Free Agriculture Notes, Exams amd other revision resources
b) State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production.
c) Give three soil factors that influence soil productivity.
State three advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil.
a) State tow roles of good soil aeration in crop growth.
b) Give two roles of micro-organisms in the soil that are beneficial to corps.
c) State three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture.
FARM TOOLS AND MACHINERY
Give one use of each of the following hammers;
i) Ball pen hammer ii) Sledge hammer
State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on a wheelbarrow.
The diagram labeled N I, N II, N III below represent some tolls
used in farms.
a) i) Identify 1————————
2 ———————–
ii) Give the land preparation stage when 2 is used
b) i) Which of the tools is suited for a field with roots, trash and
other obstacles?
ii) Give a reason for your answer in b(i)
State one use of each of the following tools;
(i) Spoke shave (ii) Plumb bob
Name two tools used for cutting galvanized iron pipes.
State four maintenance requirements of a jack plane.
List four tools used for laying concrete blocks when constructing a wall.
a) What is the difference between a tenon saw and a crosscut saw?
b) What safety measure should be taken when using a crosscut saw?
c) Give three maintenance practices that should be carried
out on crosscut saws.
Give the factor, that are considered when selecting a garden tool
for primary cultivation.
10: (a) State one use of each of the following tools, (i) sickle
ii) Secateurs.
b) Give two reasons for proper maintenance of farm implements.
c) State three factors that should be considered when selecting gardener
tools for primary cultivation.
L, M, N and O are diagrams of farm tools. Study them and answer
the questions that follow.
i) Identify the farm tools; L, AA>N and O. (ii) State the use of each tool
L, AA, N and O.
List the tool used for each of the following
i) Tightening barbed wires during fencing,
ii) Smoothening concrete flours during plastering.
iii) Administration of liquid medicine to livestock through the mouth.
iv) Processing butter——————-
List five tools used when constructing a wooden fence.
a) Diagrams M, N, P and Q represents some farm tools.
i) Identify the tools; M,N,P and Q.
ii) Give the use of each of the tools named above.
iii) State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on tool M.
(b) The diagram below shows a farm equipment. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
i) Identify the equipment.
ii) Name the parts labeled R, S, T and U.
CROP PRODUCTION – LAND PREPARATION
K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS
State 4 reasons for primary cultivation.
State four reasons for primary cultivation.
State four factors which determine the depth of Ploughing.
(a) Give tow reasons why the use of fire should be discouraged
in clearing land during seedbed preparation.
b) Give tow reasons for secondary cultivation.
c) State two benefits of minimum tillage in crop production.
List four implements used to carry out secondary cultivation
State two causes of hard pans in a crop field.
Give the maintenance practices of a disc plough.
State reasons why use of fire in clearing land is discouraged.
Outline the main reasons for secondary tillage.
State the main benefits of minimum tillage
a) State one condition under which a farmer would prefer to
use an ox-cart instead of tractor – drawn trailer.
b) Give three maintenance practices carried on an ox – plough.
Give four farming practices that may help in achieving minimum tillage.
WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION
K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS
Give the main methods of conveying water from place to place.
State two methods of storing water on a farm.
State two ways of overcoming the problem of water logging in
crop production.
State four methods of treating water for domestic use.
(a) Give tow ways of conserving water for livestock use.
State two means by which water can be conveyed from the place of
Storage to where it is needed on the farm.
Name four types of water pumps which can be used on the farm.
List two features of plastic pipes a farmer should consider before
buying the pipes.
a) State three factors to be considered before deciding on irrigation in
crop production.
b) State three advantages of overhead irrigation compared to
surface irrigation.
Give four feature of plastic pipes a farmer should consider before
buying the pipes.
Name four types of water pumps which can be used on a farm.
Which of these factors would you consider in deciding on irrigation in
crop production.
In what way is water useful for agriculture activities?
a) Explain the reasons for treating water on the farm.
b) State the uses of water in the farm.
c) Describe the process involved in water treatment using
a chemical treatment system.
Give two factors that influence the quantity of water used in the farm.
State three farming activities which may cause pollution to water sources.
State three advantages of crop irrigation in a farm.
Study the illustration below carefully am answer the questions
which follow River.
a) Identify the illustration
b) Explain part 1 -6
Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water
storage tanks.
List three types of surface irrigation in crop production.
List four methods used to drain farm land.
a) List three surface water sources found in a farm.
b) Give two reasons for treating water before use in a farm.
Give the reasons why water treatment ii important.
SOIL FERTILITY – ORGANIC MANURES
K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS
How is green maturing carried out on a farm?
(a) Give four reasons why it is advantageous to use farm yard
manure instead of straight fertilizer.
(b) State four factors that determine the quality of farm yard manure.
State four ways by which plant nutrients may be lost fro the soil.
Outline the various benefits of F. Y. M in the farm.
a) Define soil fertility
b) List the major characteristics of a fertile soil.
The diagram below is a presentation of a cross section through a compost
Heap. Study it and answer the questions which follow.
a) i) Name the parts labeled 1 –
Give the importance of 5, 4, 3
b) Why is it advisable that
i) A long sharp pointed stick driven into the file at an angle.
ii) Compost pits be preferably alone in more drier area / weather.
Give four ways by which soil loses its fertility
State four characteristics that make a crop suitable for green manuring.
State three factors that determine the quality of compost manure.
State four characteristics of a fertile soil.
Name three farming practices which may lead to soil erosion.
State three factors which should be considered when sitting a
compost heap.
State three advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION – (COMMON BREEDS)
K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS
i) Name the breed of camel that is used for provision of
quicker mode of transport and is & better adapted for
arid conditions.
ii) Give two reasons why this species of camel is well adapted
to North par of Kenya.
i) Give two reasons why jersey breeds is better suited for
marginal areas than Friesians breed.
Name the major characteristics of indigenous cattle breeds.
Give the major features of exotic beef breeds
Name the exotic cattle with
i) Highest butter fat content
ii) Lowest butter fat content
State two characteristics of goats that make them adaptable to
arid areas of Kenya.
Give three ways used to improve & production in indigenous cattle.
AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS – BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS
KCSE PAST PAPERS
List any four types of records a farmer should keep.
State four reasons for keeping health records in livestock production
State the conditions under which the opportunity cost is Zero in a
farming enterprise.
SOIL FERTILITY II – INORGANIC FERTILIZERS
KCSE PAST PAPERS
State four characteristics of Nitrogenous fertilizers (2mks)
Calculate the amount of K2O contained in 400kg of a compound
fertilizer 25:10:5. (2mks)
State four functions of Potassium in plant growth. (2mks)
Give two symptoms of potassium deficiency in crops ( 2mks)
State four ways by which plant nutrients may be lost from the soil (2mks)
a) State three functions of nitrogen in crops (2mks)
b) State two symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in a growing
maize crop (2mks)
State four effects of excessive application of Nitrogenous fertilizers
on crop growth. (2mks)
Give two functions of sulphur in crops (2mks)
Give four deficiency symptoms of phosphorous in crops. (2mks)
List four ways of applying fertilizers in crops (2mks)
a) Differentiate between macro – nutrients and mirco – nutrients
(2mks)
b) State four functions of Calcium in plant growth and
development (2mks)
CROP PRODUCTION II – PLANTING
KCSE PAST PAPERS.
State four benefits of using vegetative propagation in orange
production.(2mks)
(a) Give two advantages of growing cereal crops in rows instead
of broadcasting.(2mks)
(b) Give two reasons for planting crops at correct spacing (2mks)
(c) Give two factors that determine the depth at which seeds should
be planted. (2mks)
State any four factors that determine the spacing of a crop (2mks)
Give two reasons for sowing annual crops early in the planting
season.(2mks)
Why should legume seeds be inoculated before planting (1mks)
State two benefits a farmer would get by having the correct
plant population in the production of annual crops. (2mks)
State four factors that influence spacing when planting a pure stand
maize. (2mk)
Give two factors that would influence the time of planting beans (1mk)
Give four reasons for seed selection in crop production. (2mks)
State six factors that influence the spacing of an annual crop. (2mks)
Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production. (2mks)
(a) Give two harmful effects of high population density in a maize crop growth for grain production (2mks)
(b) Calculate the plant population per hectares of a maize crop planted at a spacing of 100cm x 50cm. Show your working (2mks)
Name two crop production practices carried after planting to achieve optimum plant population. (1mk)
State five qualities of the mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative materials for planting. (2mks)
State four factors that determine the time of planting of a crop. (2mks)
Give four disadvantages of planting seed using broadcasting method.
(2mks)
List four factors that determine (2mks)
Give six reasons for timely planting of annual crops. (3mks)
CROP PRODUCTION-NURSERY PRACTICES
KCSE PAST PAPERS
Give a reason for carrying out each of the following practices in a tomato
nursery. (2mks)
(i) Pricking out (ii) Hardening off.
Give two activities carried out during hardening off tomato seedlings (2mks)
Give two characteristics of a good root stock for grafting. (1mk)
CROP PRODUCTION (IV) – FIELD PRACTICES
KCSE PAST PAPERS
State four reasons for pruning fruit crops (2mks)
Give two reasons for drying grains before storage. (2mks)
(a) Why is training done in some crops. (1mk)
(b) Name two crops, which require training.
State two factors that determine the stage at which a grain crop is ready for
harvesting (1mk)
State four benefits of using organic matter for mulching, sounds (2mks)
State two ways in which inorganic mulch helps to conserve moisture in the
soil (1mk)
(a) What is crop rotation? (1mk)
(b) State three advantages of crop rotation. (1mk)
(c) State three factors considered when designing a crop rotation programme (2mks)
CROP PRODUCTION (V) – VEGETABLES
KCSE PAST PAPERS
(a) Give one cause of blossom end rot in tomatoes
(b) State two methods of controlling blossom end rot in
tomatoes (2mks)
State four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market.
LIVESTOCK HEALTH – INTRODUCTION
KCSE PAST PAPERS
(a) State three advantages of keeping a herd of dairy cattle health.
(3mks)
(a) State two reasons for maintaining livestock in good health. (2mks)
(b) Name two noticeable diseases in cattle. (2mks)
State two ways by which proper feeding contribute to disease control in livestock. (1mk)
Explain measures used to control livestock diseases. (12 marks)
Give four ways in which diseases can spread can spread from one animal to the other within the farm.
LIVE STOCK HEALTH – PARASITES
KCSE PAST PAPERS
(a) Which livestock disease is transmitted by each of the following ticks?
(2mks)
(i) Blue tick (Boophilous decoloratus)
(ii) Brown ear tick (Rhipicephalous appendicula tus)
(b) How many hosts does the red-legged tick (Rhipicephalous averts)
require to complete its life cycle? (1mk)
(a) State four signs of infestation by external parasites in livestock? (2mks)
(a) State four signs of infestation by external parasites in livestock? (2mks)
(b) Name the intermediate host for each of the following internal parasites.
(2mks)
Tape worm (Taenia solium) (ii) Liver fluke (Fasciolahepatica)
Describe the life cycle of a three- host tick. (8mks)
State four non-chemical methods of controlling ticks in cattle. (2mks)
Give four measures that should be taken to control tapeworms on the farm.
(2mks)
LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION (II) – NUTRITION
KCSE PAST PAPERS
What is a production ration as used in animal nutrition? (1mk)
Name two groups into which vitamins are classified. (1 mk)
State 3 factors that influence the amount of water intake by a farm
Animal. (11/2 mks)
4 (a) Differentiate between a roughage and a concentrate feed in animal
nutrition. (2mks)
(b) State three ways in which a production ration may be utilized by
cattle. (3 mks)
Give four characteristics of a livestock roughage feedstuff.
Outline four functions of proteins in the body of an animal. (2mks)
Outline four factors that determine the nutritional requirements in
Cattle (2mks)
Give 4 functions of calcium in dairy cow. (2mks)
State four factors that are considered when formulating a livestock
ration (2 marks)
(a) Explain the term “production ration” as used in livestock
productions. (1mk)
b) State four factor which determine the amount of feed an animal
can consume. (4mks)
State three reasons for feeding livestock. (11/2mks)
LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION (III) – SELECTION AND BREEDING
KCSE PAST PAPERS.
(a) How does crossbreeding improve livestock production.
State six signs that are likely to be observed when a cow is on heat
State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding
in dairy cattle management.
Define the term out crossing in animal breeding.
The diagram below shows the reproductive system of a cow. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
a) i) Name the parts labeled A B and C.
ii) State the function of each of the parts labeled a and b
b) (i) Give two methods of mating in cattle
(ii) How long is the oestrus cycle in cattle?
Explain the term hybrid viqour as used in livestock production.
Describe the factors a farmer should consider when selecting a young
female pig (Guilt) for breeding.
(a) Define the following terms as used in livestock breeding.
(i) Inbreeding
(ii) Out crossing
(b) Outline three disadvantages of artificial insemination in cattle
management
(c) State three desirable characteristics to be considered when selecting a
heifer for milk production.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION (IV) – REARING PRACTICES
KCSE PAST PAPERS
Name two kinds of livestock which can be castrated using a rubber ring.
Give four reasons why bees may swarm from a hive.
Below is a diagram of a sheep with some parts labeled A, B, and C. Study
the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
(i) What operation is usually carried out on the part labeled A during a sheep’s early stages of life?
(ii) Why is it necessary to carryout the operation in (i) above?
(iii) At what stage of sheep should the operation in (i) above be carried out?
(iv) Give two methods of carrying out the operation in (i) above,
(v) Which operation is usually carried out on part labeled B
(vi) What problem would occur if the operation in (V) above is not carried out?
(vii) How should the sheep beheld when shearing wool around part labeled C?
Why should smoke be used during harvesting of honey?
State four reasons for culling breeding sows.
(a) Define the term colostrums.
(c) Explain three qualities that make colostrums suitable for newly
born calves.
(d) Give three methods of feeding colostrums to a newly born calf.
Give six signs a cow would show just before parturition.
State four reasons for castrating male piglets.
Give two qualities of creep feed that makes it suitable for piglets.
State two reasons why it is necessary to place sugar syrup close to a
beehive.
State four routine management practices that should be carried out on a
lactating ewe.
State six management practices in fish rearing.
12 Give five signs, which indicate that a sow is about to furrow.
State four conditions which would make it necessary to feed bees.
State four management practices that should be carried out during the
mating season in sheep.
Name four species of fresh water fish reared in Kenya.
FARM STRUCTURES.
The diagram below represents a calf pen. Study it to answer the questions
that follow.
(i) How high should the floor be above the ground level?
(ii) Why should the floor of the calf pen be raised?
(iii) Why should the parts of the pen marked p be open?
(iv) State three factors that should be considered in sitting a calf pen?
2 State two advantages of using wood in the construction of farm buildings
Describe the construction of a rabbit hutch under the following sub-
headings.
Give two reasons for treating timber to the used in construction of farm
buildings.
State one advantage and one disadvantage of using barbed wire instead of
plain wire for fencing paddocks.
State two functions of ventilation in an animal house.
a) One of the recommended ratio of mixing ingredients for making
Concrete block is 1:3:4, Name ingredients represented by the
numbers 1, 3 and 4 in the mixture.
b) If stronger concrete blocks were to be made, name the ingredient
that would be increased.
c) State three properties of concrete that make it suitable for
constructing farm buildings.
d) In addition to concrete, name three other materials that would be
required to construct the floor of milking shed.
State four features of a good maize granary.
State two reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important.
a) State any four factors that would influence the sitting of a calf pen.
b) State fur factors to consider when selecting materials for
constructing a calf pen.
c) Give four maintenance practices that should be carried out on a
permanent calf pen.
Give two practices, other than use of preservatives, that can be carried
out on wooden fencing posts to make them last long.
State six features of an ideal calf pen.
Outline any four maintenance practices that should be carried out in a deep
litter poultry house.
Give two advantages of concrete blocks over timber as building materials.
a) State the uses of fences in farms.
b) What factors would be considered when sitting a farm structures.
a) State four advantages of a hedge in a farm.
State four advantages of using a Kenya Top Bar Hive over log hive.
Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water tanks.
a) Explain the uses of various hand tools in the construction a Kenya
Top Bar Hive
b) Describe the procedure of erecting wooden posts for fencing.
State three disadvantages of using steel in construction of farm buildings.
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
KCSE PAST PAPERS
Give one way through which check dams control soil erosion.
State two ways by which trees help in soil conservation.
State two reasons for carrying out soil conservation in a farm.
State two ways by which grass cover help to conserve soil.
State two ways by which inorganic mulch help to conserve water in the
Soil.
Define the terms;
a) Forestation
b) Re-a forestation
Outline three factors, which may influence soil erosion.
WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL
KCSE PAST PAPERS
State four reasons why timely weed control is advisable in crop
production.
Give four ways of controlling weeds in a maize field. (2mks)
PP2: Diagram & and H show weeds.
i) Identify the weeds. (2mks)
ii) State the economic importance of the weed shown in diagram G
(2mks)
iii) Why is it difficult to control weed in diagram G? (1mk)
State six disadvantages of weeds in crop production (3mks)
5 (i) State four factors that contribute to the competitive ability of
weeds. (2mks)
The diagram below represents a weed.
i) Identify the weed (1/2 mrks)
ii) Classify the weed according to its life span. (1/2 mark)
iii) State one harmful effect of the weed to livestock. (1mk)
AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (II)- LAND TENURE AND REFORMS
KCSE PAST PAPERS
State four disadvantages of communal land tenure system.
Give two ways in which land consolidation helps to improve farm
management.
State four objectives of land settlement which have been undertaken in
Kenya
Give two forms of collective land tenure system in
CROP PESTS AND DISEASES
KCSE PAST PAPERS
PP2
Below is a diagram of a bird labeled A. Which is a crop pest?
i) Identify the pest
ii) State two ways by which the bird causes loss in crops.
iii) State four methods, which are used to control the pests.
The diagram labeled D below shows a Kale crop invested by a pest
i) Identify the pest.
ii) What damage does the pest cause the crop?
iii) State two methods of controlling the pest
Give two methods of controlling the pest?
State two cultural methods of controlling bollworms in a crop of cotton.
Give two ways of controlling bacteria blight in cotton.
State four factors that affect the effectiveness of a pesticide.
a) State two feeding habits of field insect pests.
b) State two cultural methods of pest control in stored grains.
Explain how various practices carried out in the field help to
control crop diseases.
State three cultural ways of controlling nematodes in a field of bananas.
a) Define the term” Economic Injury Level” of a crop.
b) Give two ways by which pesticides kills crop pests.
c) State four disadvantages of chemical pest control in crop
production.
Give three harmful effects of pests in crop production
State two cultural methods in controlling bollworms in a tomato crop.
Give two possible causes of swelling on the roots of bean plants.
CROP PRODUCTION (VI) FIELD PRACTICES (II)
KCSE PAST PAPERS.
Name two field pests and two diseases of millet.
Why is it advisable to apply a straight nitrogenous fertilizer to a crop of
maize at a height of 30 – 45cm.
Which disease causes a mass of dark spores on the flowering parts of
maize?
State any four non – chemical methods of controlling storages
pests in a maize granary.
List four insect pests of maize in storage.
PP2 The diagram below labeled G, H, J and K shows different
stages of cotton fruit.
i) Rearrange the label G, H, J, and K to show the correct sequence in
which the cotton fruit develops.
ii) What would be the effect of attack by cotton boll worms at
the stage labeled K?
iii) State two conditions that should be observed when harvesting to
ensure that cotton picked is of high quality.
iv) Name the two products which are obtained after processing cotton.
State four practices used to control maize streak in the field.
i) State tow cultural methods of controlling pests in an
established field of sorghum.
ii) List any four insect pests that attack maize in the field.
Give four ways of controlling weeds in a field of maize.
Give four control measures pf maize steak virus.
FORAGE CROPS
KCSE PAST PAPERS.
State two advantages of establishing a mixed grass legume pasture
instead of planting a pure grass pasture.
Give two disadvantages of overstocking in cattle production.
State two roles of additives in silage making.
a) Define the following term, (i) Under sowing (ii) Over sowing
b) State three methods of controlling weeds in a pure grass pasture.
c) Give three benefits of top dressing in the management
of grass pastures.
State four ways by which a farmer can make efficient use of
a pasture crop.
Give four factors that determined the nutrient content of hay.
State four advantages of under sowing in pasture production
Describe field production of Napier elephant grass under the
following sub-headings.
i) Seedbed preparation
ii) Planting
iii) Fertilizer application
iv) Weed control
v) Utilization
(a) List three pasture legumes grown in medium altitude zones.
(b) Give three advantages of rotational grazing.
(c) State three ways by which overheating can be prevented in
the process of making silage.
State two advantages of proper stocking pasture management.
Explain the following terms as used in pasture establishment.
a) Seed Inoculation
b) Over sowing
LIVE STOCK HEALTH (III) – LIVESTOCK DISEASES
KCSE PAST PAPERS.
1. List six routes through which pathogens can enter the body of an animal.
State two methods of controlling rinder pest disease in cattle.
Give four symptoms of Newcastle disease in poultry.
State four predisposing factors to the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cattle.
State any three symptoms of mastitis in dairy cattle.
Name two notifiable diseases in cattle.
State two measures that should be taken to prevent an outbreak
of Newcastle disease in poultry.
PP2: The diagram below shows the head of a chicken having
symptoms of a poultry disease.
i) Identify the disease
ii) Give two reasons why the disease is of economic importance
to the farmer.
iii) State any tow methods of controlling the disease.
State four symptoms of foot rot in sheep.
Name the causal agents for each of the following disease,
i) Coccidiosis
ii) Black quarter
i) State two predisposing factors of foot rot in sheep.
ii) Give three symptoms of anaplasmosis disease.
Explain measures used to control livestock diseases. (12mks)
Give two signs that would indicate that a cow has died of anthrax.
a) Name the causal organism of brucellosis in cows (1mks)
b) Give two symptoms of brucellosis in cows.
c) State four measures that should be taken to control brucellosis
in cattle.
Give three methods of controlling rinderpest in cattle.
Mention four symptoms of East Coast Fever in cattle.
a) State the cause of milk fever in dairy cows. (1mks)
b) Give four symptoms of milk fever in dairy cows.
c) State two methods of controlling milk fever.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION – POULTRY
KCSE PAST PAPERS
Give three methods of controlling cannibalism in a flock of layers
in deep litter system.
List four factors that should be considered when grading eggs
for marketing.
a) Describe the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old
up to the end of brooding.
b) Describe the characteristics of a poor layer, which should be
considered during culling
Outline any four maintenance practices, which should be carried out
in a deep litter poultry house. (2mks)
Give four conditions that reduce the quality of eggs for hatching. (2mks)
Give four measures that can control egg eating by hens in a deep
litter system (2mks)
a) State four observations on the behaviour of chicks which would
indicate that the temperature of a brooder is too high. (4mks)
b) Give four advantages of deep litter system of poultry keeping.
(4mks)
List six qualities of eggs suitable for incubation (3mks)
Describe the steps to be taken in maintaining hygiene in a
deep litter poultry house. (5mks)
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION (VI) – CATTLE
KCSE PAST PAPERS.
(a) The diagram below is a cross section of part of a cows adder
Label on the diagram the parts marked k, I, m and n. (2mks)
(b) i) What is milk let down? (1mk)
ii) Which hormone stimulates milk let down. (1mk)
(c) State three practices which are carried out to control mastitis
in lactating cows.
Describe the management of a dairy heifer calf from birth until
it is mature for first service. (20mks)
a) Name any two characteristics of good quality whole milk. (1mk)
b) State three advantages of artificial calf rearing. (3mks)
State four qualities of clean milk. (2mks)
a) Define the term colostrums (1mk)
b) Explain three qualities that make colostrums suitable for newly
born calves. (3mks)
c) Give two methods if feeding colostrums to a newly born calf.
(1mk)
State any six practices that would ensure clean milk production (3mks)
State six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya. (3mks)
Describe the management of a dairy calf using artificial rearing method
from birth to weaning (20mks)
FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
KCSE PAST PAPERS
(a) States four advantages of farm mechanization (2mks)
(b) Give the functions of each of the following parts of a mould board
plough. (4mks)
(i) Mould board (ii) Share
(iii) Frog (iv) Landslide.
(c) Give two daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on
a mould board plough. (2mks)
The diagram below is a tractor drawn implant hitched at the rear of the
tractor.
(i) Identify the implement (1mk)
(ii) What is the method of power transmission for operating the
implement? (1mk)
(iii) State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on the
implement. (3mks)
a) Compare the use of an ox-drawn mould board plough with that of a
tractor-drawn mould board plough. (9mks)
b) Describe the maintenance practices that should be carried out on an
ox-drawn mould board plough (6mks)
c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tractor hire
service farming instead of owning and using your own tractors.
(5mks)
a) State two reasons of applying oil and grease on a rotary mower.
(2mks)
b) State four maintenance practices required on a rotary mower
besides oiling and greasing. (2mks)
c) State four factors that a farmer should consider before buying a
tractor for use as the source of power on the farm. (2mks)
a) Give two uses of ox –drawn harrow (2mks)
b) Give two maintenance practices of a ox-drawn tine harrow. (2mks)
c) State two advantages of an ox- drawn harrow over tractor-drawn
harrow. (2mks)
Out line four maintenance practices of a disc harrow. (2mks)
a) State one method of increasing ploughing depth when using a disc
plough. (1mk)
b) State two reasons for maintaining a disc plough, (2mks)
c) State three advantages of farm mechanization. (3mks)
a) State two functions of a coulter in a mould board plough. (2mks)
b) Give three maintenance practices carried out on an 0x-drawn
trailer. (3mks)
a) State two problems associated with tractor hire service that farmers
encounter. (1mk)
b) List four implements used to carry out secondary cultivation.
(2mks)
a) State one condition under which a farmer would prefer to use an
ox-cart instead of a tractor-drawn trailer.
b) Give three maintenance practices carried out on an ox-plough.
(3mks)
AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC III- PRODUCTION ECONOMICS
1 (a) State four ways of improving the labour productivity of farm
labour. (2mks)
(b) What is increasing returns in a production? (1mk)
(c) What are three classifications of farm credits according to the
repayment periods? (I ½ mks)
a) Define the term opportunity cost as used in economics. (1mk)
b) What is working capital in a farming situation (1mk)
c) Define the term utility of a commodity as used in agriculture
economics. (1mk)
(a) State any two sources of capital for farming
(b) Explain the advantages of budgeting in farm business. (5mks)
a) Explain the difference between fixed costs and variable costs in
farming.
b) Give four variable costs in the production of coffee in an
established field of coffee. (2mks)
c) Give 3 advantages of planning in a farm business. (3mks)
Give two uses of gross margin analysis in farm business.
a) Below is a graphical representation of The law of
admonishing returns.
a) Explain what happens in each of the Zones marked I, II and III in
relation to output. (3mks)
b) Which of the three is a rational zone of production? (1mks)
c) State any three precautions a potatoes farmer would take to minimize risks in the production of potatoes. (2mks)
a) State three ways of improving labour productivity in a farm.
b) Give two changes that would indicate improvement of labour
efficiency in farm. (2mks)
c) State two ways of determining the rate of payment of casual
labour in a farm. (3mks)
a) State four factors that influence the supply of casual labour
in a farm. (2mks)
b) State six ways by which a farmer can risk and uncertainties.
c) State six reasons why agriculture is important in Kenya
economy. (3mks)
State 2 reasons for choosing the right enterprise combination in
farming business. (1mks)
10 a) Give four examples of joint products in livestock production.
b) List four variable inputs in poultry production.
c) A farmer can combine dairy meal and home made in
Dairy meal (kg)
Home made feed (kg)
Marginal rate of substitution
1
48
O
2
39
V
3
32
7
4
27
W
5
23
4
6
21
X
7
20
1
8
19
y
i) Given the above information, calculate the marginal rate of substitution and give values of V, W, X and X (4mks)
ii) Given that the pride of dairy meal is Ksh. 8.00 per kilogram and that of homemade feeds in Ksh. 2.00 per kilogram, calculate the least cost combination. (1mks)
a) Name three – product relationship in agriculture economics.
b) Explain the following terms as used in agriculture economics.
i) Production function
ii) Equi–marginal returns.
Name five sources of agriculture credit in Kenya (1 ½ mks)
Give two examples in each case of the following costs incurred in the
production of milk.
a) Variable costs (1mk)
b) Fixed costs (1mks)
a) Differentiate between partial budget and complete budget. (2mks)
b) Explain how factors may adjust uncertain rules in farming
business (2mks)
The cost of fertilizer is Kshs. 1500 per unit and the price of maize in
Ksh. 1200 per bag.
i) At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop
applying any more fertilizer to the maize.
ii) Give two reasons for your answer in b (i) above.
Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production.
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
(FARM ACCOUNTS)
a) List four types of financial books farmers should
keep. (2mks)
b) State two uses of a balance sheet. (2 mks)
Study the following information which was extracted from
Mr. Rambo’s farm record on 31 -12 – 95 and answer the
question below.
Kshs.
Loans payable to bank
300,000
Five milking cows
250,000
400 layers
80,000
20 goats
30,000
Debts payable to cooperative
20,000
Buildings and structures
600,000
Bonus payable to workers
19,000
Cattle feed in store
10,000
Animal drugs in store
4,000
Debts receivable
18,000
Breakages to repair
30,000
I cash at hand
20,000
I Cash in bank
30,000
Spray equipment
12,000
Prepare a balance sheet for Rambo’s farm using the information above 7 mks
a) Explain the following terms as used in farm account.
i) Cash account
ii) Ledger
iii) Balance sheet
iv) Purchase order.
Name two types of inventories used in farm accounts. (2mks)
On 5 – 1- 2001 Tamu farm purchased on credit the following items
from a K. F. A shop.
20 bags of dairy meal, 70kg each @ sh. 1,100 per bag.
16 bags of bran, 70kg each @ sh. 700 per bag.
18 bags of D.S.P fertilizer, 50kg each @ sh. 1,500 per bag.
45 bags of seed maize, each 2kg @ Ksh. 300 per bag.
8 shearing knives (medium size) @ sh. 300 per knife.
i) Prepare the purchase order that Tamu farm made to K.F.A. (6mks)
ii) Calculate the value of each item purchased and the total value of the order. (3mks)
The following accounts information is from Mrs. Mbuta’s farm
for the year ended 31 – 12 – 2003.
Opening valuation Ksh. 6,0007/=
Paid wages Ksh. 5000/=
Bought equipment worth Ksh. 8,000/=
Bought pig feeds worth Ksh. 4,000/=
Sold mature pigs worth Ksh. 7,000/=
Bought drugs worth Ksh. 3,200/=
Sold maize worth Ksh. 3,000/=
Closing valuation Ksh. 4,000/=
i) Using the information above, prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Mbuta’s farm.
ii) From the calculations in (i) above, state whether Mrs. Mbuta made a profit or a loss. (1mk)
a) What is opening valuation as used in farm account? (1mks)
b) State the use of each of the following financial documents (3mks)
i) Cash receipt
ii) Purchase order.
Mi) Delivery note.
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
(AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND ORGANIZATION)
a) What is the minimum number of people required to form
a co-operative society? (1mks)
b) State four factors that may influence the supply of a commodity
in a market? (4mks)
c) State four problems that farmers are likely to face when
marketing their produce. (4mks)
d) Name two marketing organizations for coffee in Kenya. (1mk)
a) Differentiate between market and marketing? (2mks)
b) What is an imperfect market? (1mk)
c) How will the price of mangoes in the short run be affected if
the quantity of mangoes supplied in a market is increased
d) State any four problems a dairy farmer is likely to
face in marketing milk. (2mks)
a) State the law of demand. (1mk)
b) State four factors that determine the demand of a commodity
in a free market economy. (4mks)
c) What is elasticity of demand for a commodity? (1mk)
d) Explain the functions of agricultural marketing boards. (15 mks)
a) Give four benefits a farmer would derive from being a member
of a dairy co-operative society. (2mks)
a) Explain the problems farmers face in marketing of
agricultural produce. (9mks)
b) Describe the various agencies and institutions involved
in marketing of a agricultural produce. (5mks)
a) State six factors that influence demand for a commodity
in a market. (3mks)
a) Given that at a price of Ksh. 100 per bag, 20 bags of maize are
demanded, but when the price changes to Ksh.800 per bag, 22 bags of are demanded. Calculate the elasticity of demand. Show your working. (3mks)
a) Describe the functions of agricultural marketing (10mks)
b) Explain the role of agricultural co-operatives in Kenya. (10mks)
a) State six problems experienced by farmers in marketing
agricultural produce. (3mks)
MARKING SCHEMES
TOPICAL
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE.
This is a system of farming in which one crop is grown in large scale.
Characteristics of shifting cultivation.
When fertility of the soil goes down crops are not grown again until fertility is restored.
Plenty of land is available to the farming community
Practicable with annual crops not with the perennials.
Agricultural output from the whole system is low / subsistence production.
Input such as pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers are rarely used / build up of pests and diseases is avoided by periodic movements to the new lands.
Use of simple hand tools.
It is a source of food for the population.
Earns foreign exchange for the country
Provides market industrial goods.
Farmers earn a lot of income
Provides employment both directly and indirectly.
Providing market for industrial goods.
Providing raw materials that are used in industries.
Limitations of pastoral farming
Drought and aridity Diseases and parasites.
Diseases and parasites
Attack by wild animal
Soil erosion due to over stocking
Poor pastures species
Inadequate land/over population.
Low production
Uncontrolled mating
Difficult to control parasites and diseases
Leads to overgrazing hence soil erosion.
FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE.
Temperature/altitude
Prevailing winds
Soil types
Rainfall
Cause physical damage / breakages to crops (accept any physical damage)
Causes water stress / increases rate of transpiration in crops.
Spread crop pests, diseases and weeds.
Can cause stress to crops due to chilling caused by cold air.
Cause soil erosion leading to loss of soil fertility.
Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake.
Rainfall intensity
Rainfall reliability
Rainfall distribution
Rainfall amount
Poor soil fertility due to lack of manure and fertilizer application.
Less rainfall/unreliable rainfall/too much rainfall.
Poor soil type leading to water logging or excess leaching.
Inappropriate pH/poor soil pH.
Pest attack
Poor weed control leading to competition.
Too high or low temperature / inappropriate temperature.
Excess wind that increase evapotranspiration/lodging of crop/floral abortion.
Inappropriate humidity, either too high or too low.
Extreme light intensity that may reduce photosynthesis / exhaustion of nutrients.
Inappropriate topography that may limit crop growth.
Hailstorm damage.
Decompose organic matter.
Help to aerate the soil
Atmospheric Nitrogen to nitrates.
Upon death and decay release plant nutrients.
Ploughing at the same depth season after season
Use of heavy machinery on wet soil.
a)
Physical weathering
Biological weathering
Chemical weathering
b)
Soil texture is the relative proportion of the different sized particles in the soil;
Soil structure is the genera appearance of the soil in relation to the arrangement of the individual soil particles.
c)
Allows proper infiltration/drainage of water
Has good aeration.
It is not easily eroded.
a)
Light intensity.
Light wavelength
Light duration / photosynthesis
b)
i) Capillarity in the three different soil samples.
ii) G – Sandy soil
H – Loam soil
J – Clay soil
iii) G – Rough and coarse texture
J – Fine textured
iv) Addition of organic manure – Addition of lime
a) Why soil is important to crops.
Supports plant life anchorage.
Provides nutrients and water
Contains organic matter, food for micro – organism
b) Benefits of optimum soil temperature.
Increase the rate of bio chemical reactions hence breakdown of materials to form organic matter i.e. for every 10oC rate doubles.
Activates soil micro – organism especially the useful bacteria for nitrogen fixation,
Ensures maximum activities for bio chemical enzymatic reactions that bring about growth e.g. germination process.
c) Factors of soil which influence soil productivity.
Good supply of plant nutrients and oxygen.
Good depth
Good drainage
Abundance of useful soil and organism
Adequate water retention.
Freedom from plant pests and disease causing agents.
Provide anchorage to crop roots
Provide nutrients to crops
Provide water to crops
Hold air/oxygen for crop growth.
a)
Good aeration is necessary for root respiration.
Suitable for microbial activity
Easy to work on.
Raises soil temperature
Removes toxic substances e.g. sodium, iron and magnesium salts.
Ability of a soil to produce and sustain high crop yields continuously by providing adequate moisture, nutrients, oxygen, space and freedom from pests and diseases damage.
(b)
Adequate depth
Enough aeration
Adequate moisture
Sufficient nutrients
Freedom from pests and diseases
(a)
(i)
Foundation materials e.g. maize stalks accept material that occur in abundance
Kitchen refuse, leaves
Farm yard manure/ any well rotten manure
Ash/ pottesic fertilizer
Top soil
Leaves cover/ trash
(ii) Importance
Provide source of micro- organism
Enrich the manure with K and P.3
Provide food for micro- organism that bring about decay
(b) (i) Sharp pointed stick checks the temperature of the manure during its formation to avoid over heating
(ii) Prevent entry of too much water causing water logging, poor decomposition and leaching of nutrients.
(a)
(i) A- Pit method
B- Heap system
(ii)
Drainage/ free draining soils on site
Type of soil
Topography/ slope should be gentle
A crop is grown and then ploughed and incorporated into the soil while it is still green
Reduce toxicity of plant poisons upon decomposition
Reduce soil erosion
On decomposition it improves soil structure
Modify the soil temperature
Add nutrients on decomposition
Improves water infiltration
Increases microbial activity
Control weeds
Reduces evaporation of water
Buffer soil pH upon decomposition
Reduce run – off thus increase soil moisture
Reduce evaporation thus maintaining high moisture in the soil
(a) Growing of different types of crops on the same piece of land following
orderly sequence.
(b)
Ensure maximum utilization of nutrients
Control soil – borne pests and diseases
Control weed
Add nitrates into the soil
Control soil erosion
Improve soil structure
(c)
Deep rooted crops alternate with shallow rooted ones
Crop easily weeded are alternated with those difficult to weed
Crops of the same family should not succeed each other
Heavy feeders should come first in the cycle
Include a legume crop
CROP PRODUCTION V- VEGETABLES
(a)
Irregular watering of the crop/ water stress
Excess application of Nitrogen in early stages
Deficiency of element calcium in young fruits
(a)
Regular watering
Addition of calcium into the soil
Mulching
(b)
Regular watering
Addition of calcium into the soil
Mulching
Avoid excess Nitrogen in the soil
(c)
Size of fruits
Degree of ripeness
Damage of tomatoes
Shape of fruits
LIVESTOCK HEALTH – INTRODUCTION
(a)
They have a longer productive life
Produce high quality produce
They are less expensive to keep
They are high yielding
Do not spread diseases others/ man
They breed regularly
2 (b)
Foot and mouth diseases
Anthrax
Rinder pest
Lumpy skirt disease
Rabigs
Prevent deficiency disease
Improves animals and ability to resist diseases
General farm hygiene/ cleanliness of houses. Feed/ water trough – W proper carcass
Disposal; to destroy pathogens
Isolation; prevents spread of the diseases
Drenching; to control internal parasites
Treat sick animals; prevent spread of the diseases
Vaccination; develop resistance against diseases.
Control vectors, prevent transmission of diseases
Prophylaxis; avoids infection
Slaughtering en- mass; prevent spread of diseases
Proper breeding; control breeding diseases
Quarantine; avoid spread of the diseases
Hoof trimming; minimize occurrence of foot rot
Proper housing; avoid predisposing causes of diseases
Through vectors/ external parasites
Ingesting contaminated feed, water, milk
Inhaling contaminated air
Through surgical and instrument e.g. scalpels, needles, docking knife etc
Mating
Suckling young ones
LIVESTOCK HEALTH – PARASITES
(a) (i)
Red water ( Babesiasis)
Gall sickness ( Anaplasmosis)
(ii)
East Coast Fever (ECF) Theileriosis
Red water ( Babesiasis)
Nairobi sheep disease
Texas fever
(b) Two hosts
(a)
Anaemia
Irritation/ scratching
Loss of hair
Wounds on skin
Presence of parasites on the body
(b)
Regular drenching
Rotational grazing
Drain swampy areas
Use of latrines by farm workers
Use appropriate chemicals on swampy areas/ sue CuSO4 solution
Burn heavily infested pastures
Plough infested pastures
Peripheral fencing
Use of ducks on snail
(c)
(i) Pig
(ii) Fresh water snail
Larvae climbs on host
Larva feed on 1st host
Larva drop on the ground and moults into a nymph
Nymph climbs – onto 2nd host
Nymph feeds on 2nd host
Nymph drops on the ground and moult into an adult
Adult climb on 3rd host
Adults feeds and mate on 3rd host
Mated, engorged female drops and lay eggs on the ground
Egg hatches into larvae
Burning infested pastures
Hand picking and killing of ticks
Rotational grazing
Double fencing of pastures
Zero grazing
Ploughing infested pastures
Proper meat inspection
Proper disposal of infested carcass
Routine deworming of livestock/ human beings pets
Rotational grazing
Proper use of latrines
Proper cooking of meat
Burning/ ploughing infested pastures
LIVESTOCK HEALTH – NUTRITION
Production ration is the feed given to an animal over and above maintenance level in order to produce a given product
Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins
Size of the animal
Level of production
Type of feed eaten
Ambient temperature
Physiological status of the animal
Species of the animal
(a) Roughage is a feed with high fibre content and low energy content; while concentrates is a feed with high protein/ energy content and low fibre content
(b)
Synthesis/ formation of various products e.g. milk, meat
Foetal development
For work. Provide draft energy
Growth
Bulky
Low digestibility
Low in energy/ protein content
Highly fibrous
Plant origin
Raw materials for synthesis of livestock products e.g milk, eggs
Growth of cells
Production of energy
Formation of enzymes. Hormones and antibodies
Repair of worn out tissues
Body weight/ size
Age of the animal
Work done
Level of production
Physiological condition e.g. pregnancy
Weather conditions ambient temperature
A component of milk
Formation of the skeleton / teeth
Blood clotting
Nerve functioning/ control milk fever
Nutrient requirement of the animal
Age of the animal
Type of animal whether ruminant or non- ruminant
Availability of feedstuffs
Cost of the food stuffs
(a)
Production ration is the feed given to an animal over and above maintenance level in order to produces a given product
(b)
Body weight/ size
Age of the animal
Work done
Level of induction
Physiological condition e.g. pregnancy
Weather conditions/ ambient temperature
Provide energy/ maintenance of body temperature
For growth and repair of body tissues
For maintenance of good health
Production of various products
Enhance reproduction
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION (III)–SELECTION & BREEDING
By concentrating genes from the parents to the offspring’s
Reddening and swelling of the vulva
Clear mucus discharge from the vulva
Frequent bellowing
Cow mount others
Cow stands still when mounted by others
Cow becomes restless
Slight rise in body temperature
Slight drop in milk in lactating cows
Loss of appetite urinating frequently
It is uneconomical to keep a bull
May lead to uncontrolled mating
High risk of transmission of breeding diseases
Only a small number of cows can be served
Mating of two unrelated animals of the same breed
(a)
(i) A- Oviduct/ fallopian tube
B- Ovary
C- Uterus
D – Vagina
(ii) A – passage of Ova from the ovary to the uterus
-Site of fertilization
B – Production of ova
Production of female sex hormones
(b)
(i) Artificial insemination
(ii) Natural method
(c) 19 – 23 days/ 3 weeks
Increased ability and performance of the offsprings above the average of the parents
Should be of age/ mature S – 7 months old/ 90 – 100kg live weight
Good mothering ability
Able to grow fast
Good conformation
With no physical defects
Healthy
Has 12- 14 teats
Highly prolific
Able to withstand heat stress during mating
(i) Mating closely related animals e.g brother and sister
(ii) Mating unrelated animals but within the same
(b)
(i) Harmful traits/ diseases can spread fast
(ii) Requires trained personal/ skills
(iii) Laborious
(iv) Low chance of conception due to poor timing/ death of sperms,
(c)
Good body conformation/ wedge shaped
Docile/ mild temperament
Her ancestors should have a record of high milk production
Free from physical deformities
Good health
Good size/ weight for the breed
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION (IV) – REARING PRACTICES
He goats
Male calves
Rams
Bad smell
Overheating
Lack of food/ water
Sick/ infertile queen
Attack by predators/ destruction of brood
Too much noise
J (i) Docking/ Tailing
(ii)
To facilitate mating/ to ease mating
To control blow fly attack
To ensure uniform distribution of fat
(iii) 1-2 weeks after birth
(iv)
Use of elastrators and rubber ring
Use of sharp knife
Use of a docking iron
(v) Hoof trimming
(vi) The animal would become lame
Foot rot may develop
(vii) In a sitting position facing away from the person shearing
To make the bees less aggressive
Old age
Low fertility
Difficult in furrowing
Less milk production
Passing undesirable characteristics to its young ones
Poor hearth
Poor mothering ability
(a) Thick yellow secreted by the mammary glands within the first week after
giving birth
(b)
Has a laxative value that helps to cleanse the bowels
Rich in antibiotics that confers artificial immunity
Highly nutritious is necessary for fast growth) of the calf
It is highly digestible, hence appropriate for the underdeveloped calf’s digestive system
(c)
Bucket feeding/ Artificial feeding
Natural method/ calf sucks the dam
Restlessness
Loss of appetite
Swelling of vulva
Udder enlarges
Mucus discharge from the vulva
Presence of colostrums in the teats
Relaxation of ligaments on either side of the pelvic bones
Cow isolate herself
To make them docile
To improve growth rate
Control breeding diseases
To prevent inbreeding
To control breeding
To improve meat quality
Highly palatable
Has high digestibility
Rich in nutrients
Prevent the bees from absconding
To avail food during time of seed scarcity
To attract bees into a new hive
To encourage multiplication of bees
To ease access of feed
Proper feeding
Control internal parasites
Control external parasites
Vaccination
Zugging/burlying
Hoof trimming
Provision of adequate clean water
Treat in case of infection
Routine feeding
Application of manure/ fertilizer
Cropping
Maintenance of water flow/ changing the water regularly
Control of predators
Restless
Loss of appetite
Udder/ teats enlarge
Present of milk in the teats 24hrs before farrowing
Vulva enlarges
Muscle on either side of the tail/ pelvic bones slackens
Sow prepares a nest
During drought/ when there are no flowers
Incase of a new colony
When the colony is small/ to encourage fast multiplication
Deworming
Flushing
Crutching/ ringing/ cutting wool around reproductive organs
Riddling
Wigging/ cutting wool around the face
Catfish
Tilapia
Trout
Carps
Bass
Tench
Blue gill
Nile perch
FARM STRUCTURES
(i) 0.5m/50cm
(ii) To prevent dampness
(iii) To allow proper lighting
(iv)
Nearness to the milking shed
Well drained area/topography.
Soil type
Security
Wind direction
It is cheap
It is attractive
It is easily available
Easy to work with
Siting
Should be near the homestead for security
Should be in an accessibility place
Sheltered from strong wind
A well drained area
On the leeward side of the farm house
Where there is large space for possible expansion in future
Selection of building materials
Use easily available materials
Choose durable materials
Consider the cost of the material
Consider the skills needed to work with the materials
Materials to choose from; iron sheets, wire mesh off cuts, timber, concrete
Requirement of the hutch
Should be leak proof
Should be well ventilate
Should be free from draught
Should be easy to clean
Should have raised floor
Floor should allow free drainage
To prevent warping/ bending / twisting
To prevent rotting/ damage by fungi
To prevent it from pest attack
To enable timber to achieve it maximum strength
4.
Advantage: It’s more effective in preventing animals from forcing their way through the fence
Disadvantage: It’s more expensive than plain wire
The bars may cause injury to the animal/ destroy wool.
Allows air circulation in the house
Controls temperature in the house
Prevent humid condition inside the house
1 cement, 3 and, 4 ballast/ gravel
(b) 1/ cement
(c)
It is durable
It is fire proof
It is easy to clean
Can be moulded into various shapes
Should be raised from the ground
Should be leak proof
Should be easy to clean
Should be well ventilated
Should be rat proof/ vermin proof
Should be easy to toad/ offload
Strong enough, spacious
Reduces incident of accident when using them
Ensure efficient usage of the structure
To increase its durability
To give high re- sale value of the structure
Topography/ drainage
Accessibility of the pen
Wind direction
Direction of the sun
Security of the calf
Location of existing, structure/ amenities
Space for future expansion
(b)
Strength/ durability of the material
Cost of the material
Availability of the material
Availability of capital
Workability/ skills required in using the material
Type of pens ( permanent/ temporary)
Climate of the area
Safety of the calf
(c)
Repair/ replace worn out/ broken parts
Clean the pen regularly
Ensure drainage system is working
White wash the walls
Partial burning/ charring of the posts
Cut the top in a sloping manner
Cover the top with a plastic/ metal sheet
Reinforce with concrete
Well ventilated
Easy to clean
Leak proof
Well drained floor
Draught free
Spacious
Well lit
Repair/ replace broken parts
Regular cleaning to remove dirt
Dust/fumigate/ spray to control parasites and diseases
Painful udder/ teat/ animal kicks when teats are touched
Swollen/ inflamed udder
Clots/ thick milk
Watery milk
Blocked teat canals
Drop in milk production
Foyer
Anthrax
Rinderpest
Foot and mouth
Lumpy skin disease
Routine vaccination
Isolate infected birds/ kill all infected birds
Disinfect the poultry house before introducing a new stock
Obtain chicks from reliable sources
Imposition of quarantine
(i) Fowl pox
May lead to death of the birds
Farmer incur extra expenses in its control
(ii)
Kill and dispose off all infected birds
Routine vaccination
Control biting parasites
Treat wounds
Wounds in infected hooves
Foul smell from infected hooves
Spend most of the time lying if both hind legs are infected
Grazes when kneeling it fore legs are infected
Loss of appetite
Lameness/ limping
Swelling of infected hooves
Emaciation
(i) Protozoa/ coccidiax/ Eimeria species
(ii) Bacterium/ clostridium spp/ clostridium chauvei
(i)
Long hooves
Damp environment/ poor hygiene
Injury on hooves
(ii)
Anaemia
Fever
Constipation
Lack of appetite/ anorexia
Inability to move
Reduced milk production
Animal becomes aggressive
General farm hygiene to kill the pathogens
Isolate sick animals to prevent spread of the disease
Deworm the animals to control endo–parasite
Treat the sick animals to prevent spread of the disease
Vaccinate the animals to develop resistance against disease attack
Control vectors to prevent spread of the disease
Routine administration of drugs/ prophylaxis to prevent infection
Proper feeding to prevent deficiency / nutritional diseases
Mass slaughter of infected animals to prevent spread of diseases
Proper selection and breeding to control breeding and inheritable diseases
Proper housing to avoid predisposing animal to diseases
Foot trimming to minimize occurrence of foot rot disease
Imposition of quarantine to prevent spread of diseases
Lack of stiffness of the carcass/ lack of rigor mortis
Production of tar- like watery blood from all body openings
Extensive bloating
(a) Bacterium/ Brucella abortus
(b)
Spontaneous abortion/ premature birth
Retention of after birth abortion
Bareness
Yellowish brown slimy odourless discharge from the vulva
(c)
Use artificial insemination
Cull infected animals
Vaccinate all young animal
Avoid direct contact with aborted foetus/ after birth
Observe hygiene/ proper disposal of aborted foetus
Routine vaccination
Improve quarantine
Kill and dispose off infected animals
Isolate sick animals
Disinfect the animal house
Swollen lymph nodes
High fever
Profuse salivation
Lachrymation/ production of tear
Difficulty in breathing
Bleeding in the vulva and mouth
Coughing
(a) Deficiency of calcium in the wood of the cow
Muscular twitching
Staggering as the animal moves
Animal become unconscious
Loss of appetite
Cessation of body functions
Dullness
Animal lies with the neck twisted for the head to lie on the shoulder
(c)
Feed animal with diet rich in calcium
Partial milking
Intravenous injection with calcium salts/ calcium borogluconate
POULTRY PRODUCTION
Debeaking
Making laying boxes/ nests dark
Feeding on balanced diet
Hanging green vegetation to keep birds busy scatter grains on the floor
Isolating and treating cannibalized birds
Control external parasites
Keeping birds according to age/ avoid introducing new birds
Provide adequate space
Size/ weight/ volume of egg
Colour
Cleanliness
Shell quality e.g. broken, rough
Shape of the egg
(a)
Ensure brooder corners are rounded
Provide enough brooding space accordingly. Clean and disinfect the brooder house/ equipment.
Provide wood shavings/ proper litter on the floor
Maintain appropriate temperature range according to the age of the chicks
Temperature during the 1st one week should be 32 – 350 c, then reduce accordingly
Spread sheets of papers and sprinkle chick mash on them
Provide fire guard around the heat source
Maintain proper ventilation by adjusting the openings
Provide fresh, adequate and qualify feed/ chick mash
Provide brooder with reliable and appropriate lighting/ dim light
Provide adequate and appropriate waters/ feeders according to age/ number of chicks
Remove dead chicks from the brooder
Control parasites by applying appropriate pesticides
Control diseases appropriately
Isolate and treat sick chicks immediately
Keep proper records
Gradually change the feed in the last one week in the brooder
Debeak 8 – 10 days towards the end of brooding
Provide adequate clean water all the time
(b)
Combs and wattles are small, dry and cold/ combs have white scales
The space between the pelvic bones is narrow 2-3 fingers cannot fit in the space between the pelvic bones
Plumage is shiny, well preened/ sometimes moulting
Yellowish pigmentation in the vent, shanks and beak
Space between the keel bone and pelvic bone is small / 3-4 fingers cannot fit in the space
Eyes are dull and yellow
Abdomen is hard
The layer is lazy and dull
Hen becomes broody
Repair/ replace broken parts of the house
Maintain a footbath at the door of the deep litter
Clean and remove any dirt/ cob webs
Fumigate against pests and diseases/ spraying/ dusting
Paint some parts of the house/ apply old
Dirt
Abnormal size/ undersize/ oversize
Irregular/ broken/ soft shell
Internal abnormalities e.g. double yolk, meat spots, poor candling qualities
Poor storage/ long storage beyond 5 days
Ensure laying nets are dimly lit
Provide adequate laying nests
Debeak perpetual egg eaters
Collect eggs regularly and frequently
Ensure birds get a balanced diet
Keep birds busy by hanging green vegetation in the house/ scatter grains on the liner.
(a)
Chicks move away from heat source
Parting/ opening beaks
Opening the wings/ spreading wings
Making abnormal noise
Drinking water excessively
Chicks may lie flat on their bellies
(b)
Requires less space/ high stocking rate
Less toss of eggs
Easier collection of manure/ easier accumulation of manure
Easier protection of birds from vermin’s/ parasites/ diseases
Less labour requirement/ easier to collect eggs/ easy handling
Cheaper to set up than battery cage/ low initial cost
Should be fertilized
Should be medium in size
Should be oval in shape
Should not be cracked
Should de dean
Should be free from abnormalities/ blood spots/ meat spots/ double yolk
Should be 5 – 10 days old
Should have smooth shell
Regularly wash and disinfect the feeders/ waterers/ perches
Replace old wet litter/ turn litter regularly
Control visitors into poultry house/ use of footbath before entering the house
Avoid pouring water on the litter/ avoid dampness
Isolate sick birds
Treat sick birds
Dispose of dead birds immediately
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION (vi)
(a)
K- Alveolus
L- Gland cistern
M – Teat cistern
N – Teat
(b)
(i) Milk let down is the flow of milk from the upper/ alveolar region of the udder to the gland and teat cisterns
(ii) Oxytocin
(c)
Practice farm hygiene/ milk infested cows last/ use a separate udder towel for each cow/ use disposable udder towel
Immediate treatment of infected cows to avoid spread of the diseases/ treat any wounds on the teat/ udder
Practice teat dips after milking
Applying milk salve/ jelly to prevent drying and cracking of teats
Practice good milking techniques
Ensure calf is breathing/ administer artificial respiration.
Clean mucus from the calf/ ensure cow licks the calf dry
Cut and disinfect the umbilical cord
Ensure calf sucks colostrums from the mother within the first 8 hours
Feed the calf on colostrums for the first 4 days
Keep records on the performance of the calf, introduce whole milk or milk replacer after the 4th day.
Feed the calf with warm milk at regular intervals
Feed the calf 2-3 times per day for the first 1 – 4 weeks
Feed the correct amount of milk up to weaning
Observe strict hygiene in calf
Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions by providing proper housing
Provide adequate clean water from the 3rd week
Introduce palatable dry fed e.g. concentrates and good quality grass/ mineral salts from the 3rd week
Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months old
Spray / dip calf against external parasites
Drench deworm calf against internal parasites
Vaccinate the calf against prevalent diseases
Release the calf from the pen occasionally for exercises
Wean calf at 8 weeks/ 16 weeks
Deworm the calf using appropriate methods
Graze calf on good quality pastures ahead of adult cows
Separate heifer calves at puberty to avoid in breeding
Weigh the calf regularly
Treat sick calves
Put appropriate identification
Defeat if necessary
Change in feed be done gradually
Serve at the right age/ weight/ 15 – 20 months/ 250- 280 kg
(a)
Should be clean/ free from physical contamination
Has the right consistency/ no water added/ true to the breed
No strange odours/ no foul smell
Free from diseases causing organisms
White in colour/ normal colour/ not tainted
Normal taste/ flavour
(b)
The calf can be reared artificially even if a mother dies during birth
Many calves can be reared at a time
The calf can be given correct amount of milk
It is possible to keep clear records on milk
Yield
Free from diseases causing organisms
Free from dirt/ foreign materials
Appropriate smell and flavour
Chemical composition within the expected standards
(a) The milk secreted by the mammary glands within the first week of lactation/ thick yellow milk secreted by the mammary glands within the first week after parturition.
(b)
Has a laxative and helps to remove the faecal meconium/ first faecal matter/ opens up the alimentary canal/ cleanse the digestive system/ prevent constipation
It is rich in antibiotics that offers temporary immunity against diseases
It is rich digestible proteins/ fats/ minerals/ vitamin/ highly nutritious
It is highly digestible
(c) Bucket feeding/ bottle feeding/ artificial method. Dam suckling the calf/ calf sucks the dam/ natural method
The milk person should be clean
Test for mastitis before milking
Milk person should be healthy
Ensure utensils/ equipment are clean
Ensure milking parlour is clean
Ensure milking heard is free from zoonotic disease e.g. TB
Cows with mastitis should be milked last
Clean the udder
Sieve the milk
Cover the milk
Avoid feeds/ weeds that would taint the milk just before milking
Proper storage of milk/ cool, dry place.
Clean mucus from calf soon after birth/ ensure cow licks dry
Ensure calf is breathing / administer artificial respiration
Cut and disinfect the umbilical cord. Ensure calf sucks the mother to get colostrums, within the first 8 hours
Feed the calf on colostrums for the first 4 days. Introduce whole milk/ milk replacer after 4 days
Feed the calf with milk at body temperature
Weigh the calf regularly
Provide adequate clean water
Introduce palatable solid feed e.g. concentrates, good quality grass from 3rd week
Put appropriate identification marks
Treat calf if sick
Castrate male calf
Provide proper housing for calf
Keep calf individually up to the weaning time
Control external parasite with appropriate method/ spray/ dip
Drench/ deworm to control internal parasites
Observe hygiene
Remove extra teats
Dehorn/ disband using appropriate method
Release calf occasionally for exercises
Keep records on calf performance
Wean calf at 8 weeks/ 16 weeks
Reduce amount of milk gradually towards weaning
Train calf to take milk from a bucket.
FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
(a)
It makes farm operations timely/ faster
Economizes on labour
Work is done more efficiently
Reduces drudgery/ can accomplish heavy task
Cheaper per unit work done in large
Operations
(b)
Turns/ inverts the furrow slices thus covering surface vegetation
Cuts the furrow slice horizontally
Holds the frame on to the mould board land side and share
Absorbs thrust exerted on the mould board to make the plough stable
(c)
Always clean after use
Check the nuts and bolts and tighten if loose
Repair broken parts
Replace worn out parts/ lost parts
Proper storage
Reciprocating mower/ cuter bar mower
Power take – off shaft
Sharpen the cutting blades
Tighten loose nuts and bolts
Lubricate moving parts
Repair broken parts
Replace worn- out parts
Clean after a days work
Check the tension of the v- belt and adjust accordingly
Coat with old engine oil for long storage
(a)
Ox- drawn mould board is lighter hence does not compact the soil as much as the tractor – drawn mould board plough
Ox – plough can be use for more farm operations e.g. weeding, ploughing harvesting roots crops than tractors mould board.
Ox- plough requires less skills to operate compared to the tractor plough
Tractor plough is faster than ox- plough hence can plough a large area with a short time
Source of power for ox- plough is not as reliable as the source of power for tractor plough
Ox- plough relatively shallow compared to tractor plough that plough deeper
Ox- plough can be used in steeper lands where tractor plough cannot plough
Ox- plough requires more people to operate than tractor plough
Ox – plough is cheaper to buy than tractor plough
Ox – plough is cheaper to maintain than tractor plough
(b)
Grease the moving parts ( rej movable parts)
Paint frame/ oil before long storage
Tighten loose nuts and bolts
Clean it after work
Store in a shed
Repair damage parts
Replace worn- out parts
(c) Advantages
It is cheaper
Farmer does not incur maintenance costs of the tractor
There is no risk of owing the tractor
Farm operations are carried out faster
Disadvantages
Tractor may not be available when required
Some operators may charge high fees for the service
Some operators can carry out poor quality work
(a)
To reduce wear and tear/ increase durability
Avoid rusting
(b)
Sharpen blades if blunt
Replace worn – outs parts
Clean the mower after use
Tighten loose nuts and bolts
Repair worn- out guard
Paint when necessary
Proper storage in shed
(c)
Size of land
Cost of the tractor
Availability of services facilities/ availability of skilled labour e.g drivers, mechanics, spare parts
Topography of the land
Time available for the operation
Availability of capital
Number/ type of enterprises on the farm
Availability of tractor hire services/ availability of other sources of power
(a)
Incorporating manure into the soil/ stirring the soil
Breaking soil clods
Leveling the seed bed
Covering broadcasted seeds
Gathering/ removing trash
(b)
Clean after use
Store in a shed
Repair/ replace any broken tine/ part
Apply oil for long storage
(c)
Ox- drawn harrow is cheaper than a tractor- drawn harrow
Ox – drawn harrow can be used where tractor drawn harrows cannot be used
Clean after work storing in a shed
Tighten loose nuts
Replacing worn- out parts
Greasing moving parts
Oiling/ painting for long storage
(a)
Decrease the angle of cut
Use of hydraulic/ draught control lever
Adding weights on the plough beam
Raising the land wheel
(b)
To avoid injury
To make disc plough last longer
To make disc plough work efficiently
To reduce replacement/ maintenance cost
(c)
Saves time
Improves efficiency
Saves on labour cost
Reduces drudgery/ less tedious
(a)
To make a vertical cut into the soil that separate the furrow slice from the unploughed land
Cut trash which would prevent the share from penetrating deep into the soil
(b)
Lubricate moving parts
Adjust the tyre pressure
Replace worn-out tyres
Tighten loose nuts and bolts
Proper storage/ in shed
Clean after use
Paint the trailer
Repair broken parts
Poor quality work unless under strict supervision/ poor skill of the operator
Not readily available leading to late land
Preparation
Disc harrow
Spring tine harrow/ rigid tine harrow/ ox- tine harrow
Spike toothed harrow/ peg toothed harrow
Chain harrow
Rotavator
Zigzag harrows
(a)
If a farmer has inadequate capital
If a farmer has little load to carry
If the area is too steep to use a tractor
(b)
Tighten loose nuts and bolts
Straighten bent/ repair worn out/ broken parts
Store in a dry place
Apply oil on exposed metal parts when plough is not in use
Repaint the appropriate parts when necessary
AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC III
(a)
Training the labour force
Giving incentives to employees
Efficient supervision of labour
Assigning specific tasks to workers
Proper remuneration of a worker
Provide efficient tools
Mechanization of some operations
Provide transport within the farm
(b)
This is the production in which each addition unit of input results to a larger increase in output than the proceeding unit of input
(c)
Short term credit
Medium term credit
Long term credit
(a)
Opportunity cost is the value of foregone best alternative/ revenue foregone because of choosing the best alternative
(b)
Refers to the raw materials used up in the process of production, e.g. seeds, fuel fertilizer, feeds
(c)
Utility is the satisfaction one gets by using a commodity
(a)
Borrowing from financial institutions/ individuals co-operative/ credit
Person savings from ones income
Inheritance/ gifts/ donations
(b)
Assists the farmer in estimation of the required production resources
Assists the framer when negotiating for farm credit
Assist the farmer in making management decisions when comparing alternative projects
Help to reduce uncertainty in farming process
Encouraging farmers to efficient as to meet the projected targets
Show progress/ lack of progress in the farm business/ focus profit or foresee losses
(a) Fixed costs are those that do not change with the level of production while variables costs are those that change with level of production
(b)
Casual labour costs
Fertilizer/ manure costs
Costs of chemicals
Cost of fuel
Costs of repair of machinery
Cost of hiring machinery
(c)
Planning helps in selection of the best enterprise/ production option to undertake
Helps in setting production targets/ goals
Helps in allocation of resources to various enterprises
Helps to identify the weakness and strength of farm operations
Helps in timely and careful considerations in decision making
Assists in negotiation of credit
Maximize use of resources
To compare the performance of one farm with another
To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another
To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another on the same farm
Acts as a measure of profit in a farm
(a)
Zone I. For each addition unit of fertilizer applied, the output of potatoes increases at an increasing rate because resources are under utilized
Zone II. For each additional unit of fertilizer applied, the out put of potatoes increases at a decreasing rate as the resources are utilized to the maximum
Zone III. For each additional unit of fertilizer applied the out put of potatoes decreases since the resource is excessively applied.
(b) Zone II
(c)
Flexibility in production.
Produce under contract
Input rationing/appropriate allocation of resource input.
Insurance of the crop.
Use of modern technology e.g. disease resistant varieties,
Use of pesticides and fungicides, use of fertilizers.
Assigning tasks according to skills/ability/interest.
(b)
Improvement in quality of work/quality of produce.
Reduced time of performing a given work.
Increase in returns per unit of labour.
(c)
Amount of work/ task performed e.g. kg of tea leaves picked per head.
Duration of work e.g. 30/= per hour/day.
Labour regulations/market rates
Nature of work
Quality of work/skill of labour
8.
Amount of money to be paid to them as wages.
Number of people in the labour market
Health /fitness of the work force
Ability/skills of the labour force
Working conditions/incentives
Nature of work
(b)
Adopting modern methods of production
Flexibility in production methods
Input rationing
Taking insurance cover
Selecting more reliable enterprises
Diversification.
(c)
Provides employment
Source of food
Earns the country foreign exchange
Source-of raw materials for industries
Provide market for industrial goods
Source of income for farmers
Improves infrastructure relationship.
9.
Maximize profit
To maximize cost of production
To spread/ reduce risks
(a)
Milk and butter
Beef and hide
Honey and wax
Mutton and wool
Pork/bacon and bristles
Rabbit meat and skin/pelts
Mutton and skin
(b)
Feeds
Pesticide
Replacement stock
Veterinary services
Drugs
Casual labour
Packing materials e.g trays and carton boxes
(c)
(i) V=48-39 = 9
2-1
W= 32-27 = 5
4-3
X=23-21 =2
6-5
Y= 20-19 =1
8-7
L.C.C occurs where MRS =
L.C.C. X1
PX2
Where ∆= change
P= price
X1= dairy meal
X2= Home made feed
8= 4
2
L.C.C. is where MRS = 4 I.E where 5 units of dairy meals are mixed with 23 units of home made feed.
(a)
Joint products
Competitive products
Supplementary products
Complimentary products
b) (i) Production function is the physical relationship between inputs and output (products). The quantity of product expected from a certain-combination of in put.
(ii) Equi-marginal returns states that limited amounts of resources should be allocated in such away that the marginal returns those resources is the same in all alternative to which they are put.
Partial budget is prepared when minor changes are to be made in an enterprise
Complete budget is spread when major changes are to be made in an enterprise/ starting arrow enterprise.
b)
Diversification of enterprises to avoid total loss
Insurance against tosses to maintain high liquidity/for compensation /to access money easily for any eventuality.
Strategic farming/keeping crops produce and selling when prices are high.
Flexible enterprises-engage in enterprises that can be stopped and changed
Rationing of inputs use of insufficient inputs such that incase of failure losses are not too high.
Contracting for marketing-making arrangements with marketing agencies in advance.
Selection of more certain enterprises/ selection of enterprises that can do well in an area/section of enterprises with ready market and less price fluctuation to reduce degree of risk.
AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS- FARM INPUTS
(a)
Journal
Cash book
Ledger
Inventory
b)
Shows the assets and liabilities of the farm business,
Shows farm net worth/net capital/ owners worth/ can be used to negotiate for credit/correct income tax assessment,
Used in decision making;
Show profit or loss.
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS (MARKETING & ORGANIZATION)
-Ten members
(b)
Number of sellers
Price of the commodity
Availability/ seasonally of the commodity / weather.
Technique of production
Market information
Transportation
Price expectations of the commodity.
Government policy/taxation.
(c)
Price fluctuations/ low prices
Lack of transportation.
perish ability of some products
poor storage facilities.
Competition with substitute products.
Delayed payments
Some government policy
(d)
Kenya Planters Co-operative Union
Coffee Board of Kenya.
Marketing is the performed of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers.
An imperfect market is g situation in which some buyers, some setters or both have limited knowledge of goods and services offered for sale at various prices.
The price of mangoes will go down.
(d)
Milk is highly perishable we hence needs cool storage which the farmer may not afford.
Lack of vehicles/poor roads/high transportation costs
Containers for handling milk are expensive.
Lack of market information
Price fluctuation.
Delayed payments.
a) The quantity of the product demanded varies inversely with the price 7 as the price declines the corresponding quantity demanded rises and as the price increases the corresponding quantity demanded falls. (Mark as a whole)
Advertisements/ sales promotions
Price of related goods, price of the goods,
Level of income
Price expectations
Tastes and preferences.
Tastes and preferences
Population,
Religious beliefs / taboos.
(c)
Elasticity of demand of a commodity is the percentage in quantity demanded of a commodity resulting from a percentage change in existing price.
The degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded, to a- percentage change in existing price.
Buy farmers produce / delegates buying to an approved agent
Arrange for supply of inputs.
Fix prices of farm produce in consultation with the government.
Collect farm produce from areas of production to the stores/factories.
Inspect the production process to ensure and maintain quality of the produce.
Provide storage facilities for farmers produce.
Provide credits to farmers,
Provide technical advice on production/extension services where applicable
Process farm produce e.g. K.T.D.A.
Undertake research services on techniques of production
Sell farm produce for farmers
Regulate production to prevent under supply of the produce.
Pack/package the farm produce.
Invest accrues profits.
Advertise/promote sales of the produce.
Members buy inputs at lower prices.
Has easy access to credit facilities from the society.
Gets advice/education from the society.
Society share overhead costs with the member.
Society share overhead costs with the member.
Provide special services e.g. A.I, Banking
Bar society bargains for better milk price on behalf of the member.
(i) Most agricultural produce are perishable hence, farmers incur extra costs in transportation-processing/storage/incur losses due to spoilage.
Most of them are bulky, occupy large space/expensive to transport.
Poor transport network/lack of vehicles lead to loss due to spoilage.
Most of them are seasonal; hence create storage problems/over supply at times leading to price fluctuation.
Due to bulkiness they are expensive to store/difficult to store.
Due to changes in market demand, there is time e.g. between decision to produce and actual availability of the product making it difficult to respond immediately to market demand.
Change in supply due to under/over production/competition from cheap imports cause price fluctuation.
Lack of perfect market information makes selling difficult/many farmers are ignorant on the prevailing prices of their produce in other parts of the country.
Delayed payments lead to lack of capital for farm operations.
(b)
Itinerant traders/ middlemen buy and resell produce from farmers.
Processors / Manufacturers buy and process produce from farmers.
Wholesalers- Buy produce in bulk from farmers and resell/ process.
Brokers / Commission agents- acts on behalf of other business people for a fee commission.
Co-operative societies/ unions- buy farmers produce locally.
Marketing boards- promote production and marketing of agricultural produce/buy produce from farmers.
Retailers- buy from wholesalers and resell to consumers.
6.
Price of related commodity.
Price of the commodity.
Size of population of consumers,
Tastes and preference of consumers.
Income of consumers.
Advertisements/sales promotion
Government policy
Price expectations.
Religious beliefs/religious taboos/ cultural beliefs.
Elasticity of demand = % ∆ in quantity
% ∆ in price
∆ in price quantity = 22-20 = bags
% ∆ in price => 22-20 = 10%
20
∆ in price =. 100-800 = 200/=
% ∆ in price 200 x 100= 20%
1000
Elasticity of demand =10%= 0.5
20%
(a)
Carrying out advertisement of the farm to increase demand
Finance agricultural activities.
Transportation of farm produce to areas of consumption.
Storage of farm produce to minimize losses/ as a marketing strategy.
Selling the produce on behalf of the farmers.
Packing/package farm produce to ease transport/ reduce storage space.
Grade farm produce to provide uniform standards/ cater for various consumers.
Process farm produce from areas of production for bulking/ transportation
Protect the farm produce from damage by use of chemicals/ insurance/ bear risks.
Buy from produce from the producers.
Gather, analyze and interpret market information to determine appropriate market and price.
b)
Co-operators pool their resources together to buy expensive machinery e.g tractor for use by farmers.
Provide education/technical information to members.
Provide credits to members inform of inputs and cash.
Negotiate for higher produce prices for members.
Reduce overhead costs e.g transportation, storage and use of machinery.
Bargain with suppliers to give discount on seed fertilizer and other farm inputs /provide inputs at lower prices.
Provide employment for their members and other people.
Benefits farmers from lower taxes charged
Market farmers produce.
Provide strong bargaining power for members on policy issues.
Invests and pay dividends to members.
Help to negotiate loans for their members without security.
Provides banking services to it’s members.
Perishability of the produce.
Inadequate supply to spread supply over a long period.
Drastic changes in supply/seasonality.
Poor infrastructure e.g. poor roads no vehicles/piped water/ telephone / electricity,
Bulkiness
Lack of market information,
Delayed payments.
Mr. Rambo’s farm balance sheet as at 31-12-95
ASSETS
LIABILITIES
Kshs
Cts
Kshs
Cts
Fixed
Long term
Asset
Liabilities
Buildings and structures
60000
Loan payable Dank
300,000
–
Five cows
250,000
=
=
400 layer
80,000
=
=
20 goats
30,000
=
=
Spray equipment
12,000
=
=
TOTAL
972,000
Current
Current
Assets
Liabilities
Cattle feeds in store
10,000
Debts to co-p
20,000
=
Animal drugs in store
4,000
=
Bonus payable to workers
19,000
Debts receivable
18,000
=
Breakages and repair
30,000
–
Cash at hand
20,000
=
Cash at bank
30,000
–
Total
Total Assets
82,000
1,054000
=
Total
Total liabilities
Capital
69,000
369,000
685,000
=
TOTAL
1054,000
TOTAL
1054,000
ASSETS
LIABILITIES
Kshs
Cts
Kshs
Cts
Fixed
Long term
Asset
Liabilities
Buildings and structures
600000
Loan payable dank
300,000
–
Five cows
250,000
=
=
400 layer
80,000
=
=
20 goats
30,000
=
=
Spray equipment
12,000
=
=
TOTAL
972,000
Current
Current
Assets
Liabilities
Cattle feeds in store
10,000
Debts to co-p
20,000
=
Animal drugs in store
4,000
=
Bonus payable to workers
19,000
Debts receivable
18,000
=
Breakages and repair
30,000
–
Cash at hand
20,000
=
Cash at bank
30,000
–
Total
Total Assets
82,000
1,054000
=
Total
Total liabilities
Capital
69,000
369,000
685,000
=
TOTAL
1054,000
TOTAL
1054,000
3.
(a) Cash account; is a record that shows all cash receipts and payments,
Ledger: This is a financial book that shows all financial transactions in the farm business in a summarized form,
Balance sheet: This is a financial statement that shows the value of assets and
liabilities of a business at the end of an accounting period.
Purchase order. This is a financial document drawn by a buyer to a supplier
requested goods on credit.
(b)
Permanent goods inventor
Consumable goods inventory.
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR MRS. MBUTA’S FARM FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31-12-03
PURCHASES AND EXPENSES
Shs. Cts
SALES AND RECEIPTS (CREDITS)
Kshs. Ct
Opening valuation
6,000.00
Pig sales
7,000.00
Wages
5,000.00
Piglet sales
4,000.00
Equipment
8,000.00
Maize sales
3,000.00
Pig feeds
4,000.00
Closing valuation
4,000.00
Drugs
3,200.00
Total
18,000.00
Loss
8,200.00
TOTAL
26,200,00
2,600.00
Marks allocation
(i) Correct columns (sales & receipts) ½ mk
(ii) Purchases & expenses ½ mk
(iii) Correct entries – Sales & receipts – ½ mk
Purchases & expenses – ½ mk
(iv) Correct totals – sales & receipts – ½ mk
(v) Purchases & expenses – ½ mk
(vi) Correct balance / profit/ loss ½ mk
3 ½ mk
(vii) Mrs. Mbuta made loss
(a) it is an entry in a financial statement showing the worth of all assets of an
enterprise at the beginning of an accounting period
(b) (i)
Issued to the buyer as evidence of cash payments for goods or services rendered
Used for requisition for the supply of goods/ services on credit
Given to the buyer by the seller as evidence of goods supplied
K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE PAPER 1
SECTION A (30 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
Differentiate between Olericulture and pomocullure as used in crop production
( 1 mk)
State three ways by which biological agents can enhance the process of soil formation
( 1 ½ mk)
State four advantages of drip irrigation ( 2 mks)
State four advantages of adding organic manure to a sandy oil ( 2 mks)
State two factors that would determine the amount of fertilizer to be top dressed to a
crop in the field ( 1 mk)
State four advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil condition
( 2 mks)
Give four reasons for using certified seeds for planting ( 2 mks)
Give four reasons for planting crops at the correct spacing ( 2 mks)
State three effects of soil erosion ( 2 mks)
Name four methods used to control weeds in pastures ( 2 mks)
State two benefits of conserving forage crops ( 2 mks)
Mention four practices that should be carried out to maintain grass pasture
( 1 ½ mks)
Define the following terms as used in agriculture economics
(a) Gross domestic product (GDP) ( 1 ½ mks)
(b) Per capita income ( ½ mks)
What is profit maximization in agriculture economics? ( ½ marks)
State four benefits of budgeting to a farm manager ( 2 mks)
Give two reasons why farmers keep farm accounts
State activities carried out by young farmers club in Kenya ( 2 mks)
State four ways by which afforestation helps in land reclamation ( 2 mks)
State three advantages of multiple stem pruning over single stem pruning in coffee
( 1 ½ mks)
SECTION B (20 mks)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided
Two maize pests are shown in the diagram below. Study them and answer the
questions that follow,
s
(a) Identify the pests in the diagram labeled A and B ( 1 mk)
(b) at what stage of maize production does each damage the crop?
(c) Give one way of controlling each of the pests in the field
21 (a) state the law of diminishing returns in a production process
(b) Use the information on the table below to answer the questions that follow
Fertilizer input ( units)
Maize yield (bags)
Marginal productions (bags)
0
50
12
1
62
12
2
66
4
3
68
2
4
69
1
5
69
0
The cost of fertilizer is Kshs 1500 per unit and the price of maize is Kshs 1200 per bag.
(i) At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize? ( 1mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) above
(iii) Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production ( 1mk)
(a) Describe the procedure which should be followed in spraying a crop in tomatoes using a fungicide in powder form, water and a knapsack sprayer. (3mks)
(b) Name one fungal disease of tomatoes that can be controlled using the above procedure. (1mks)
c) State four safety measures that should be taken while spraying the crop with the fungicide. (2mks)
The diagram below shows a weed
a) Identify the weed (1mk)
b) State two reasons for controlling the weed. (2mks)
c) Name two herbicides that can be used to control the weed in a field
of maize (1mk)
d) A t what stage of growth of maize should the weed be controlled using
a post emergence herbicide?
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided at the end of the section.
Describe the establishment of kales under the following sub – headings:
a) Nursery preparation
b) Establishment in the nursery
c) Management of seedlings in the nursery.
d) Transplanting of seedlings.
a) Outline the factors necessary for proper functioning of farmers’
co-operative societies in Kenya. (5mks)
b) Explain how farmers overcome risks and uncertainties in
a farming business.
c) Describe the steps farmers should follow when planning a farm business
a) List various methods of harvesting water in a farm
b) Outline farming activities which may encourage soil erosion.
c) Explain how various farming practices would help to conserve soil
in a farm.
K.C.S.E. PAPER 2
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
Name a breed of sheep with a Lambing percentage of above 125 and whose fleece may be inferior due to black fibres. (1mk)
List two appropriate hand tools needed to finish off the handle of a fork-jembe. (1mk)
What is “cropping” in fish farming? (1mk)
State four functions of lubrication system in a tractor. (2mks)
Give four maintenance practices carried out on the water cooling system of a tractor. (2mks)
State reasons why a farmer would choose to use a disc plough rather than a mould board plough. (2mks)
State four construction features necessary in a fish pond. (2mks)
Give four ways in which disease causing organisms can gain access into a newly born calf (2mks)
State four ways of controlling tsetse flies. (2mks)
Give two predisposing factors of foot-rot in sheep. (1mk)
State four factors which should be considered when selecting dairy goats for breeding. (2mks)
Give four reasons why camels are suited to living in arid areas. (2mks)
Name two functions of the crop in the digestive system of chicken. (1mk)
State four methods of dehorning (2mks)
Mention six causes of stress to a flock of layers. (3mks)
State four functions of the worker bees in a bee colony. (2mks)
State four features of a good pig house. (2mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
(a) A diagram of a planter is shown below. Study it and answer the questions
that follow.
(i) Identify the parts labelled A, B, C, and D, (2mks)
A ______________________
B ______________________
C ______________________
D ______________________
(ii) State two maintenance practices carried out on the planter. (2mks)
b) Study the diagrams of workshop tools shown below
(i) Identify the tools labeled E and F (1mk)
E __________________
F __________________
(ii) What functional advantage does tool E have over tool F? (1mk)
The diagram below represents a calf pen. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
(a) (i) Identify the type of floor. (½ mk)
(ii) How high should the floor be raised above the ground level? (1mk)
(b) (i) Give one reason for having the floor of the calf pen raised. (1mk)
(ii) State three factors that should be considered in sitting the calf pen. (3mks)
(a) Define the term digestible Crude Protein (DCP) (½ mk)
(b) A farmer wanted to prepare a 200kg of calf rearing ration containing 20% DCP. Using the Pears Square Method, calculate the amount of Maize containing 10% DCP and Sunflower containing 35% DCP the farmer would need to prepare the ration. (Show your work) (4mks)
A diagram of a cow is shown below. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Name the parts labeled G, H, I and J.
G ____________________
H ____________________
I ____________________
J ____________________
(b) Name four parts of the animal preferred by a two host tick. (2mks)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided at the end of the section.
a) Outline the procedure followed when hand spraying cattle to ensure
effective use of acaricides to control ticks. (10mks)
b) Discuss Foot and Mouth disease under the following headings:
(i) Casual organisms. (1mk)
(ii) Livestock species attacked. (2mks)
(iii) Symptoms of attack. (4mks)
(iv) Control measures. (3mks)
a) Describe the management practices that a farmer should carry out to
improve milk production in a low yielding herd of dairy cattle. (15mks)
b) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum yield of fish in a fish pond. (5mks)
a) What are the advantages of farm mechanization? (6mks)
b) Explain the differences between a two stroke and a four stroke cycle engine. (6mks)
c) Outline the daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor (8mks)
K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
Olericulture is growing of vegetables while pomocuhure is growing of fruits
(Mark as whole) 1mk
Movements of animals in large numbers
Decomposition of plants and animals remains by soil micro-organism
Physical breaking of rocks by roots of higher plants
Man’s activities e.g. cultivation, mining and road construction
Mixing up of soil burrowing animals e.g. earth worms and termites
Any 3 x 1 ½ =(1 ½ mks)
3
Little amount of water is used/economics water use
Reduces incidences of certain leaf diseases/ Fugal discs
Can be used in sloppy areas because there is no risk of surface run off/no risk of soil erosion
Water under low pressure can be used
Some fertilizers and pesticides can be applied with irrigation water.
Minimizes growth of weeds (Any 4 x ½ = (2mks)
4.
Adds nutrients.
Increases microbial activity in the soil
Improves water holding capacity/reduces leaching/ improves capillarity
Buffers soil PH
Moderates soil PH
Moderates soil temperatures
5.
Type of cop-soil nutrient status
Stage of growth of crop
Expected yield
6.
Lowers soil acidity raises soil ph(modifies ph
Increases the calcium content of organic matter
Improves soil structure through flocculation of soil particles/improves drainage.
Facilities the availability and absorption of Nitrogen and prosperous
Improves legume nodulation and N fixation
Encourages multiplication of micro-organization in the soil
7.
Free from foreign materials e.g. weeds
Gives rise to vigorously growing plants
Have high germination percentage
Free from pest and diseases attack/healthy
True to type not contaminated (Any 4x ½ = 2mks)
8.
Easy to determine plant population in a given area
Ensure high quality produce.
Ensures high production
Facilities optimum use of nutrient moisture and light
Permits use of machines when carrying on subsequent farm operations
Facilities control of pests and e.g. ground
9.
Pollution of the environment
Loss of plant nutrients and soil microorganisms
Siltation of dams and rivers
Reduction of soil depth
Destruction aid farm structures ( Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
10.
Burning pasture during grazing season, cultural method
Moving/physical method
Use of biological agents/ Biological methods
11.
Provide feed during period of scarcity/ distribute available forage for livestock through the year
Ensure better and proper utilization of land
Can be sold for money
12.
Top dress with N fertilizers occasionally/ apply manure
Control weed
Practice controlled grazing to avoid denudation
Cut back dry and unpalatable stems to encourage fresh re-growth/ topping
Re- seeding when necessary
Irrigation when necessary
Control of pest (Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
13 (a)
GDP- is the sum total of goods and services produced by a country within a period of one year. (1 x ½ = ½ mk)
16.
To keep check on income and expenditure / profit and loss
To know which activities are financially viable/ weakness and strength of the business
To obtain knowledge of the total value of the farm/ the value of assets and liabilities for farm planning
To assess credit worthiness
To provide information for tax purposes
Organizing agriculture field days for the local community
Participating in agricultural exchange programs both locally and internationally
(Any 4 x ½ = 1 ½ mk)
17.
Organizing and participating in annual YFC rallies and camps
Participating and completing in ASK show activities e.g livestock judging
Planting trees/ carrying out agricultural project in schools
Organizing agricultural field days for the local community.
Participating in agriculture exchange programs both locally and internationally.
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
18.
Adds- organisms matters
Recycles soil nutrients
Helps to control soil erosion
Improves drainage of swampy areas
Plays an important part in the hydrogical
B- Trapping and killing
Use of scare crows/ scaring
Poisoning/ rodenticide usage 1×1 = ( 1 mk)
21.
(a) The law state that “if successive units of one input are added to fixed units of other inputs, a point is eventually reached where additional output per additional unit of input will decline” ( mark as a whole)
(i) At the end of the third unit of fertilizers application
(ii) This is the least profitable unit of fertilizer application beyond which there would be a loss
(iii) Marginal returns (MR) at the point of optimum production
MR = Kshs 1200 x 2 = 2400/=
(a)
Read the label/ the manufactures instruction
Measure the requirement amount of fungicide
Place it into a container and mix thoroughly
Powder has dissolved completed/ has formed slurry
Pour the mixture into the knapsack sprayer though the sieve
Spray the mixture onto the crop
(b) Blight (late or early) powdery mixture ( 1 mk)
(c)
Spray following the direction of the wind
Wear protective clothing
Avoiding eating or smoking while handling fungicides
Avoid spillage of the fungicide/ avoid containing the environment
Do not suck/ blow a blocked nozzle (Any 4 x Vi = (2 mks)
23.
(a) blackjack/ Bidens pilosa
(b)
To avoid competition for nutrients, moisture arid light
Black jack seeds may contaminate some crops/ farm practice
Blackjack may be an alternate host to some pest e.g aphids which may attack crops like beans
Black jack seed prick and irritate workers (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(c) – MCPA
– 2, 4-D
(d) At what stage if growth of maize should the weed controlled using a pest?
– 10 to 15 cm hi
– 2 to 4 week after emergence 1 x 1 = 1 mk
SECTION C
24.
Clear the place, if bushy
Dig/prepare the site to a desirable tilt/ Fine with
Remove roots and stone from the site
Prepare nursery beds 1- 1.54 wide by any convenient length
Prepare raised or sunken nursery bed depending on moisture content available
Level the Nursery bed ( Any 4 x 1 = mks)
(b)
Make shallow furrow drills/ about 10cm apart
Apply phosphates fertilizers in the furrows/ Drill and mix with the soil
Sow seeds by drilling
Cover the seed lightly with soil
Apply some mulch after sowing seeds
Water the nursery thoroughly ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
(c)
Remove the mulch as soon as seedling emerge
Water the nursery at least twice a day, preferably morning and late evenings
Remove weeds as they come up
Thin young seedlings if over crowded/ prick seedlings
Control diseases
Harden off the seedling/ remove shade gradually and reduce frequency of watering ( Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)
(d)
Water nursery thoroughly before transplanting
Dig the planting holes at appropriate depth
Select healthy seedlings
Uproot seedlings carefully with as much as possible to avoid root damage/ use a garden trowel
Transport seedling carefully to the end field using appropriate means
Transport on a cloudy day or late in the afternoon
Place insecticide in the hole to control soil borne pests
Place the seedling in the planting holes at the same depth they were in the nursery bed
Fill the hotels with soil and firm around the seedlings
Apply mulch or erect a shade
Water the seedling thoroughly (Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)
(a)
Availability of adequate funds or capital/ inputs
Training of personnel or availability of advisory services on managerial skills
Loyalty on the part of all farmers, co-operators and officials to support their organization
Proper and accurate record keeping and accountability for all operations
Efficiency with which produce from farm are marketed
Honest on the part of personnel with regard to the handling of co-operative finances
Timely payment of farmers dues
(b)
Diversification/ growing a variety of crop or having various enterprises so that if one fails has something to rely on.
Insurance against losses/ taking insurance policy for farming activities so that in case of failure the enterprises are covered.
Inventory marketing/ strategic farming keeping farm product and selling at when prices are favorable
Flexible enterprises engaging in enterprises that can be stopped or started early as condition change.
Rationing of inputs using just sufficient inputs such that in case of losses the cost are not too high
Using more certain husbandry practices using practices that the farmer is sure of and has used in the pas.
Hedging/ contract marketing making arrangements with marketing agencies in advance so that changes in price after the arrangement do not change the price of the farmer’s produce.
Selecting more certain enterprises selection of enterprises that the done well in the area/ tried though research ( Any 7 x 1 = 7mks)
C.
Determination of the farmer’s objectives and preference in order to eliminate those production possibilities that are unsuccessful
Determination of available resources to the farmer in order to establish his/her abilities and limitations.
Determination of possible productive enterprises
Determination of tentative budget/ translation of physical plan into a financial
Determination of yield f various enterprises
Development of financial flow in order to establish the capital requirements
Examination of the plan to ensure that is is consistence, workable and desirable
Determination of government policies and regulation to make the plan realistic.
(Any 8 x 1 = 8 mks)
(a)
Ponds/ water pumps
Dams/ weirs
Roof catchments
Rock catchments
Retention ditches/ level terraces
(b)
Continuous cropping without giving the land a rest
Burning
Ploughing along the slopes/ farming on step land
Deforestation
Ploughing along river banks
Cultivating when the soil is too dry or wet
Overgrazing/ overstocking
Flooding/ application of a large amount of water at high rate
Over cultivating the land to fine tilth/ pulverizing the soil
(c)
Mulching by reducing the speed of run- off and reducing the impact of raindrops
Contour farming by reducing the speed run off
Terracing effective length of the slope and consequently slowing down speed of running off
Planting trees/ holding soil particles together hence reducing effects of wind erosion and reducing the impact of rain drops
Establishing and maintaining vegetated water; by reducing the impact of livestock on the soil erosion
Establishing trash lines/ sones lines by reducing speed of run- off an effects of wind erosion
K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
Hampshiredown (1 mark)
Cross cut saw/ Tenon saw/ Back saw/ spokes have/ circular plane 2 x ½ = 1 mk)
Removal/ harvesting of marketable size fish from the pond (1 mk)
Prevents metal engine parts from rusting
Promotes free movement of engine parts by reducing friction
Traps foreign materials e.g. soot, dirt and dust
Lowers engine temperature by conducting away excess heat
Helps in sealing compression between the piston and cylinder (4 x ½ =2mks)
5.
Keeps radiator fins free of rubbish and dirt. Water pump lubricated regulated/ weekly
Ensure that the fen belt is tightly fitted/ proper tension/ lock bolts and nuts should be tightened
All pipes should be fitted tightly to avoid leakage
To up the level of water in the radiator before using the tractor
(4 x ½ =2mks)
6.
Disc ploughs work better in dry/ sticky and hard soils than mould board plough
There is less hindrance to operations chances of breakages because the discs roll/ ride over obstacles
The maintenance costs of disc plough are lower than the moldboard.
Disc plough require less tractor- power to pull than moldboard
7.
An outlet to drain off excess water
An inlet for fresh water supply
A spill way channel to take away excess water/ overflow water
A screen to prevent escaping of fish/ entry of unwanted objects/ fish
A fence to keep away predators/security
Dikes walls embankment/ leaves ( 4 x ½ =2 mks)
8.
Through the mough/ natural openings
Through umbilical cord
Through respiratory track
Through injury/ wounds on the body
Though bites by disease vectors ( 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
9.
Spraying insecticides the breeding places
Clearing the vegetation
Use of appropriate insecticides to spray cattle
Sterilization of the male tsetse flies (4 x ½ = 2mks)
10.
Overgrown hooves
Wet and muddy conditions
Physical foot injuries (2 x ½ = 1 mk)
High milk yields
Good health
Fast growth/ early maturity
High growth/ maturity
Good mothering ability
Good body conformation ( 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
12.
They can browse and survive on poor vegetation
They have hooves with tardy pads which enable them to tra- verse large area sandy ground/ flat hooves
They can tolerant to high temperature/ have thick skins
They can travel long distances for several days with very little water
Store fats in humps/fats can be metabolized to metabolic
Long eye lashes to prevent entry of sand/ have nose flaps
13.
Softening moistening of the food
Storage of food ( 2 x ½ = 1 mks)
14.
Using of caustic potash stick
Use of disbudding ron/ dehorning
Use of dehorning saw or wire
Use of rubber ring and elastrator
Use of dehorning collusion ( 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
15.
Overcrowding
Pest infestation/ pest diseases
Noise/ strangers
Lack of food and water
Sudden change in routine/ management
Unbalanced diet
Fluctuation in temperature
Introducing new bird in the flock
16.
Feeding the queen / the broods
Protecting the hive from intruders
Collecting nectar, pollen, gums and water/ Foraging
Cleaning the hive
Building combs and sealing cracks
Making honey bee wax
Scouting ( 4 x ½ mk= 2 mks)
17.
Should be rain- proof/ leak proof
Should be well ventilated
Should be easy to clean
Should be well lit
Should have adequate space
Drought free
Good drainage (4 x ½ = 2 mks)
SECTION B
(i) A- Furrow opener
B- Fertilizer hopper
C- seed hopper
D- Press wheel (4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Clean hopyjers/ tuirow openers after use
Lubricate/ grease moving parts
Replace worn out lost bolts and nuts
(ii)
Check tension of chains/ drive sprockets before use
Tighten loose bolls and nuts (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) (i) E – adjustable spanner
F – Ring spanner (2 x ½ = 2mks)
(iii) Tool E can be used for tightening or loosening more than two sizes of nuts and belts ( Rejects one is adjustable ( 1 mk)
19 (a)
(i) Slatted floor 1 x1 = 1 mk
(ii) (H 40 – 60 cm high
(b) (i)
To allow urine and dung to pass through
To keep the floor dry ( Any 1x 1 = 1mk)
(ii)
Prevailing direction of the wind
Safety/ security
Proximity to the dairy shed/ accessibility of the dairy shed
Drainage
Topography ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
(a) Term used to express that amount of the crude protein absorbed by an animal’s
body from a feed (1 x ½ = 1mk)
(b) Pearson’s square method
Maize 10% DCP 35- 20 = 15 parts of maize
Sunflower 35% DCP Sunflower
Amount of maize 15/25 x 200 = 120kg
Amount of sunflower 10/25 x 200 = 80 kg
Mark as shown in the diagram (4 x 1 = 4 mks)
21 (a) G – Muzzle
H – Poll
I – Shoulder
J – Heart girth (4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(b) Ear lobs/ deep in the ear
Anus
Vulva
Under tail (4 x ½ = 2mks)
(a)
Spray the entire backline from my shoulder to the tail head
Spray the sides in a zigzag motion to trap me retain the wash from the backline
Spray the belly with me nozzle facing upward
Spray the scrotum/ udder and the hind flanks carefully
Spray both hind legs up to and including the heels
Spray under the tail head and the area around the anus and vulva
Hold the tail switch on to the rump and spray it thoroughly to ensure complete wetting
Spray the neck and the foreleg; from the flanks to the heels
Spray the head and face making sure that bases of the horns are thoroughly wetted,
Spray the inside of the ears (10 x 1 = 10 mks)
(b) (i) Causal organisms – Virus/ virus types O, A, C/ south African types
SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, / Asian type 1 ( 1 x 1 = 1mk)
(ii)
Cattle
Pigs
Goats
Sheep
Profuse salivation ( Any 2 x 1=2 mks)
Blisters which are painful around the mouth and hooves of the fect leading to lameness
Drop in milk production in lactating cows
Sharp rise in temperature/ high fever
Emaciation
Complete loss of appetite
Diarrhoea ( Any 4 x 4 = 4 mks)
(iv) Quarantine
(a) Vaccination very 6 months
(b) Slaughter and destruction of carcass
(c) Regulations of livestock movement by issue of movement permits
(d) Burn/ bury dead animals
23 (a)
Select good animals on the basis of high yielding cows
Select animal with good health
Select animals having high fertility
Select animal having good dairy conformation
Cull poor producers
Use superior bulls/ semen from superior bulls to service the cows
Mate heifers when fully mature considering weight/ age
Breed cows 60- 90 days after calving to maintain after calving interval of one year
Keep animals health by routine vaccination
Control internal parasites by routine drenching using appropriate drugs
Treat sick animals
Avoid physical injuries to the animals/ predisposing disease factors
Improve sanitation/ cleanliness in the farm
Feed the cattle on a balanced diet
Give adequate feeds
Give clean and uncontaminated feed
Provide plenty of clean water
Provide minerals/ vitamins
Provide housing/ avoid overcrowding/ provide shelter that is leak proof
Use proper milking techniques
Milk at regular intervals ( Any15 x 1 = 15mks)
(b)
Control stocking rage
Control of water pollution
Supply adequate feed regularly
Provide appropriate feed
Aerate the eater by ensuring constant inflow and outflow of water
Control predators
Harvest fish at the correct maturity stage
Maintain appropriate water level in the fish pond always
Add manure or fertilizer in pond to encourage growth of planktons
(Any 5x 1 = 5 mks)
(a)
Farm operations can be achieved on time
Large area can be covered within a short time
Reduce drudgery/ makes work easy and enjoyable
Better job is done mechanically than human labor/ increased efficiency
High yields are obtained because farm operations are carried out on tme
Pest and disease outbreak can be controlled relatively in a shorter time
Tends to encourage farmers to consolidate their land
Farmers benefit from economies of scale
Use less labor ( Any 6 x 1 = 6 mks)
(b) TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
Cheap to buy and easy to maintain
Produce less power/ do less heavy
Mainly air cooled
Inefficient in fuel and oil utilization
Easy to transport to different areas of the farm land e.g hilly areas\
Require two complete upward and downwards movements of to be position, and one revolution of crankshaft
There is no provision of oil in the sump, during induction, to lubricate the crankshaft
Simple in construction with no valves
Has 2 openings exhaust
(c) FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
Expensive to buy and maintain
Produce more power/ do heavy work
Efficient in fuel and oil utilization
Mainly water cooled
Difficult to transport easily due to weight
Require 4 complete upwards and downwards
2 revolutions of 1 he crankshaft
Engine have oil in the sump to lubricate the crankshaft bearings
Complex in constructions with two valves ( inlet and outlet)
Has no parts and inductors ports (Any 6x 1 = 6 mks)
Using a dip – stick to check the level of oil in the sump
Check the fuel tank to ensure there is adequate fuel for the day’s job
Check the level of the electrolyte in the battery and adjust accordingly.
Grease/oil moving parts
Check-fan belt. Tension’ and condition and adjust accordingly
Check level of water in radiator and top up if necessary
Check air cleaner to ensues that there is no dirt/check level of oil
Check tyre pressure before work and adjust accordingly
Tighten bolts, nuts and pins
Open and remove the dirt from sediments bowels
(Any 8×1=8 marks)
K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE PAPER 1
SECTION A [30 MARKS
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
Give four conditions of the land which may make it necessary to carry out reclamation practices. [2marks]
List three physical weathering agents in the soil formation process [11/2]
State two mechanical methods of separating soil particles according to size during soil analysis [1marks]
Give two benefits of possessing a land Title Deed to a farmer. [1mark ]
Give four advantages of crop rotation [2 marks]
State four factors that should be considered when classifying crop pest
State three functions of boron in crop development. [11/2]
Outline four observable indicators of economic development of a nation [2marks]
Give three factors that may influence the price of an agricultural commodity.[11/2]
Name three examples of leguminous fodder crops. [11/2]
Give two factors that may determine the size of a pit for silage making [1mark]
Give three reasons for controlling weeds in pastures. 11/2
State six characteristics of a productive soil. ( 3 mks)
State any five qualities that should be considered when selecting seeds for planting ( 2 ½ mk)
15 (a) State four practices which encourage soil erosion ( 2 mks)
(b) Name two forms of gulley erosion ( 1 mk)
(a) State four advantages of land consolidation ( 2 mks)
(b) Give two advantages of leasehold tenure system in farming ( 1 mk)
SECTION B ( 20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
The table below shows the demand and supply of potatoes at UKULIMA market.
Price (Kshs)
Quantity demanded (in bags)
Quantity supplied (in bags)
1200
50
250
1000
90
200
800
150
150
600
225
70
400
335
0
(a) Using suitable scales, draw and label a graph showing the relationship between the demand and supply of the potatoes at UKULIMA market. (5mks)
(b) What is the equilibrium price of the potatoes? ( 1 mk)
(c) From the graph determine:
(i) The number of bags of potatoes that would be bought if the price per bag is Kshs 900/= ( 1 mk)
(ii) The price of a bag of potatoes if 180 bags are supplied ( 1 mk)
The diagrams labeled A1, A2, A3, and B below illustrate materials and methods of vegetative propagation. Study them and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Name the parts labeled A1, and A2 ( 2 mks)
A1
A2
(b) Name the methods of propagation illustrated in diagrams A3 and B ( 2 mks)
A3
B
Study the crop illustrated in the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
(a) Name one insect pest which attacks the part labeled C1 and one disease which attacks the part labeled C2 (2 mks)
C1
C2
A member of young farmers club was advised to apply a complete fertilizer 30: 20:10 in a tomato plot measuring 10m long by 5m wide at the rate of 300kg per hectare
(a) State the percentage of P205 in the complete fertilizer ( 1 mk)
(b) Calculate the amount of fertilizer the member would require for the plot
(2 mks) (Show your working)
The diagrams labeled D and E below are illustrations of coffee established using two different formative pruning systems. Study them and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Name the system of pruning illustrated in diagram D above ( 1mk)
(b) Outline how the pruning system illustrated in diagram E is carried out (2mks)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after questions 24
(a) Describe the field production of irrigated rice under the following sub-headings
(i) Land preparation ( 7 mks)
(ii) Water control ( 6 mks)
(b) Describe the management of trees grown under various agro- forestry systems
( 7 mks)
(a) Describe the problems of marketing of agricultural produce ( 10 mks)
(b) Discuss the importance of budgeting in agricultural production ( 10 mks)
(a) Discuss the importance of irrigation if farming ( 12 mks)
(b) Explain the factor that influence the type of irrigation to be used in a farm
( 8 mks)
K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE PAPER 2
SECTION A (30 marks)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in this section in the spaces provided.
Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house. (1mk)
Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination. (1mk)
State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service. (1mk)
Give tow causes of scouring in calves. (1mk)
State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to
dairy cattle. (1 ½ marks)
Give three ways of stimulating milk let-down in a dairy cow. (1 ½ marks)
State tow reasons for dehorning cattle. (1mk)
List two equipment used in handling cattle during an agricultural exhibition.(1mk)
State three signs of anthrax infection disease observed in the carcass
of cattle. (1 ½ mks)
Give three effects of external parasites that are harmful to livestock. (1 ½ mks)
State four factors to consider when siting a fish pond. (2mks)
State three adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mouldboard plough in preparation for ploughing. (1 ½ mks)
a) Name four breeds of dairy goats. (2mks)
b) Mention two distinguishing characteristics of the Bactrian camel breed.
(1mk)
State five methods of maintaining good health in livestock. (2 ½ mks)
List four sources of farm power which are environmental friendly. (2mks)
State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on a feed trough. (1 ½ mks)
Name four systems of a tractor engine. (2mks)
List three types of calf pens. (1 ½ mks)
State four conditions that would encourage hens to eat eggs in poultry production
(2mks)
SECTION B (20 MKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
The diagrams labeled A and B below show the teeth arrangements in hand workshop tools.
a) Identify the tools represented with by the teeth arrangements
A and B. (1mk)
A ……………………………………………..
B ……………………………………………..
b) State one functional difference between tools represented by the
teeth arrangements A and B.
A ………………………………………………
B ………………………………………………
c) Give two maintenance practices for the tools represented by the
teeth arrangement shown above. (2mks)
a) The diagram below illustrates a method of identification in
livestock production. Study the diagram and answer the
Questions that follow.
i) Name the type of identification illustrated above. (1mks)
ii) Give the identification number of the animal illustrated in
the diagram above. (1mk)
iii) Using diagrams illustrate how you can identify animals Nos
24 and 36 using the above method. (2mks)
Animal No. 24
Animal No. 36
(b) If a sow was successfully served on 27th September, 2006, state the date
she is likely to have furrowed. (1mks)
The diagram below shows a type of a farm gate. Study the diagram and
answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the type of gate shown (1/2 mk)
b) Name the parts labeled C, D and E. (1 ½ mks)
C …………………………………………..
D ……………………………………………
E …………………………………………..
c) i) State one function of the part labeled F. (1mk)
F ……………………………………………
ii) State two functions of the gate illustrated above. (2mks)
The diagram below shows a farm implement. Study it and answer
the questions that follow.
a) Identify the farm implement illustrated above. (1mk)
b) Name the parts labeled G, H, J and K.
G ………………………………………………………
H ………………………………………………………
J ………………………………………………………
K ……………………………………………………..
c) State four functions of the farm implement illustrated above. (2mks)
SECTION C (40 marks)
Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 26.
a) Describe the advantages of the battery system of rearing layers. (10mks)
b) Outline the factors to consider when selection livestock for breeding.
a) Name the strokes in a four stroke engine and describe how
each operates. (12mks)
b) Describe the functions of the gear box in a tractor. (8mks)
a) Name and describe the features of an ideal calf pen. (9mks)
b) Discuss pneumonia in calves under the following sub – headings:
i) Predisposing factors (3mks)
ii) Symptoms (5mks)
iii) Control measures (3mks)
KCSE AGRICULTURE MARKING SCHEMES PAPER 1
1.
Very steep land
Water logging / marshy area.
Forested / Bushy area.
Rocky / Aridity/Tsetse fly infested areas.
Wind / Moving water
Temperature changes
Moving ice/ Glacier
3.
Using a sieve / sieve analysis.
Sedimentation method
4.
Can be used as a security for credit.
Encourage long term investments
Reduces land disputes
Motivates the farmer to conserve soil water.
5.
Improves soil structure
Controls soil borne pests and diseases.
Ensure maximum utilization of farm labour.
Aids in weed control
Improves soil erosion.
Security incase of failure of one crop.
Add nitrogen through N – fixation by Rhizobium bacterial when legumes are included.
6.
Crop attacked / mode of feeding .
Whether field or storage pest.
Crop parts attacked.
Stage of crop growth attacked.
Scientific classification e.g. insects, mite, rodents.
7.
Important in calcium utilization.
Necessary in sugar translocation
Needed in water absorption.
Aids in translocation of sugar nitrogen and phosphorous.
Aids in fruit development.
8.
Development of infrastructure.
Housing status of the citizens.
Increase in recreation facilities.
Ratio of teachers to students.
Improvement in the level of technology/ more industrialization.
9
Price of substitutes.
Price expectations in future.
Quality of the commodity
Tastes and preference of the commodity.
10
Medicago sativa/Lucerne
Leucaena leucocephalal/calliondra.
Artemisia annual/Artemisia.
Calliandra calothyrsusl calliandra
Desmodium species
Kenya white clove/ Infoliuim sempilosum
11
Quantity of forage available for ensiling.
Number of animal to cater for.
Length of the period of forage scarcity.
Bulkiness of the material.
12
To avoid poisoning of livestock.
Minimize diseases spread.
To ensure the forage is of high palatability.
Minimize competition for nutrients, space light.
To increase the life span of the pasture.
13
Has appropriate depth
The right PH/ Good soil structure.
Good water logging capacity.
Well aerated/good drainage.
Free from soil borne pests and diseases.
Rich in nutrients in the right proportions.
14
Should be of high purity.
Should be free from pest and disease attack.
Should be appropriate size
Should be mature.
Should be free from any physical damage.
Should be of high percentage of germination.
Should be suitable to the ecology of the area.
15 (a)
Over –cultivation, overstocking/overgrazing.
Deforestation/planting annual crops on steep slopes.
Burning of the vegetation.
Ploughing up and down the slope.
(b) V- shaped gullies U-shaped gullies.
(a)
There is proper supervision of the farm.
Reduces costs on traveling
Easy to get extension services.
Allows good farm planning.
It enhances proper pests, diseases and weed control.
Encourages long term investments.
(b)
Landlord can earn income from the land.
People who have no land are able to access to farming.
Idle land is put into agricultural use.
Tenant is able to increase/decrease the size of land leased depending on profitability.
(a) 800
(b) (i) 120 bags ii) 900
a) A1– root stock A2– Grafting
b)A3 Grafting b- Trench layering
a) C1 – Maize stalk borer, maize weevil, Aphids
C2 – Maize streak, white leaf blight.
a) p2 o5 = 20%
b) 1 ha = 10,000m2 requires 300kg of fertilizer.
5m x 10m2= 50m2 requires x of the fertilizer
10,000 x = 300 x 50
X = 300x 50= 3
10,000 2
a) Single stem pruning.
b) The main stem is capped at 38cm above the ground to encourage more
suckers to grow. Select two strong and healthy suckers and remove the others. The selected suckers should form a U-shaped to avoid splitting.
(a)
Clear the land
Divide the land into plots of 0.4 ha
Construct /repair bunds /dykes.
Construct/ repair inlet and outlet channels
Flood the field to a height of 7.5 – 10cm above the soil surface.
Carry out primary tillage
Puddle the soil to a fine mud.
Uprooted weeds should be heaped on the bunds.
Level the plots by dragging a wooden board/ jembe.
(ii)
Flood the plots to a depth of 7.5 – 10 cm.
Leave the field flooded for 4 days.
During transplanting, drain the filed to a depth of 5cm,
Introduce water gradually as the crop establishes.
Maintain the water level at 1/3 the height of the crop
Change water every 2-3 weeks or when it is cold.
Water should allow to flow slowly through the field
Drain the field 2-3 weeks before harvesting.
(b)
Irrigation during the dry season.
Timely pest control.
Timely weed control
Pruning, Coppicing/pollarding/capping.
Thinning/selective harvesting.
Protection against damage by animals.
Grafting/budding.
Fertilizer/manure application
Construction of micro-catchments
Structures around the trees
Provision of shade/mulch to reduce evaporation.
(a)
Competition from cheap/synthetic / products, causing loss.
Change in supply of the produce; leading to price fluctuation
Change in market demand; leading to price fluctuation.
Lack of market information; leading to exploitation by middle .
Inadequate capital; hence poor financing of various marketing functions.
Poor quality of produce; leads to price fluctuation.
Seasonally of produce; leads to price fluctuation.
Bulkiness of most agricultural produce; making it expensive and difficult to transport.
High perishability; this leads to low quality of produce
Poor storage structure; leading to heavy losses of the produce.
Lack of knowledge in marketing leading to heavy losses.
Government interference through its agents leading to price fluctuation
Acts as a record for future reference.
Helps in deciding the viability of the enterprise
Assist in securing credit.
Helps to predict the profitability of the enterprise.
Aids in detecting problems easily hence correction is done in good time.
Aids in making management decisions especially when comparing between enterprises.
Helps in making changes in the farm.
Ensures periodic analysis of the farm business.
Encourage the farmer to be efficient so as to meet the target.
24 (a)
Enables one to grow crops during the dry seasons.
It’s a method of land reclamation/ allows crop production in arid and semi-arid areas.
Makes it possible to grow crops in special structures e.g. green house.
Enables one too grow crops that require high amount of water e.g. paddy rice.
It supplements rainfall in case it inadequate in crop produce.
Feeding milk in dirty containers/ feeding contaminated milk.
5.
Level of milk production
Quality of roughages.
Availability of the concentrates.
Economic factors/cost of concentrates.
Physiological status.
6.
Washing the udder with warm water.
Allow the calf to suck for a while
Feeding the cow during milking.
Regular milking time
Sound associated with milking.
Massaging the udder when washing it.
7.
To make the animal docile
Reduce, incidence of animals injuring each other/attendant.
Reduce incidence of animals damaging farm structures.
Increase feeding, watering transportation space.
Add aesthetic value to the animal.
8.
Halters, Nose bull ring and leading stick. Rope.
9
Carcass lacks rigor mortis.
Excess bloating
Water tar-like blood oozes from body openings
Oozing blood clot.
Rapid purification.
10
Introduce toxins that are harmful to the animal.
Cause anaemia/transmit diseases.
Cause wounds that allows secondary infection.
Cause irritation which leads to scratching/destroy wool.
11.
Source of water/Type of soil
Topography.
Closeness to homestead/accessibility.
Closeness to the market/consumers.
Far away natural sources of fish.
12.
Adjust the depth of ploughing
Adjust furrow width of ploughing
Front furrow depth.
Lowering /raising ploughing pitch.
13.
(a)
-Saanen, anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg. British alpines, Jamnapari.
14
proper feeding. prophylaxis, quarantine.
Proper housing, control of parasite.
Practice farm hygiene.
Routine vaccination.
Use of healthy breeding stock.
Timely treatment of the sick livestock.
Control of vectors, dipping, spraying.
15
Wind power. Water power, animal power solar energy. Human power, Biogas Geothermal.
16.
Painting metallic parts
Regular washing.
Repair broken parts/cracks.
Replace lost parts.
17.
Fuel systems, 1
Lubrication system.
Electrical system.
Ignition system,
Cooling system,
Hydraulic system
Power transmission system
18
Permanent calf pen.
Movable calf pen.
Concrete floor calf pen.
Slatted floor calf pen
19.
Calcium deficiency in the birds body.
Blight light in the laying nests
Birds laying on the floor.
Presence of broken, soft shelled eggs.
Prolonged stay of eggs in the laying boxes.
Idleness of birds.
Inadequate feeding.
20
(a) A- cross-cut saw B- rip saw
(b) A- cutting across the grain B- cutting along the grains
(c)
Wipe blade with an oily rug.
Regular sharpening of the teeth.
Ensure the handle is firm,
Teeth setting.
Straighten the blade if bent.
Proper storage of the foods.
21(a) (i) ear notching (ii) Number 40 (forty)
(ii) AC. 10+5+5+2+2 (17+17)
Animal No 36
Animal no 34
(b) Between 18-1-2007 and 20-1-2007
(a) Barbet wire gate
(b) C – gate post/King post/strainer
D – Wire loop
E – Dropper.
(c) (i)
Support the gate post
To ensure the barbet remains tout.
(ii)
Prevent movement of farm animals outside
Keep away livestock from outside.
Used as entrance into/exit from the farm.
(a) Animal/ ox-drawn plough.
(b) G – Mould board.
J – Share
H – Land slide
K – Land wheel
(c)
Plough/ridging
Harvesting root crops e.g. groundnuts.
Weeding row planted crop.
Opening furrows for planting.
(a) Advantages of battery system.
Higher egg produce due to less energy wastage.
Easy to keep individual production records.
Control cannibalism and egg eating.
No contamination of water and feed.
Birds are not exposed to predators, parasites and diseases.
Facilitates culling and handling.
Easy to collect eggs
Egg losses are reduced.
Many birds are kept in a given/high stocking rate.
Eliminates broodiness.
Birds still have tender meat at culling due to confinement.
Facilitates mechanization.
Keeps eggs clean.
(b) Factors considered in selecting livestock k for breeding.
Body confirmation.
Fertility/breeding ability.
Adaptability of the breed to the arts/hardiness.
Mothering ability in case of females.
Production potential/yielding capacity.
Temperament/behaving e.g. cannibalism egg eating.
Deformities/abnormalities e.g. one eye lameness.
Offspring performance
Age of animal.
Growth rate, quality produce
Disease resistance, prolificacy.
Lifespan/reproductive life.
(a) Operation of a four stroke engine.
(i) Induction stroke/sunction.
The piston moves down the cylinder, causing the inlet valve to open and draw in fresh supply of petrol vapour and air into the cylinder, exhaust valve closed
(ii) Compression stroke.
The inlet valve closes and the piston moves up the cylinder. This compresses the fresh fuel mixture into the combustion chamber, exhaust valve to close.
(iii) The power stroke.
Fully compresses the fresh fuel mixture and as a result a spark is produced at the spark plug. This causes the fuel mixture to ignite and expand resulting in pressure that forces the piston down the cylinder. Inlet valve closed exhaust valve closed.
(b) Functions of gearbox.
Helps the driver to select any forward or reverse gear.
Adjust speed of the driver from the engine crankshaft to the driver shaft.
Helps to alter the speed ratio.
Enables the power from the engines to be more easily applied to the work done by the tractor.
Enables the driver to stop the tractor movement without stopping the engine or without foot oppressing on the clutch all the time.
(a) Features of an ideal calf pen.
Concrete/raised stated floor – Easy to maintain cleanliness.
Dry litter/bedding – Maintain warmth.
Proper lighting – Should have good supply of natural light/sunlight.
Proper drainage – facilitate free flow of urine and water to avoid dampness.
Draught free – The structure should stop strong winds from blowing into the calf pen.
Proper ventilation – Structure should allow for fresh air circulation.
Security – Should be strong enough to keep away intruders/wild animals.
(b) Pneumonia in calves.
(i) Predisposing factors
Overcrowding of calves in the pen.
Dampness/chilliness in the pen.
Poor ventilation.
Age/younger calves are more prone to pneumonia than older calves.
Effects of diarrhea and other illness.
(ii) Symptoms.
Rough hair coats/ruffled hair.
Loss of appetite.
Abnormal lungs sounds e.g. whizzing.
Emaciation, frequent coughing.
Nasal discharge.
Fluctuating body temperature.
Dull and reluctant to move.
(iii) Control measures.
Treating the sick calve with antibiotics.
Providing warmth in pens.
Maintaining good sanitation in pens.
Isolating sick calves to avoid spread of the disease.
By Editorial Team
The Education News Hub Editorial Team is made up of vibrant and experienced editors. Brian Yano is an accomplished longtime Digital Media Journalist at Educationnewshub.co.ke with a great passion for research and fact-checking. He delivers engaging content across diverse topics, with a special interest in Education matters. On her part, Yvonne Kemunto is a journalist, dedicated to unraveling stories that matter. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, she brings a fresh perspective to the world of media. Her commitment to detail and excellence shines through in every piece she crafts. Our newest member of the Editorial Team is Jennifer Mumbo. She is a Seasoned Multimedia Journalist with several years' experience; dating back to 2018. Jennifer has a passion for education, sports, tech, politics and entertainment. You can reach the editors at educationnewshub3@gmail.com.
