dry
Avoid grazing sheep on swampy areas
Discuss Foot Rot disease under the following sub headings
a) Causal Organism
A bacterium/Fusiformis species
b) Predisposing factors
Dirty and overgrown hooves/ untrimmed hooves
Presence of injurious objects e.g. stones, nails
Injuries /wounds on hooves
Muddy / filthy living / grazing areas
Invasion of hoof by other organisms e.g. tick bites and nematodes which cause injuries.
c) Symptoms of attack
Animal limps as it walks
Foot infected is swollen
Infected hoof produce pus
Foul smell is produced from the infected hooves
Animal may become lame in severe cases / inability to walk.
Infected foot feels hot upon touch
Lack of appetite / anorexia
Animal become emaciated/ weak/ loss of condition
Animal graze when kneeling in case forelegs are infected
When all legs are infected, the animal graze when lying down
d) Control Measures
Treat wounds on hooves using appropriate antibiotics
Let the animals walk on appropriate foot bath
Isolate infected animals from healthy ones
Ensure the environment of the animal is not damp and muddy
Practice hoof trimming regularly
Treat sick animals with appropriate antibiotics.
Graze animals in areas free from sharp objects.
Move healthy sheep to dry clean areas.
Walk sheep on footbath with appropriate chemicals solution e.g. formalin and blue vitriol
(copper sulphate)
State six symptoms shown by poultry when suffering from Newcastle disease
Birds have difficulty in breathing
Loss of appetite / Anorexia
Paralysis / Staggering motion
Yellowish , watery greenish diarrhoea
Drop in production
Production of soft shelled eggs
Often birds have their beaks and wings down/Drooping wings
Birds produce a harsh granting raspy sound when breathing
Beaks remain wide open and neck are stained
Birds become dull
Birds stand with eyes closed all the time
Nasal discharge which forces birds to shake head to clear it
Discuss Newcastle disease under the following sub headings
a) Casual organisms
Virus
b) Signs of attack:
Difficulty in breathing.
Beaks remain wide open and necks are strained
Birds stand with eyes closed all the time.
Loss of appetite.
Nasal discharge which force the birds to shake their heads to clear it.
Birds walk in a staggering motion since the nervous system is affected.
Often the bird have their heads and wings drooping,
Birds produce watery greenish diarrhoea.
Eggs laid have soft shells
c) Control Measures:
Vaccination during the first six weeks and then two to three months later.
Kill the infected birds and burn them.
Obtain stock from reputable source
Give four predisposing factors of mastitis disease in cows.
Mechanical injury to the udder.
Old age of animals
Unhygienic conditions
Incomplete milking of cows
High level of milk production
Genetic factors
Pendulous udder /teat hang too low
Stage of lactation/ late stage of lactation.
State four symptoms of mastitis in a dairy cow
Death of the infected quarter may result.
Milk has a salty taste and there are flakes particularly the fore milk.
Blood or pus in milk
Pain in the udder or teats/ Animal rejects suckling or milking and kicks due to pain
Swollen or inflamed under
Rise in body temperature
Clots in milk or turns watery
Drop in milk yield.
Discuss mastitis disease under the following sub-headings:
a) Causal organism
Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus urens
b) Predisposing factors.
Age- Older animals that are lactating are affected
Stage of lactation period- Affects during early or late lactation
Udder attachment- Large and pendulous udders are at risk
Incomplete milking.
Mechanical injury.
Poor sanitation- Poor hygiene leads to infection
Poor milking technique- Pulling teats makes the sphincter muscles of the udder weak and loose
Sex
Hereditary factors
Level of production/high producers are more prone to mastitis than low producers
Genetic factors – some breeds are more susceptible to mastitis than others
c) Symptoms.
Milk contains pus, blood, thick clots and turns watery
Swollen udder and teats/ cow kicks when udder is touched/ Pain on udders
Death of infected quarter
Milk has a salty taste
Small clots/ flakes in milk
d) Control and treatment
Empty affected quarter of udder and treat with antibiotics.
After milking, use teat dip on every quarter.
Use right milking technique
Observe strict cleanliness.
Dry cow therapy/ infusing a long acting antibiotics into the teat canal when drying off the cow
Use strip cup to detect infection.
Use separate udder cloths for each animal.
Treat open wounds immediately
Remove sharp objects from grazing land to avoid udder infection
State two practices which are carried out to control mastitis in lactating cows
Proper milking technique
Administering dry cow therapy
Complete milking
Infected cows should be milked last
Open wounds on the teats should be treated immediately
a) Name the causative organism of contagious abortion
Brucellus abort – Cattle
Brucellus suis – Pigs
Brucellus malitensis – sheep and goats
b) Give four symptoms of contagious abortion in cattle
Retained after birth
Sterility in cows
Spontaneous abortion
Yellowish – brown, slimy discharge, odourless discharge from the vulva after abortion
c) State three methods of controlling contagious abortion in cattle
Use of artificial insemination (A.I).
Vaccination against the disease in young animals
Avoid contact with the aborted foetus
Blood tests of all breeding animals before mating
Cull, slaughter infected animals
Name the causal agent of black quarter disease in livestock
Clostridium chauvei
Discuss black quarter under the following sub-headings:-
a) Animal affected
cattle, sheep, goats
b) Casual organism
Clostridiumchauvei
c) Symptoms of disease
Rise in body temperature
Lameness and swelling of upper part of limbs, making animals lie on side
Swollen shoulders on either side of body, chest or back, formation of gas under skin
Difficulties in breathing
Muscle appear black and spongy
Grunting and grinding of teeth
Failure to chew cud
On exposure to air, muscle of body rapidly darken
d) Control measures
Annual vaccination using black quarter vaccine
Burning of carcass
Carcass should not be skinned or opened
Cleaning and treating of all wounds with antiseptics
State two symptoms of Coccidiosis infection in poultry.
Diarrhoea with varying nature watery whitish – brown or blood stained
Dysentery /blood in faeces
Emaciation
Ruffled feathers
Dullness with drooping wings
Sudden death
Name four ways of controlling Coccidiosis in the farm
Isolation of infected animals
Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings
Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms
Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses
Provision of coccidiostat in feeds and water
Use of portable calf pen
Discuss Coccidiosis disease under the following headings:-
a) Causal organism
Protozoan/coccidian elmeria/coccidia spp)
b) Livestock species attacked
Poultry
Calves
Young rabbits
Kids
Lambs
c) Symptoms of attack
Diarrhoea
Dysentery /blood in faeces
Emaciation
Ruffled feathers
Dullness with drooping wings
sudden death in birds, rabbits and kids
d) Control measures
Isolation of infected animals
Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings
Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms
Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses
Provision of coccidiostat in feeds and water
Use of portable calf pen
State four predisposing factors of scour in calves
Unhygienic condition in the house of the young ones/ Poor sanitation
Feeding the calves on cold milk
Lack of colostrums
Feeding at irregular intervals
Over feeding.
a) Give four symptoms of milk fever
Dullness
Body functions i.e. urination, defecation of milk and milk secretion stops
Stomach contents are drawn into mouth, causing lung fever
Complete loss of appetite
Muscular twitching
Walking in staggering manner
Animal lies down on its side most of the time
Animals lies on sternum with head twisted on one side
General paralysis/ inability to more or arise
Breathing becomes slow and weak
Stiffening of the whole body
Head turned back
Animal fall down and becomes unconscious
Sudden death.
(b) State two methods of controlling milk fever
Feed animal on diet/ mineral salts rich in calcium
Give intramuscular injection of calcium and phosphorus 2-3 days before calving down
Partial milking on known cases
Cull susceptible animal
a) What causes milk fever in dairy cows?
Low calcium level in the blood/ high milk yield without calcium replenishment
b) Name two animals that may suffer from milk fever
Goats
Pigs
Sheep
Discuss milk fever (parturient paresis) under the following sub-headings
a) Cause
Low calcium level in the blood / high milk yield without calcium replenishment
b) Predisposing factors.
Low calcium level in the blood
High producing cows in first few months of lactation
Increase in the magnesium and sugar level in the blood
c) Symptoms
Dullness
Body functions i.e. urination, defecation of milk and milk secretion stops
Stomach contents are drawn into mouth, causing lung fever
Complete loss of appetite
Muscular twitching
Walking in staggering manner
Animal lies down on its side most of the time
Animals lies on sternum with head twisted on one side
General paralysis/ inability to more or arise
Breathing becomes slow and weak
Stiffening of the whole body
Head turned back
Animal fall down and becomes unconscious
Sudden death.
d) Control and treatment
Intravenous injection of calcium borogluconate
Feeding animals with calcium salt two months before calving down
Partial milking on known cases
Discuss East Coast Fever (E.C.F) under the following sub-topics:
a) Animal attacked
cattle
b) Causal organisms
Protozoa/Theileria parva
c) Vector
Brown ear tick / Rhipicephalous appendiculatus
d) Incubation period
15 days.
e) Symptoms of attack
Fever/ high temperature
Animal salivates profusely/ Excessive salivation
Lachrimation/ tears from eyes
Difficulty in breathing
Haemorrhages in vulva/ mouth
Coughing
Sight impairment/ Poor vision/Corneal opacity
Swollen lymph nodes especially around the base of the ears shoulder
Reduction in production.
Loss of appetite
Dullness
f) Control and treatment
Regular spraying/ dipping/ hand dressing with acaricide to kill the vector organism/ticks
Fencing/ rotational grazing
Treatment using appropriate drugs/antibiotics
List three control measures of East coast fever (E. C.F)
Control ticks by dipping / spraying/Rotational grazing /Hand picking / deticking and killing/Hand dressing/Burning pastures
Double perimeter fencing.
Slaughtering all affected cattle
Provide chlorotetracycline and oxytetracycline drugs as feed supplement
Explain ten measures used to control livestock diseases
Proper feeding
Animals fed on balanced ration adequate in quantity and quality are strong and able to resist diseases
Proper breeding and selection
Animals selected that are free from diseases or resistant to diseases will prevent transmission of diseases
Proper housing and hygiene
Animals houses should be built to meet construction requirement e.g. ventilation, space, drainage, leak proof, lighting and will prevent and protect animals from contracting diseases
Isolation of sick animals
Is separation and confinement of animals from health ones while undergoing treatment, this prevents spread of the diseases
Imposition of quarantine
Is restriction of movement of animals and their products from and into affected areas, thus prevents spreads of diseases
Prophylactic measure and treatment
Involves use of drugs before disease attack to prevent occurrence e.g. use of coccidiostat to control Coccidiosis, drenching to prevent helminthes
Also involve vaccination, spraying with appropriate acaricide and treatment to restore good health
Slaughtering affected animal
Highly infection and contagious diseases e.g. Rinderpest, new cattle foot and mouth animals should be slaughtered and carcasses will dispose to prevent spread
Use of antiseptics and disinfectants
Applied on skin to kill pathogens or clean livestock to maintain hygiene
Drenching / deworming to control internal parasites
Practice proper milking techniques to avoid mastitis.
Avoid physical injuries to animals caused by sharp objects
Prevention of stress factors.
Carrying out fencing of the farm to keep away strange animals from the farm which may spread diseases
Culling – to prevent spread of contagious) disease
Explain the general methods of Disease control in livestock
Proper hygiene- animals house must be hygienic
Proper housing – to provide suitable conditions for animal
Proper spacing in houses – to avoid risks of overcrowding
Well ventilated house- for free circulation of air
Leak proof house- to avoid dampness
Well sheltered house- to avoid cold draughts
Proper disposal of carcasses by burning or burying to avoid spread of diseases
Proper nutrition- to avoid nutritional diseases
Proper breeding – to select and breed healthy animals
Use of quarantine- to avoid spread of diseases
Isolation- to facilitate treatment and avoid spread of disease by a sick animal
Culling- removing sickly animal from the herd after they recover
Vaccination- to prevent attack by a disease
Use of prophylactic drugs- used in feeds and water to prevent infection
Slaughtering of diseased animals and disposed off to prevent spread to healthy ones.
Treatment of sick animals- to return to good health
Keeping proper farm records on animal health – to predict attack
Control of vectors- to prevent protozoan diseases
Use of antibiotics – against bacterial diseases
Use of antiseptics – to dress wounds
Deworming – to eliminate endo – parasites
Hoof trimming – Prevent dirt accumulation / filth in the hoof hence control foot rot disease
Describe the control measures of disease in livestock, for each control measure give an example of a disease controlled
Use prophylactic drugs-animals are given drugs routinely to control certain diseases
Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning poultry houses or calf pens to
control disease e.g. scours
Quarantine during an outbreak of certain diseases e.g. foot and mouth
Isolation animals suffering horn infectious diseases e.g. scours are not allowed to mix with others
Mass & slaughter / cull animals suffering from certain dangerous diseases e.g. anthrax
Vaccination -animals usually vaccinated against certain diseases e.g. black quarter
Control of vectors-diseases carrying parasites e.g. tsetse flies are controlled by spraying the bush to control diseases like Nagana
Use healthy breeding stock/ AI prevent the spread of diseases like brucellosis
Proper nutrition well balanced diet to be provided to animals to prevent nutritional diseases e.g. anaemia in piglets
Drenching/ control of internal parasites e.g. roundworms
Keep resistant type of livestock e.g. zebu to prevent occurrence of E.C.F
Proper housing to prevent diseases like pneumonia
Foot trimming to prevent foot rot/removal of sharp objects
Feed animals with dry roughages before feeding them succulent roughages to minimize occurrence of bloat /other nutritional disorders
a) Give the method used in introducing a vaccine to poultry against fowl typhoid
Injection/ Intramuscular injection
b) State two other methods introducing vaccines to livestock
Orally
Inhalation
Through cloaca in poultry
Inhalation through the nose
State four major routes of administering vaccines in day old chicks
Nostrils
Mouth
Eyes
Under the skin (sub cutaneous)
Explain four major causes of lamb mortality from birth to weaning
chilling
scours
internal parasitic infestation
loss of mother/lack of foster parents
inadequate mother’s milk/malnutrition
crushing by t he mother
What organism causes Brucellosis in dairy cattle?
Brucella abortus
Describe brucellosis under the following sub headings
Causal organism
Bacterium/Brucellus abortus
ii) Transmission
sexually transmitted/it is a breeding diseases
iii) Symptoms
Premature birth/spontaneous abortion
yellowish slimy and odourless discharge through the vulva
retained afterbirth/placenta
the cow may become barren
Bulls have low libido and orchitis/ inflamed testes
iv) Control measures
use of healthy semen/bull/Al
proper disposal of foetus and carcass
Use of artificial insemination
Cull and slaughter the infected animals
Vaccination of all young animals against the disease
Avoid contact with aborted foetus
Cleanliness in animal house must be maintained
Carry blood test for breeding animals in order to detect the infected ones
Name the causative organism of the Gumboro disease.
Birna virus
State one way by which each of the following practices help in disease control
Proper feeding
Prevents deficiency diseases
Imparts resistance to diseases
Proper housing
Prevents draughts/ colds wind
Prevents dampness due to proper drainage and ease of cleaning
a) Name two diseases in cattle that may be spread through breeding/mating
Brucellosis /contagious abortion/ bang’s diseases
Leptospirosis
Scrotal hernia
b) State two practices that may be carried out to control breeding diseases among cattle.
Artificial insemination
Treatments
Proper selection
a) Name the cause of fowl typhoid.
Bacterium / Salmonella gallinarum
b) list common symptoms of fowl typhoid
Dark green diarrhoea
Describe the symptoms of diseases that can be observed from the faecal matter. Give an example in each case
Hard dung in cattle – constipation /anaplasmosis
Yellow green diarrhoea in poultry- new castle disease
Diarrhoea with blood stains – Coccidiosis in poultry
Dark green diarrhoea – fowl typhoid
Presence of eggs or cysts in the dung in cattle – worm infestation
a) Name the causative organism of Pneumonia in calves
Bacterium/mycoplasma mycoides
b) Give two predisposing factors to Pneumonia in calves
Poor ventilation
Over crowding
Age of the animal
Dampness/chilliness in the animal house/Wet conditions
Where tractor for hiring one not available/very steep slopes
Give two signs that would indicate a cow has died of anthrax
Absence of rigor mortis/no stiffness.
Dark watery blood oozing from natural openings.
Excessively blown stomach.
Blood does not clot.
Discuss anthrax disease in cattle under the following subheadings
a) Causal organism
Bacillusanthracis/ bacteria
b) Symptoms
Absence of rigor mortis/no stiffness.
Tar like blood /Dark watery blood oozing from natural openings.
Difficulty in breathing
Extensive bloat after death
Presence of blood in faeces and milk
Shivering
Sudden death and fast decomposition
Blood does not clot.
High temperature
c) Control measures and treatment
Animals should be vaccinated using blanthax
Impose quarantine in infected areas
Proper disposal of carcass
Disinfect animal house e.g. with formalin
Do not open carcass if suspected of the disease
Proper inspection of meat.
Large doses anti anthrax serum
Treatment of wounds
Discuss bloat disease under the following sub-headings.
a) Species of the animals affected by the disease
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
b) Causes of the disease
Obstruction of the oesophagus due to bulky food particles such as potatoes, carrot, mangoes
Abnormal pressure exerted on the oesophagus by swelling in the wall of the chest
Indigestion – caused by an accumulation of gases due to paralysis of the rumen and the value at the entrance
Feeding animals on feeds containing a lot of pasture legumes cabbage leaves and lush pasture
Abrupt change in feeds given to animals/ from very dry feeds to very succulent feeds.
c) Symptoms of the disease
Distension of the left side of the abdomen due to gas accumulation
Difficulty in breathing
Profuse salivation
Animal lies down and is unable to rise up
Grunting and kicking at the belly
Death within hours due to pressure on blood vessels, heart and lungs
d) Control measures of the disease
Provide dry roughages just before feeding the animals on green and succulent or wet pasture
Feed animals on wilted grasses and pasture legumes
e) Treatment of the disease
Treatment measures
Exercise the sick animal by walking it around & up-hill
Use medicinal oils as defrothing agents such as liquid paraffin
Epsom salt can be used to empty the stomach
A stomach pump can be inserted into the rumen through the oesophagus
In extreme cases Trocar and canula or sterilized sharp knife is used to pierce through the skin of the rumen
Methyl silicone injection
a) What is the causal organism of Anaplasmosis in cattle?
A protozoa / Anaplasma marginale
b) State two symptoms of Anaplasmosis
Fever/high temperature
Sudden drop in milk production
Anaemia/paleness in the gums eyes (lips) jaundice/ Pale mucous membrane
Constipation/Hard dung
Anorexia/loss of appetite
Reluctant/inability to move
Animal becomes aggressive.
Outline ways in which diseases can spread from one animal to another
By ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
By carrying agents e.g. vectors, utensils, sacks and grass animal attendant.
By abrasion on body of affected animals/contact
Through wounds
Through inhalation of pathogens
Give two reasons for laying soft membranes shelled eggs by layers
Lack of phosphorus/calcium in feeds.
Sickness
State five importance of keeping livestock healthy
Give high quality production with high market value
Fast growth rate/early maturity to ensure long productive life
Economical to keep-saves expenditure on veterinary services and drugs
Produces healthy products-no risk of transmitting Zoonotic diseases to human beings
High yields-hence high profits/returns
Fetch good market prices hence high returns
Have longer lifespan i.e. economic life
Have high fertility rate and reproduce more and faster
Give more draft farm power e.g. during ploughing.
Do not become a source of infection to other animals
Enable the fulfilment of farm operations , budgets and plans
Give two ways by which proper nutrition helps to control livestock diseases
Helps to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases
Gives the livestock ability to resist diseases
Name four livestock nutritional diseases
Milk fever
Oesteomalacia / rickets
Pica
Grass tetany / staggers / hypomagnesaemia
Enzootic neonatal ataxia / sway back disease
Parakeratosis
a) Define the term Zoonotic diseases
Are diseases that are transmitted from animal to man or from man to animal
(b) Name two Zoonotic diseases.
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Rabies
Tuberculosis
Rift valley fever
Bird flu (avian flu)
Trichomoniasis
Mad cow disease
Discuss the disease trypanosomiasis under the following sub titles.
a) Causal organism.
Protozoa/Trypanosoma species (trypanosome)
b) Animal attacked
Cattle, man, sheep, goats, donkeys, pigs, horses and wild animals.
c) Mode of transmission
Vector borne by tsetse fly
d) Symptoms
Anaemia
Loss of appetite
Intermittent fever
Abortion in females
Oedema
Enlarged lymph nodes
Loss of hairs at the tail end
General weakness / emaciation
Dullness
Decline in milk production / yield
Coat cracked/coat is rough
Lachrimation causing blindness.
e) Control.
Keep resistance
Confine game animals in parks
Control tsetse flies by regular spraying with acaricide
Restrict animals movements from mixing with wild game
Effective control of tsetse flies
Treat the animal with trypanocidal drugs to curb spread of the protozoa through the vectors.
Name two cattle diseases caused by virus
Foot and mouth
Rinderpest
Yellow fever
Rift Valley fever
Rabies
Blue tongue
Lumpy skin
Ephemeral fever
The illustration below shows a dairy cow suffering from a disease three days after calving down. The cow went down with its head turned back and was unable to stand.
Which disease did the cow suffer from?
Milk fever/paulurient peresis/hypocalcaemia
State two ways of preventing the disease you have identified in (i) above.
Give feeds rich in minerals (Ca2+, P2O–5) starting from the last 2 months of gestation/steam up.
Give vitamin D injection a week before parturition.
Dry off the cow sufficiently.
Discuss Foot and Mouth disease under the following headings:
a) Casual organisms
Virus/ virus types O, A, C/ south African types– SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, / Asian type 1
b) Livestock species attacked
Cattle
Pigs
Goats
Sheep
b) Mode of transmission and incubation period
Through contaminated litter, machinery feet, infected saliva& feeds, vaccines, garbage
c) Symptoms of attack
Profuse salivation
Blisters which are painful around the mouth and hooves of the feet leading to lameness
Drop in milk production in lactating cows
Sharp rise in temperature/ high fever
Emaciation
Complete loss of appetite
Diarrhoea
Kicking of feet
Control measures
Vaccination every six months
Quarantine where there is an outbreak/Regulations of livestock movement by issue of movement permits
Slaughter and destruction of carcass
Isolation of farm animals from wildlife
Strict hygiene to avoid contamination.
Burn/ bury dead animals
Name two non-infectious causes of livestock diseases.
Poor nutrition.
Physical injuries.
Name two livestock diseases controlled through quarantine.
Black quarter.
Foot and mouth.
List two routes through which pathogens can enter the body of an animal.
Skin pores.
Nose
Mammary glands.
Navel/umbilical cord.
Genital/reproductive organs.
a) Describe African swine fever disease under the following;
Animals affected
Pigs (1mark)
Causal organisms
Virus (Irido virus) (1mark)
Symptoms of attack
Rise in temperature upto 400C – 410C
Lack of appetite
Animals become depressed
Animals become weak
Animals start coughing
Nosal discharge
Diarrhea
Control measures
Vaccine animals in case of an outbreak
Imposition of quarantine
Kill and dispose affected animals
Double fencing to keep wild animals
23(a) Describe the procedure followed when using the hypodermic syringe and needle to administer liquid drugs to cattle.
Fix the needle to the syringe
Withdraw the right amount from the bottle
Remove air/bleed needle
Disinfect site
Insert needle and push butt to release drug
Remove the needle
Release the animal.
(b) Outline six reasons for maintaining livestock in good health.
Increase quality of livestock products/work outputs/regular breeding
Increase quantity of livestock products/yields
Reduce spread of diseases
Increase profits/reduce costs of production
Increase productive life of livestock.
Name the two diseases which are controlled by one vaccine in livestock.
Anthrax and blackquater.
Describe foot rot disease in sheep management under
Cause
Bacterium fusiformis species / fusiformis nodusus / F. necraforus/F. spirochitis
-Lameness / inability to walk
Swelling of affected feet
Wounds and ulcers / pus / foul smell in affected areas
-Anorexial of appetite
Loss of weight / emaciation.
Control
Trim hooves regularly
Keep grazing land free from sharp objects
Avoid swampy / dump conditions
Apply footbath using disinfectant e.g copper Sulphate solution
How does each of the following practices help in controlling diseases among livestock.
Fencing
Prevents intrusion of other animals that may spread diseases
Hoof trimming
Prevent dirt accumulation / fith in the hoof
Vaccination
Imparts resistance to disease s
Listfour predisposing factors of livestock diseases
Species
Breed
Age
Sex
Skin colour
The diagram below illustrate a dairy suffering from a disease condition
Identify the disease
Mastitis
Name the tool used to detect the disease in (i) above
Strip cup
State any two control measures for the disease
-Use of antibiotic
-Complete milking
-Correct technique of milking
-Clean milk man
State two ways by which proper feeding contributes to disease control in poultry. (1mk)
Improves production
Helps prevent deficiency diseases
– Enhances resistance to diseases ( ½ x 2 = 1 mk)
Give four qualities of a good vaccine. (2mks)
Imperting long life immunity on a single dose
Easy to administer
Has no side effects
Compactible with other vaccines
Has long keeping life
Immunity imperted is as good as natural immunity
( ½ x 2)
(a) Outline the ways in which diseases can spread from one animal to another.(4 marks)
contact
ingestion of contaminated food
air
During mating.
Through contaminated equipment
(a) Discuss the factors that may predispose livestock to certain diseases.
Skin colour
Age of the animal
Sex of the animal
Species of the animal
Breed of the animal
Environmental factors
Housing conditions
(c) Describe the general methods of controlling livestock diseases.
Vaccination
Hygiene
Isolation
Quarantine
Use prophylactic drugs
Proper carcass disposal
Culling
Proper feeding
Proper housing
Dipping / spraying
Drenching / dosing / deworming
Use the diagram given below to answer the questions that follows:
R
S
Name the routine practice carried out on the part labeled R.
20 (a) (i) Debeaking
Give two reasons for carrying out the practice named in a (i) above
To control egg eating
To control cannibalism
(i) Name one disease that affect the part labeled S
(b) (i) Fowl pox
State two control measures of the disease named in b (i) above
– Vaccination
Use vitamin supplements to promote fast manufacturing of blood.
Control any opportunity infections that may occur due to immunosuppression.
(b) Describe the symptoms of diseases that can be observed from the faecal matter
Give an example in each case (8mks)
Hard dung in cattle – constipation anaplasma
Yellow green diarrhea in poultry- new castle disease
Diarrhea with blood stains – conccidiosis in poultry
Dark green diarrhea – fowl typhoid
Presence of eggs or cysts in the dung in cattle – worm infestation. 8mks
Differentiate between antibiotics and antibodies. (1mk)
Antibiotics are chemical substances (drugs) that kill biotic agents e.g. bacteria, protozoa while antibodies are proteineus chemical substances produced within the body that fight against the entry and multiplication of biotic factors.
(a) List six routes through which pathogens can enter the body of an animal. (6 marks)
18 Below is an illustration of an activity carried out to detect an infection of the udder before milking. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow
Identify the equipment labeled U in the illustration above
Strip cup
State Two changes in milk that would be observed if the udder illustrated above is infected by a disease detected by equipment identified in (a) above
Pus in milk/ blood in milk
Tiny clots
By Editorial Team
The Education News Hub Editorial Team is made up of vibrant and experienced editors. Brian Yano is an accomplished longtime Digital Media Journalist at Educationnewshub.co.ke with a great passion for research and fact-checking. He delivers engaging content across diverse topics, with a special interest in Education matters. On her part, Yvonne Kemunto is a journalist, dedicated to unraveling stories that matter. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, she brings a fresh perspective to the world of media. Her commitment to detail and excellence shines through in every piece she crafts. Our newest member of the Editorial Team is Jennifer Mumbo. She is a Seasoned Multimedia Journalist with several years' experience; dating back to 2018. Jennifer has a passion for education, sports, tech, politics and entertainment. You can reach the editors at educationnewshub3@gmail.com.
