The diagram below showsirish tubers after being subjected to some conditions before transplanting. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a). Name the process of potato treatment illustrated above. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). State two conditions necessary for the above process. (2 marks)
State three conditions under which opportunity cost is zero. (11/2 marks)
When there is no alternative choice.
When goods are unlimited in supply.
When a factor of production is freely offered.
State four methods of harvesting water on the farm. (2 marks)
Use of weirs and dams.
Use of ponds.
Rock catchment.
Roof catchment.
Use of retention ditches or level terraces.
Name three basis on which the classification of fertilizers is done. (11/2 narks)
Effect on the soil.
Mode of application.
Time of application.
Nutrient composition.
Outline four advantages of land reforms in Kenya. (2 marks)
To encourage land improvement and conservation measures.
To increase labour and land productivity by putting idle land into use.
To promote commercial farming.
To encourage investment in agriculture.
To enable agriculture meet changing market demands.
To enhance efficient utilization of land and hence increase agricultural output.
To settle landless people.
State two causes of forking in carrots. (1 mark)
Excessive use of organic manure.
Presence of an obstacle.
(a). State three types of capital. (11/2 marks)
Liguid capital.
Working capital.
Fixed/ durable capital.
(b). Apart from capital, state other three factors of production. (11/2 marks)
State four reasons for conserving forage. (2 marks)
To avoid wastage in times of plenty.
To ensure enough supply of forage throughout the year.
To earn income from selling excess forage.
To ensure good utilization of land.
State four factors that affect the efficiency of herbicides. (2 marks)
Stage of growth of crops.
Plant morphology and anatomy.
Mode of action ie contact or translocated.
The concentration of the herbicide.
Method of application.
Environmental factors like rain and soil.
Give four scientific aspects of agriculture. (2 marks)
Crop pathology.
Agricultural engineering.
Soil science.
Genetics as applied in plant and animal breeding.
Name four methods of harvesting trees in agroforestry. (2 marks)
SECTION B
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the method of irrigation illustrated above. (1 mark)
Sprinkler irrigation.
b) State two advantages of this method of irrigation. (2 marks)
It is easy to control the amount of water used.
Can be used on any topography.
Water is evenly distributed over the required area.
Less water wastage than in furrow irrigation.
The system can easily be moved from one place to another.
Foliar fertilizers can be applied together with irrigation water.
c) Give four factors which determine the choice of type of irrigation to use. (2 marks)
Capital availability.
Topography of the land.
Water availability.
Type of soil.
Type of crop to be irrigated.
The diagram below shows a common weed in the farm. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Identify the weed shown above. (1 mark)
Striga / Witch weed/ Strigahermontheca
State one harmful effect of the weed to cereals. (2 marks)
It is parasitic
Give three ways that can be used to control the weed. (3 marks)
Rotating with non-cereal crops.
Using appropriate herbicides.
Trap cropping.
The diagram below shows irish tubers after being subjected to some conditions before transplanting. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a). Name the process of potato treatment illustrated above. (1 mark)
Chitting/ sprouting.
(b). State two conditions necessary for the above process. (2 marks)
Humidity/ moist environment.
Diffuse light.
(c). Give two reasons for carrying out the above practice.
To ensure uniform growth after selection.
To ensure that growth commences immediately after planting.
Students were to apply a compound fertilizer 5:20:10 on their agriculture plot measuring 3 m by 4 m, at the rate of 200kg per hectare.
(a). Calculate the amount of fertilizer they would require for each plot. (Show your working). (2 marks)
1 ha (10,000m2) requires 200kg of fertilizer
Therefore, (3 * 4) m2 would require = 12m2 * 200
10,000m2
= 0.24kg / 240g
(b). What do figures 20 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for? (2 marks)
20- ration of phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5)
10- Ratio of potassium oxide (K2O)
(c) Give two methods of soil sampling methods. (1 mark)
Traverse method.
Zigzag method.
SECTION C
a) Describe ways in which cultural measures control crop diseases. (8mks)
Use of healthy planting materials/ certified seeds during planting to prevent introduction or spread of crop diseases.
Proper seedbed preparation/ clean seedbed for the control of armillaria root rot in tea and coffee.
Proper spacing to control damping off in cabbage seedlings in the nursery or rosette disease in groundnuts or blight
Heat treatment for the control of ratoon stunting disease in sugarcane.
Proper drying of cereals and pulses before storage to control Aflatoxin
Planting disease resistant varieties egRuiru 11, for the crop to be able to resist attack by coffee Berry disease.
Crop rotation – starves the disease-causing organisms to death
Proper crop nutrition – makes the crop strong and able to resist attack by disease
Close season – This is the period when a susceptible crop is not grown in order to control a certain disease.
Timely planting/ early planting – enables the crop to escape attack by the disease eg blight in tomatoes and irish potatoes.
Pruning/ open pruning / staking/ altering of environmental conditions / irrigation;
irrigation during dry season controls blossom end in tomatoes, staking and pruning reduce blight in tomatoes (Stating ½ mk explaining ½ mk x 8 = 8mks)
(b) Describe seven nursery practices carried out while seedlings are still growing. (7marks)
watering- water the nursery bed regularly preferably in the morning and evening.
Mulching- apply a light mulch after nursery establishment
Weed control- weeds to be removed through uprooting.
Pricking out- remove overcrowded seedlings and plant in a seedling bed.
shading- a light shed to be erected over the nursery bed to minimize water loss.
Pest and disease control- are controlled through sterilizing the soil using appropriate chemicals
Hardening off- gradually reduce shade and frequency of watering to prepare seedlingsto the ecological conditions in the seed bed.
(c)State the qualities of a good farm manager. (5mks)
Has knowledge about specific agricultural principles, marketing and accounting
Hardworking and time conscious
Has practical farming skills
Flexible in decision making
Should be responsible/ dynamic /prudent/ competent / ambitious
a) Describe the field production of bulb onions under the following sub headings.
Ecological requirements. (4marks)
Temperature-Hot or warm climates though some varieties prefer cool conditions.
Rainfall-1000mm and above/annum.Irrigation is necessary in dry areas.A long dry period is needed for ripening.
Altitude-2100m
Soils-Require sandy loam and alluvial soils which should be fertile and well drained.
pH-6-7.
Planting. (3mks)
For direct sowing 250kg DSP /ha should be applied during planting .
Plant at a spacing of 30x10cm or 30×7.5cm.
In indirect planting seedlings are transplanted at 8cm apart within the rows
Make shallow drills/holes, place seeds and then cover the seeds with little soil.
Deep planting of seedlings inhibits bulb expansion.
Harvesting. (3mks)
When the leaves start drying the tops are bent or broken to hasten withering of the stem
Bulbs are then dug up and left to dry in a shade for a few days.
They are stored in slatted boxes.
(b). Discuss six reasons for pruning in coffee. (6 marks)
To control cropping
To train the plant to have the required shape.
To remove the diseased and unwanted parts of a plant.
To facilitate picking.
To ease the penetration of sprays into the bush of a plant.
To control pests and diseases such as Antestia bug and coffee berry disease.
(c). Highlight four characteristics of plants used as green manure. (4 marks)
Are highly vegetative/ leafy.
Have a fast growth rate.
Have high nitrogen content (leguminous).
Capable of rotting quickly.
Capable of growing in poor conditions.
(a). Briefly explain six factors influencing mass wasting. (6 marks)
The slope of the land-Steep slopes leads to faster movement of materials.
The nature of material-Mass wasting occurs easily where massive rocks overlie sedimentary rocks which have clay material underneath and also if the material contains a lot of water.
Climate-Heavy rainy periods encourage wasting
Vegetation cover-It is easy and faster in bare ground than where it is covered with vegetation.
Human activities-eg deforestation, building, quarrying etc interferes with the stability of surface layers.
Forces within the earth’s crust eg earth tremors and some volcanic eruptions
(b). Describe the procedure of harvesting sugar cane. (6 marks)
Take the sample to the factory first for quality testing.
Cut the stem of the cane at ground level using a panga to avoid the loss of the yield and to ensure establishment of the ratoon crop.
Remove the green tops to avoid some substances from flowing back.
Strip off the dry leaves from the stem.
Do not burn the cane as this lowers its quality.
Transport the cane to the factory immediately for processing.
(c). Describe four ways in which soil depth influences crop production. (8 marks)
Soil moisture content: a deep soil holds more moisture than a shallow soil.
Root penetration and plant support: a deep soil provides better root anchorage and free root penetration to lower zones.
Soil erosion: a deep soil encourages water infiltration other than surface run-offs, thus minimizing soil erosion.
Soil aeration: a deep soil is well-aerated compared to a shallow soil.
Mineral nutrient content: a deep soil allows more accumulation and exchange of minerals. This allows better growth of vegetation compared to a shallow soil that has less mineral nutrient.
Microbial activity: a deep top soil and sub-soil favours activity of micro-organisms such as decomposers and nitrogen fixers.
NAME:………………………………………….. INDEX NO………………………… SCHOOL:……………………………………… CANDIDATE’S SIGN ……………..
DATE ………………………………
443/2
AGRICULTURE MARKING SCHEME
Paper 2
2023 Time: 2 Hours
MOCKS 1 2023
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)
443/2
AGRICULTURE MARKING SCHEME
Paper 2
2023 Time: 2 Hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above
Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.
This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C
Answer all the questions in section A and B and any two questions from section C
Answers should be written in the spaces provided.
For Examiner’s Use Only
Section
Question
Maximum Score
Candidate’s Score
A
1 – 20
30
B
21-24
20
C
25-27
20
20
Total Score
90
SECTION A
Livestock which can be castrated using a rubber ring
He goat
Male calves
Rams
2x=1mk
Definition of “breach of birth” as used in livestock production
It’s a presentation during parturition where the hind legs of the new born comes out first 1×1=1mk
a) Camel breed that is adapted to cooler regions and as a wooly body covering
Bareterian1x= mk
b) Give three ways used to improve production in indigenous cattle
Cross breeding with exotic breeds with superior
Supplementary feeding
Proper control/prevention of livestock diseases
3x=1mks
Methods of administering vaccines to livestock
Injection
Oral/through the mouth
Nasal/inhalation
Through the cloaca
Ocular/through the eye
4x=2mks
Uses of bedding materials in a poultry house in deep litter system
To provide warmth
To absorb moisture to prevent dampness
2x=1mk
Pairs of livestock tools which are always used together
Trocar and canula
Hypodermic syringe and a needle
Elastrator and rubber ring
Bull ring and lead stick
2x=1mk
List two types of feed additives
Hormone eg. stilbestrol and oxytocin.
Antibiotics e.g. tetramycin.
Medicant e.g. caccissostate. 3x=1mks
Factors that may lead to dip wash being exhausted or weakened while in the dip tank
Evaporation
Dilution by rain water in case of roof leakage
Leakage at the bottom/cracks at the bottom or walls
Dirt/impurities from the animal’s body
3x=1mks
Practices which are carried out to control mastitis in lactating cows
Practice farm hygiene/milk infected cause last/use separate udder cloth for each cow/use disposable udder cloth
Practice that dips after milking
Practice good milking technique
Apply milking salve/jelly to prevent drying and cracking of teats
Immediate treatment of infected cows to avoid spread of the disease/treat any would on the teat/udder 4x =2mks
Signs of heat in rabbits.
Restlessness
Frequent urination
Swollen vulva
The doe throws itself on its sides
Rubs herself against the wall/object.
The doe peeps through the cage wall.
Maintenance practices carried out on the water cooling system of a tractor
Keep the radiator fins free of rubbish and dirt
Ensure the fun belt has the right tension
Ensure all loses are tightly fitted to prevent leakage
Top up the level of water in the radiator before using the tractor
Replace worn out parts eg fan belt, hose pipes radiator cap
Lubricate radiator pump regularly
Repair the radiator
Tighten loose bolts and nuts
4x=2mks
Behavior of chicks which would indicate that the temperature in the brooder is too high
Chicks moves away from the source
Parting/opening beaks
Opening/spreading the wings
Making abnormal noise
Drinking water excessively
Chicks may lie flat on their bellies
4x=2mks
Desirable characteristics that should be considered when selecting a heifer for milk production
Level of production
Health/growth rate/age
Fertility rate/mothering ability
Body conformation
Disease resistance
Temperament / adaptability
4x=2mks
Functions of calcium in dairy cows
A component of milk
Formation of skeleton/teeth
Blood clotting
Nerve functioning/control milk fiver
Notifiable diseases in cattle
Anthrax
Foot and mouth disease
Rinderpest
Rabies
Lumpy disease
Channels through which beef is marketed in Kenya
Local butcheries
Kenya meat commission
Livestock marketing division 2x=1mk
Factors that may influence the pulse rate of a sheep.
The sex of the animal
Age of the animal
Degree of excitement
The physiological status of the animal e.g pregnancy
4x ½ =2 marks
Properties of concrete that make it suitable for constructing farm building
Its durable
It is easy to clean
It is fire proof
Can be molded into various shapes 3x =1mks
Reasons why breeding boar may be culled. (2 marks)
It avoids incidences of blow fly infestation
Old age.
Poor health.
Infertility / low libido.
To stop breeding.
Hind leg weakness / when too fat or too lazy.
Bad temperament / aggressiveness.
Poor performance of offspring
2x=1mk
Functions of a footbath in a plunge cattle dip
Wash animal hooves to remove mud
Contain chemicals to control foot rot
2x ½ =1 mark
SECTION B
Farm implement.
Identify the implement.
Disc plough
Name the parts labeled U and V and give one function of each.
U – Furrow wheel/depth wheel
– Controls the depth of ploughing
V – Disc
– Cut and invert the furrow slices
Ways of adjusting the depth of ploughing
Add weight to the plough beam
Adjust the cutting angle of discs
Use of draft control lever
Exert more hydraulic force
Use fewer discs
i) The parts of an egg labeled N,O and P
O – Outer shell membrane
P – Shell
ii) Functions of
M – to keep the yolk and germ spot in position/ Germ spot to keep facing up.
L – for gaseous exchange
iii) Reason for egg turning during incubation is
– To avoid the developing embryo from sticking on one side of the egg hence
embryonic mortality
a) Crush 1mk
b)
Spraying against external parasites
Dehorning
Hoof trimming
Taking body temperature
Treating sick animals
Milking 6 x ½ = 3mks
c)
Repair broken wooden post/timber
Clean after use
Regular inspection
Replace yoke when the need arises 2 x ½ = 1mk
a) Name the parts labeled A, B and C (3 marks)
Spray tank
Trigger
Nozzle
(b) State the use of the equipment shown above. (1 mark)
Spraying chemical solutions.
(c) Give one maintenance practice carried out on the equipment. (1 mark)
Clean after use
Oil the moving parts.
Store under shade.
SECTION C
a) Live cycle of a tapeworm (taeniaspp)
Mature segments / proglottids full of eggs are dropped with human faeces
Eggs are then released from the segments
Cattle/pigs ingest the eggs during grazing/feeding
In the intestines the eggs hatch into embryos
The embryos penetrate the intestine walls and enter the blood stream
The embryos first localize in the liver
From the liver, the embryos are distributed into the muscles in the body
In the muscles, they become cysts/bladder worms
Human being are injected when they eat raw/under cooked beef/pork with the cysts
In the human small intestines, the cysts wall dissolves, the bladder worms emerge and attach on the intestine walls
They then develop into adults worm and starts laying eggs
10×1=10mks
b) Management practices that would ensure maximum yield of fish in a fish pond
Control stocking rate
Control of water pollution
Supply adequate feed regularly
Provide appropriate feed
Aerate the water by ensuring constant inflow and outflow
Control predators
Harvest fish at the correct maturity age
Maintain appropriate water level in the fish pond always
5×1=5mks
c) Functions of water in nutrition
Components of body cells and many body fluids e.g blood
Used in biochemical reactions in the body eg digestion
Regulate body temperatures trough sweating and evaporation
Excretion of metabolic wastes from the body
Formation of the products eg milk, eggs etc
Makes cells turgid to maintain their shape
Transportation of nutrients
5×1=5mks
Management of layers from one day old to the start of laying in a deep litter system.
Disinfect the brooder 2 — 3 days before the day old chicks are brought in.
Spread newspaper over the litter to prevent chicks from eating litter.
Spread some food on the newspaper so that chicks can learn to eat.
Remove the newspaper when the chicks have learnt to eat from feeders
Feed on chick mash up to8th
Gradually introduce growers mash from week
Debeak (on the 10th day)
Keep chicks in the brooder for 6—8
Provide and maintain source of heat as necessary.
Provide adequate clean water
Vaccinate against common diseases especially Newcastle.
Control external parasites
Insulate sick chicks
Treat sick chicks.
Introduce roosts for perching (on 6th week)
Introduce grit / sand to help in digestion.
Hang green vegetable to keep them busy.
Feed on grower’s marsh to 18th – 20th
Gradually replace by layers mash from 18th
A specific day/week must be indicated to award mark.
(1 ×10 = 10 mks)
(b)Five advantages of using animal power in the farm.
Does not require skilled labour as compared to engine power.
Animals are cheaper to buy and maintain.
Work output is higher than that of human beings.
Can work in areas where tractor can’t reach.
Work better on small holdings than tractors.
(1 x 5 = 5 mks)
Importance of keeping animals healthy.
Grow fast and reach maturity quickly.
Gives animals a longer economic and productive life.
Maintains a high productivity.
Produce good quality products thus command high market value.
Will not spread diseases to other animals.
Are economical and easy to keep.
27. Mastitis disease under the following subheading
(a) (i) – Streptococcusagalactinae /
– Staphylococcalmastitis
(ii)
age
Stage of lactation period
Udder attachment
Incomplete milking
Mechanical injuries
Poor sanitation
-Poor milking technique.
(iii)
Pus, blood, thick clots in milk or watery milk
Pain when milking / udders / teats are swollen
Death of infected quarter.
Salty taste in milk, fine clots or flakes in fore milk
(iv)
Empty the affected quarter of udder and instill antibiotic
Use teat dip on each teat after every milking.
Use the right milking technique.
Strict cleanliness and use of disinfectant during milking.
Dry cow therapy. /Infusing a long acting antibiotics into the teat canalwhendrying off the cow.
Use a strip cup to test for mastitis, infected animals should be milked last.
Use separate udder clothes
Remove sharp objects from grazing and milking areas to prevent teatinjury
Open wound on the teats should be treated immediately
b) Eight factors that affect milk composition in dairy farming. (8 marks)
Age of the animal – Butter fat in milk becomes less as an animal grows old thus young animals produce milk with higher BF than older animals.
Breed – Different breeds of cattle produce milk with differing percentages composition e.g. Jersey produces higher BF than Friesian.
Type of food eaten by an animal – Roughage feeds produce milk with higher fats, lactose and protein compared to grains.
Disease – Diseases such as mastitis reduce lactose composition in milk because bacteria attack milk sugars.
Physiological condition – of the animal.
Sick / extremely emaciated animals register low percentage of BF.
During late pregnancy cows produce milk with low BF content.
Stage of lactation – The butter content in milk is highest at the middle phase of the lactation period and lowers towards the end of lactation.
Time of milking – Milk produced in the morning has lower BF content than produced in the evening.
Season of the year – BF content increases during cold season.
Completeness of milking – The last drawn milk from the udder contains 10% total BF content.
Thus milk drawn last from the udder has higher BF content.
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The Education News Hub Editorial Team is made up of vibrant and experienced editors. Brian Yano is an accomplished longtime Digital Media Journalist at Educationnewshub.co.ke with a great passion for research and fact-checking. He delivers engaging content across diverse topics, with a special interest in Education matters. On her part, Yvonne Kemunto is a journalist, dedicated to unraveling stories that matter. With a keen eye for detail and a passion for storytelling, she brings a fresh perspective to the world of media. Her commitment to detail and excellence shines through in every piece she crafts. Our newest member of the Editorial Team is Jennifer Mumbo. She is a Seasoned Multimedia Journalist with several years' experience; dating back to 2018. Jennifer has a passion for education, sports, tech, politics and entertainment. You can reach the editors at educationnewshub3@gmail.com.
